对学习成绩欠佳儿童智力测验分析

本文采用希──内智力测验，对94例学习成绩欠佳儿童进行智力分析，结果显示，各测验组与常模组比较，在智力结构上存在着程度不同的差异显著性。为此提出，对儿童智能的培养应在智力测验的基础上，有针对性地进行培养训练，以促进智能提高。     

不同学习障碍亚型儿童的认知功能比较

目的:探讨不同学习障碍亚型儿童的认知缺损特点。方法:采用智力测验、成就测验、教师提名、学业成绩相结合的综合标准甄选学习障碍儿童,在长沙市三所小学随机选取4～6年级共12个班,从中抽取混合型学习障碍儿童23名,数学障碍儿童24名,阅读障碍儿童25名,学习正常儿童24名。采用工作记忆成套测验、中国修订韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WISC)之分类分测验、龚氏非文字智力测验之图形分类、图案接龙、填数型分测验对各组被试进行测试。结果:学习障碍各组工作记忆容量、执行功能、加工速度均显著低于正常组,非文字智力测验之填数型、图案接龙以及韦氏智力测验之分类测验成绩亦显著低于正常组。三个学习障碍组之间比较发现,阅读障碍组在空间后退分测验上得分高于混合障碍组,填数型测验成绩高于数学障碍组和混合障碍组;混合障碍组不一致条件下的Stroop数字计数分数低于阅读障碍组,递加和递减时间长于数学障碍和阅读障碍组,加工速度低于数学障碍和阅读障碍组。结论:不同类型的学习障碍儿童存在某些共同而普遍的认知缺损,学习障碍儿童的认知损害可能是领域一般性的。     

对学习成绩佳欠佳儿童智力测验分析

本文采用希－内智力检验，对９４例学习成绩欠佳儿童进行智力分析，结果显示，各测验组与常模组比较，在智力结构上存在着程度不同的差异显著性，为此提出了对儿童智能的培养应在智力测验的基础上，有针对性地进行培训训练，以促进智能提高。     

沙盘游戏及家庭催眠干预治疗孤独症儿童一例

孤独症儿童又称自闭症儿童，是一种以社会交往障碍、语言发育障碍和行为方式刻板、怪异为特征的全面性精神发育障碍性疾病，严重影响儿童的感知、语言、情感、运动、社会交往等能力，通常从婴儿期开始出现，一直延续到终身。孤独症儿童主要特征表现有：语言迟缓，交流困难，常使用手势而非语言，沉浸在自我世界里，不会主动与人交往，     

常规脑电图在儿童孤独症综合康复治疗中的临床价值

目的:分析和评价常规脑电图(EEG)在孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童综合康复治疗中的临床价值。方法:36例2~7岁ASD患儿,进行综合康复治疗3个月,比较治疗前后常规EEG、临床症状、智力和语言水平的变化情况。结果:治疗前有异常或界限EEG表现的ASD患儿治疗后ABC量表总分及感觉、交往、生活自理因子得分,CARS量表总分,韦氏智力测验中操作智商和总智商,0~6岁儿童神经心理发育量表(儿心量表)中智龄、精细动作、适应能力、语言和社交行为得分,S-S语言发育迟缓评定量各项得分均较治疗前有明显改善(P<0.05),且有5例患儿EEG表现转为正常(P<0.01)。而治疗前EEG正常表现的ASD患儿治疗后仅CARS量表分,操作智商和总智商,S-S语言发育迟缓量表中语言理解分和总分有改善(P<0.05),对智力发育(4岁以下)、临床症状(家长访谈角度)和言语水平(言语表达、言语符号、动作性课题)改善不佳(P>0.05)。结论:常规EEG检测可作为一种评价康复治疗后脑功能变化的方法,也可用于指导孤独症儿童综合康复治疗方案的选择和疗效的预测。     

抽动障碍儿童的智力分析

目的比较抽动障碍（ticdisorder,TD）儿童与正常儿童智商的关系。方法对126例TD儿童和81例正常儿童进行中国比内智力测验。结果TD组与对照组智商比较统计学差别有显著性意义,TD组儿童智商低于对照组。结论抽动障碍儿童总体智商低于正常儿童。     

学习障碍儿童的工作记忆研究

目的：探讨学习障碍儿童的工作记忆状况。方法：采用智力测验、成就测验、教师提名、学业成绩相结合的综合标准甑选学习障碍儿童，在长沙市三所小学随机选取4～6年级共12个班，从中抽取24名学习障碍儿童和24名学习正常儿童。采用工作记忆成套测验对2组被试进行评估。结果：学习障碍组工作记忆成套测验的各分测验得分和各维度得分均显著低于学习正常组（P〈0．004～0．05））。结论：学习障碍儿童工作记忆各成分存在普遍缺陷。     

绘画测验在儿童亲子关系评估中的有效性

目的:探索绘画测验和量表测验所反映的儿童亲子关系状况之间的关系,考察绘画测验在儿童亲子关系评估中的有效性。方法:在北京某小学选取学生共210人(一年级86人、三年级60人、六年级64人),施测绘画测验(自画像绘画考察儿童自我概念、家庭动力绘画考察儿童的亲子互动情况)与量表测验(《城市小学生亲子关系测量量表(父母量表)》考察儿童的亲子关系质量),并对绘画测验与量表测验之间以及不同绘画测验之间进行相关分析。结果:三年级儿童的自画像绘画测验总分与《城市小学生亲子关系测量量表(父母量表)》总分呈正相关(r=0.33,P0.05)、家庭动力绘画测验总分与量表测验总分呈正相关(r=0.54,P0.001)、自画像绘画测验总分与家庭动力绘画测验总分呈正相关(r=0.33,P0.05)。一年级、六年级儿童的自画像绘画测验总分、家庭动力绘画测验总分与《城市小学生亲子关系测量量表(父母量表)》总分之间的相关无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:本研究结果提示,自画像绘画测验和家庭动力绘画测验,在以三年级儿童为代表的中年级段儿童亲子关系的评估中具有一定程度的有效性。     

4～7岁孤独症儿童的心理旋转能力及方向认知的研究

目的探索孤独症儿童与正常儿童在心理旋转能力上的差异及心理旋转能力的机制。方法 15名4～7岁孤独症儿童与30名2～7岁正常儿童为对照组,分成低龄组(n=16)和高龄组(n=14)。接受韦氏幼儿智力测验、方向认知任务和心理旋转任务。结果①正常低龄组与孤独症组智力测验得分相当,对方向的认识无论是有生命物体组还是无生命物体组得分高于孤独症组(P=0.012,0.043,0.023);②两组的心理旋转任务总分、有生命物体组与无生命物体组得分差异性不显著;③两组在4个心理旋转方向上的表现相当;④正常高龄组表现优于其他两组。结论孤独症儿童对方向认知能力及心理旋转能力均落后于同龄正常儿童,与物体有无生命无关。方向认知能力可能是心理旋转能力发展的基本能力之一。     

学习困难儿童的智力分析

学习困难是一组异质性障碍 ,主要表现在听、说、写、推理以及计算能力的获得和应有方面出现的明显困难。本文对学习困难儿童与正常儿童的智力测验结果进行比较分析 ,了解学习困难儿童认知能力的特点。1　对象与方法1.1　对象1996年～ 2 0 0 0年来我科咨询的学习困难儿童和非学习困难儿童。均居住城市 ,排除明显躯体疾病和注意缺陷多动障碍、精神发育迟滞、精神障碍。1.1.1　学习困难组　参照程灶火的界定标准[1] ,家长提供资料 ,(1)多为老师建议家长带孩子到医院检查智力。 (2 )班主任老师根据其学习能力综合评定为“差生”。 (3)至少有一门…     

北京地区儿童EB病毒感染的血清学调查

目的 了解北京地区儿童EB病毒感染现状.方法 选取北京地区0～14岁儿童的血清589份,应用微润赛润ELISA classic EBV VCA IgG试剂盒,在波长405 nm下检测血清样品的吸光度值.参照试剂盒内专用的标准曲线和临界值判定血清样品EB病毒感染与否.根据专用公式计算EBV VCA IgG抗体活性.利用统计学软件SPSS 13.0分析比较北京城区和农村儿童EBV感染阳性百分率及EBV VCA IgG抗体强度.结果 血清学检测显示北京地区0～14岁儿童EBV感染阳性率为83.6%,其中城市为80.8%,农村为86.2%.EBV感染高峰集中在3岁之前为71%,其中城市为67.7%低于农村75.3%,6岁之前为82.5%.统计学分析比较城市和农村儿童不同年龄的EBV感染阳性百分率和EBV VCA IgG抗体活性具有显著差异.结论 北京城区儿童6岁之前EBV感染阳性百分率有所降低,部分儿童初次感染年龄向后推移.     

Growth status and menarche in urban and rural China

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between current age at menarche and growth status in an urban and rural area of Eastern China. Study design: Cross-sectional survey: self-completion questionnaire and anthropometry in 12 schools in urban Hangzhou and rural Chunan in Zhejiang Province. RESULTS: The median menarcheal age calculated by probit analysis was significantly different in the two areas: 12.8 years (SD 0.9) in the urban area and 13.2 (SD 1.0) in the rural area (p < 0.001). Girls who reach menarche are significantly heavier and taller with higher BMIs than those of the same age who are pre-menarche. After adjustment for BMI and other possible confounders, urban girls were still menstruating significantly earlier than girls in rural areas (OR 3.3, 2.1-5.2). CONCLUSIONS: The age of menarche is probably still declining in China. Although BMI is an important factor in the onset of menstruation, some other unmeasured environmental variable may be implicated in this population.     

Growth status and menarche in urban and rural China

Objective : To examine the relationship between current age at menarche and growth status in an urban and rural area of Eastern China. Study design : Cross-sectional survey: self-completion questionnaire and anthropometry in 12 schools in urban Hangzhou and rural Chunan in Zhejiang Province. Results : The median menarcheal age calculated by probit analysis was significantly different in the two areas: 12.8 years (SD 0.9) in the urban area and 13.2 (SD 1.0) in the rural area ( p < 0.001). Girls who reach menarche are significantly heavier and taller with higher BMIs than those of the same age who are pre-menarche. After adjustment for BMI and other possible confounders, urban girls were still menstruating significantly earlier than girls in rural areas (OR 3.3, 2.1-5.2). Conclusions : The age of menarche is probably still declining in China. Although BMI is an important factor in the onset of menstruation, some other unmeasured environmental variable may be implicated in this population.     

Comparison of positive allergy skin tests among asthmatic children from rural and urban areas living within small geographic area.

BACKGROUND: Evidence of increased asthma and allergic response among urban versus rural residents has been reported. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of allergic response among asthmatic children from urban and rural areas living within close proximity. METHODS: In all, 448 asthmatic children from urban (363) and rural (85) areas were studied. The study group consisted of 234 9-year-olds and 214 12-year-olds. A health questionnaire was completed on each child who subsequently underwent allergic skin prick tests (SPTs). RESULTS: There was significantly more positive SPT response to house-dust mite, mold, cat, and cypress among asthmatic children from urban areas compared with children living in rural areas: 58.3% versus 37.6%, 46.1% versus 31.8%, 17.45 versus 5.9%, and 26.2% versus 15.3%, respectively. Positive SPT for indoor allergens were significantly greater among asthmatic urban residents than asthmatic rural residents: 63.3% versus 45.5%, respectively (P < 0.02). Positive SPT response to all the allergens checked was higher among the 12-year-old age group when compared with the 9-year-olds, 34.6% versus 22.7%, respectively (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Allergic response measured by SPT is significantly more common among asthmatic children from urban areas as opposed to rural, even though both areas are within small distance of one another. Further, asthmatic children living in urban areas demonstrated more allergic response to both indoor and outdoor allergens. The allergic response tends to increase with increased age in both urban and rural asthmatic children.     

重庆市城市与农村儿童蛲虫感染流行特征分析

目的了解重庆市城市与农村地区儿童的蛲虫流行特征。方法选择重庆市城区和农村各1个区县作为调查点,每个调查点按东、西、南、北、中抽取1个乡镇（街道）,每个乡镇（街道）抽取150名3～12岁儿童,每个点750名以上。采用圆底试管透明胶纸肛拭法,定性检查蛲虫卵。分析比较城市和农村地区儿童蛲虫感染率差异。结果重庆市儿童蛲虫感染率为6.85%,城市（2.14%）低于农村地区（12.13%）（χ2=62.14,P〈0.01）。城市及农村儿童的性别间比较,蛲虫感染率差异无统计学意义（χ2城市=0.21,χ2农村=1.32,P均〉0.05）;同一性别间,城市与农村间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.01）。城市、农村不同年龄组间儿童感染率比较差异有统计学意义（χ2城市=12.65,χ2农村=34.22,P均〈0.01）;在同一年龄组间比较,除11～岁组外,其他年龄组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.01）。城市各个年龄段儿童蛲虫感染率变动不大（χ2趋势=0.89,P〉0.05）;农村儿童感染率趋势随年龄的增加而降低（χ2趋势=3.36,P〈0.01）。结论重庆市城市与农村儿童蛲虫感染具有不同特征,应针对不同地区、不同人群采取适宜的防治措施。     

Prevalence of allergy, patterns of allergic sensitization and allergy risk factors in rural and urban children

BACKGROUND: We aimed to compare the prevalence of allergic diseases and sensitization in children living in urban and rural areas and to identify potential risk/protection factors associated with allergy. METHODS: School children 12-16 years old, from urban community (n = 201) and rural area (n = 203) were recruited. The data obtained by questionnaire were referred to doctors' diagnosis, skin prick tests (SPTs), and serum specific and total IgE assessment. RESULTS: The prevalence of allergic diseases in urban children was significantly higher as compared with rural children [asthma 16.42%vs 1.97% (P < 0.001) allergic rhinitis 38.81%vs 10.84% (P < 0.001)]. Positive SPTs to at least one allergen was found in 63.7% of urban and 22.7% rural children (P < 0.001). Significantly higher percentage of allergic rural than urban children were monosensitized or sensitized to 2-4 allergens, but almost a fourfold higher percentage of allergic urban children was found to be sensitized to five or more allergens (P < 0.0001). The history of frequent upper respiratory factor (URT) infections, antibiotic therapy, tonsiltectomy/adenoidectomy were positively associated with development of atopy and sensitization. CONCLUSION: Our findings confirm that residence of rural area is associated with a significant lower prevalence of allergic sensitization and symptoms in school children. Several risk and protective factors related to environment and style of life could be identified in both environments.     

Differences in sensitization rates to outdoor aeroallergens, especially citrus red mite (Panonychus citri), between urban and rural children.

BACKGROUND: A recent investigation has suggested that citrus red mite (Panonychus citri, CRM) is the most important allergen in citrus-cultivating farmers with asthma and allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE: A cross-sectional survey was performed to evaluate the prevalence of asthma and chronic rhinitis symptoms and sensitization to common indoor and outdoor aeroallergens, including CRM and Japanese cedar pollen, in rural and urban Korean children. METHODS: A total of 2,055 children (1,055 subjects living in rural areas with citrus farms and 1,000 controls in urban areas without citrus farms) were enrolled. They were evaluated by a questionnaire, and by skin prick tests with 13 common indoor and outdoor aeroallergens, including CRM and Japanese cedar pollen. RESULTS: The prevalence of wheezing and chronic rhinitis symptoms during the last 12 months was 8.3% and 35.7% in the rural children and 10.5% and 22.4% in the control group. The most common sensitizing allergens in order of decreasing frequency were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (26.6%), Dermatoplagoides farinae (22.7%), CRM (14.2%), cockroach (11.3%), and Japanese cedar pollen (9.7%) among the rural children, but the sensitization rates to CRM and Japanese cedar pollen were 1.3% and 0.2% among the control children, respectively. The prevalence of wheeze during the last 12 months was not different between rural children with sensitization to CRM or Japanese cedar pollen and those without sensitization (5.4% vs 6.1%; 6.9% vs 5.9%). However, the prevalence of chronic rhinitis during the last 12 months was higher among those with sensitization to CRM or to Japanese cedar pollen than among those without sensitization (40.8% vs 34.4%; 51.5% vs 33.5%). CONCLUSIONS: CRM is a common sensitizing allergen in rural children, and the sensitization rates to outdoor aeroallergens, especially CRM and Japanese cedar pollen, are very different between children from rural and urban areas in Korea.     

MMPI-215临床量表的相关因素分析

目的：对MMPI-215中的3个临床量表进行相关因素分析。方法：采用MMPI-215对全国14028名男性青年进行测试。结果：各临床量表的区域间和区域内都存在显著性差异；Pa、Pt、Sc得分在文化程度上存在显著性差异，随着文化程度的升高，分数逐渐降低；农村青年得分均高于城镇；汉族和少数民族在Pt量表上有显著差异，汉族高于少数民族。逐步回归显示，文化程度和城乡都对Pa、Pt、Sc三个量表的T分数有显著影响。结论：MMPI-215中的Pt、Pa、Sc量表在制定检测标准时，需要考虑文化程度和城乡的差异。     

东营市城乡40～79岁人群高血压前期患者的现患率及相关危险因素

目的:观察东营市40～79岁人群高血压前期患者的城乡现患率差异.比较及合并不同心血管危险因素时高血压前期患者的城乡分布情况.方法:采取整群随机抽样方法,2015年至2016年对东营市2个社区和2个农村的40～79岁人群进行问卷调查,并测量身高、体重、体重指数、血压,采集清晨空腹静脉血检测空腹血糖、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、血同型半胱氨酸.结果:所有完成研究的4 109人中,高血压前期患者1 287人,现患率为31.32％,男性患者582人(31.34％),女性705人(31.31％),性别间差异无统计学意义(x2=0.0006,P＞0.05).城市高血压前期现患率为41.63％,农村为20.32％,差异有统计学意义(x2=216.620,P＜0.001).高血压前期人群合并高同型半胱氨酸血症的现患率最高,为76.38％,城市现患率低于农村(74.41％vs.80.69％),差异有统计学意义(x2=6.0739,P＜0.05),城市男性与农村男性、城市女性与农村女性之间现患率差异均无统计学意义.高血压前期人群中,城市吸烟率高于农村(36.24％ vs.27.97％),差异有统计学意义(x2=8.491,P＜0.05);城市女性吸烟率为农村女性的2.35倍(21.76％vs.9.25％),差异有统计学意义(x2=16.5028,P＜0.05).城市高血压前期合并肥胖人群高于农村(23.67％ vs.17.57％),差异有统计学意义(x2=6.0491,P＜0.05),且城市男性高于农村男性(24.44％vs.12.99％),差异有统计学意义(x2=9.7466,P＜0.05).高血压前期合并血脂异常、糖代谢异常时,城乡之间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:高同型半胱氨酸血症和血脂异常是高血压前期人群最主要合并的危险因素.应重点干预农村高血压前期合并高同型半胱氨酸血症的居民.高血压前期现患率与日常生活习惯密切相连,因此高血压前期的防治应结合城镇及农村高血压前期的危险因素的流行特征,有针对性的制定防治策略和措施.     

城乡居民精神卫生知识知晓率调查

目的 了解保定市城乡居民精神卫生知识知晓现状,为进一步有钟对性地开展宣传教育,普及精神卫生知识提供依据.方法 以重性精神疾病管理治疗项目(以下简称"686项目")城乡2个示范区为调查群体,重点调查社区医生、社区干部、精神疾病患者家属及普通人群共3854名进行问卷调查.结果 ①被调查者总知晓率为56.91%,城市居民知晓...