泌尿系结石的影像学诊断

对所有具有泌尿系结石症状患者的诊断性检查，需要可靠的影像学技术。腹部平片联用超声检查是诊断急性腰肋部疼痛患者的另一常用检查。大量的临床实践显示腹部平片联用超声检查足以诊断绝大多数输尿管结石患者。过去，对于结石引起的急性肾绞痛患者，静脉尿路造影是“金标准”。近年来，非增强螺旋CT检查因为其快速而且无需造影剂的优点而成为另一选择。CT的一个优势是可以显示在普通平片上不显影的尿酸结石和黄嘌呤结石；CT的另一个优势是可以同时进行鉴别诊断。     

16层螺旋CT血管分析技术在输尿管狭窄诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨16层螺旋CT血管分析技术在输尿管狭窄诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析53例经手术或膀胱镜证实的输尿管狭窄16层螺旋CT尿路成像检查并经16层螺旋CT血管分析技术显示的检查结果，且与手术或膀胱镜结果及静脉尿路造影结果对照分析。结果16层螺旋CT血管分析技术能清晰直观显示狭窄段输尿管的管壁和管腔内的直接CT征象，并可拉直准确测量狭窄段输尿管的长度，诊断符合率为95．24％。诊断静脉尿路造影阳性结石伴输尿管炎性狭窄24例，诊断符合率为91．67％；诊断静脉尿路造影阴性结百伴输尿管炎性狭窄11例，诊断符合率为90．91％；诊断输尿管炎性狭窄10例，诊断符合率为90．00％；诊断输尿管癌性狭窄8例，诊断符合率为75．00％；在诊断输尿管狭窄的病因及测量狭窄段输尿管的长度方面明显优于静脉尿路造影。结论16层螺旋CT血管分析技术是在其尿路成像基础上的一种分析技术，可极大地提高对输尿管狭窄的诊断准确率，对临床治疗有重要的指导意义。     

16层螺旋CT尿路造影对输尿管下段小结石的诊断价值

目的探讨螺旋CT及CT尿路造影（CTU）对输尿管下段小结石诊断的临床应用价值。方法对65例临床表现急性腰腹痛可疑输尿管下段结石，常规B超、KUB及IVU未显示结石的患者，行螺旋CT容积扫描，后处理获得CTU及三维重建图像。结果平扫确诊27例，增强确诊34例，阴性4例，均行CTU及三维重建后处理，清晰显示输尿管全程，同时显示结石大小、形态、位置和输尿管梗阻扩张程度及范围。结论螺旋CT是确诊输尿管结石，尤其是小结石最有效方法，而CTU及三维重建技术对观察输尿管继发性改变、鉴别诊断和指导治疗有重要价值。     

大剂量静脉尿路造影在泌尿系梗阻检查中的应用探讨

目的探讨大剂量静脉尿路造影在泌尿系梗阻检查中的应用价值。方法对50例采用常规剂量和双倍剂量静脉尿路造影检查显影欠佳的泌尿系梗阻患者，行大剂量静脉尿路造影检查进行比较。结果50例泌尿系梗阻患者中，46例清楚显示狭窄和梗阻的位置及梗阻以上扩张的肾盂肾盏及输尿管，4例3h后肾盂肾盏显影浅淡。结论大剂量静脉尿路造影能提高造影的质量及泌尿系梗阻诊断的准确率。     

先天性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻影像诊断

目的:分析先天性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻病因、X线及CT表现,提高术前诊断准确率。方法:对16例肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的患者采用排泄性静脉尿路造影和CT检查。结果:16例患者,X线和/或CT均显示程度不一的肾积水,其中静脉尿路造影显影14例,CT扫描5例均显示程度不一的肾积水;X线显示肾盂输尿管连接部截断样改变7例,肾盂输尿管连接部上移3例,肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄处可见横贯样充盈缺损2例(其中迷走血管和纤维束带各1例),肾旋转异常4例。结论:尿路造影结合CT检查是诊断肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻病因的重要手段,对病因定性诊断及鉴别具有重要意义,对手术治疗可提供重要信息。     

螺旋CT尿路造影和静脉尿路造影技术在泌尿系梗阻性疾病诊断中的应用

目的:对比分析螺旋CT造影和静脉尿路造影技术在泌尿系统梗阻性疾病诊断中的优越性。材料与方法:选取我院2009年3月-2011年5月间入我院进行治疗的确诊为泌尿系统梗阻疾病的患者38例进行回顾性分析,进行螺旋CT尿路造影(MSCTU)和静脉尿路造影(IVP),并对结果进行比较分析。结果:38例患者中,尿路狭窄(外压性、术后及感染等)患者7例,肿瘤4例,泌尿系统结石23例,输尿管畸形4例,MSCTU检查无论从定位、定性及周边情况均能全部直接或间接做出诊断。IVP技术仅能部分和(或)间接显示。结论:MSCTU在泌尿系梗阻性疾病诊断上较IVP具有显著优势,应用效果更好一些。     

多层螺旋CT三维重建显示输尿管阴性结石的意义

目的应用多层螺旋CT（MSCT）的三维重建诊断阴性输尿管结石。方法20例KUB平片和静脉尿路造影不能确定输尿管结石及其部位，用CT扫描并应用MIP和SSD显示输尿管狭窄处和结石。结果20例输尿管阴性结石患者CT扫描，并用最大密度投影和表面遮盖法重建，19例满意显示输尿管结石，1例输尿管下端炎症狭窄，未显示结石。这种方法还能鉴别输尿管结石和非结石性病变。结论多层螺旋CT三维重建并用MIP和SSD能诊断传统检查方法不能显示的输尿管阴性结石，给临床提供定位定性诊断。     

输尿管中下段结石并急性肾绞痛急诊输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗

目的探讨急诊输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管中下段结石并肾绞痛的效果。方法对25例输尿管中下段结石致急性肾绞痛患者行急诊输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗。结果 25例手术均获成功,肾绞痛缓解率100%,碎石成功率96%,4周后结石排净率92%。结论输尿管中下段结石导致的急性肾绞痛患者行急诊输尿管镜钬激光碎石术安全有效,排石率高。     

动态静脉尿路造影后螺旋CT尿路成像对输尿管梗阻的诊断价值

目的:研究动态静脉尿路造影(DIVU)后螺旋CT泌尿系成像(SCTU)对输尿管梗阻的诊断价值。方法:35例患者DIVU示单侧尿路显影不良及输尿管梗阻原因不明,行螺旋CT平扫、多平面重建和容积重建三维重建成像。所有病例均经手术病理证实。结果:35例患者DIVU后行SCTU,诊断输尿管结石18例,炎性狭窄4例,外压性狭窄4例,肿瘤3例,先天性狭窄3例,腔静脉后输尿管1例,双侧肾盂及输尿管重复畸形1例,不能确诊1例。结论:DIVU后SCTU是一种无创、可靠、有效检查方法,可明显提高输尿管梗阻性病变诊断准确性,具有很高的临床应用价值。     

输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石致急性肾后性肾衰竭31例

目的 探讨输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石致急性肾后性肾衰竭的安全性和效果.方法 回顾性分析31例因输尿管结石所致急性肾后性肾衰竭患者的临床资料,探讨急诊采用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石并置双J管引流的治疗效果.结果 31例患者均急诊成功解除尿路梗阻,碎石获成功,无一 例死亡,无尿瘘、输尿管穿孔、断裂或黏膜撕脱等并发症发生,无中转开放手术.随访2个月,所有患者肾功能均恢复正常,复查超声或尿路平片和静脉肾盂造影,无结石残留.结论 输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石致急性肾后性肾衰竭安全有效,创伤小,并发症发生率低,患者术后恢复快.     

Can noncontrast helical computed tomography replace intravenous urography for evaluation of patients with acute urinary tract colic?

The objective of this study was to determine whether helical computed tomography (CT) performed without oral or intravenous contrast agents is accurate in the evaluation of patients with suspected acute renal colic. One hundred consecutive patients with suspected renal colic or ureteral colic were referred by our institution's emergency department for unenhanced helical CT scans. We reviewed the original radiographic report for each patient and recorded the size and location of ureteral calculi and other concurrent urinary tract calculi, if any. We also recorded the presence or absence of hydronephrosis, hydroureter, perinephric edema, and periureteral edema. A total of 49 patients had ureteral calculi, 17 patients had only renal calculi, and 34 patients had no stones. Forty-nine patients had ureteral calculi, and 40 (82%) of these 49 patients had associated CT signs including hydroureter and periureteral edema. Calculi were present in the proximal ureter in 11 patients, the midureter in seven patients, and the distal ureter including ureterovesical junction in 31 patients. Calculi were seen elsewhere in the urinary tract and renal pelvis in 44 patients. Other diagnostic tests and stone passage were used to confirm the CT diagnosis of ureteral stones. The sensitivity and specificity of helical CT in evaluating ureteral calculi were 100% and 94%, respectively. Sixteen extraurinary lesions were detected in 34 patients who had no urinary calculi. Most extraurinary lesions (81%) were deemed the cause of acute flank pain. The room time for CT averaged 26 min, compared to 69 min for intravenous urography (IVU). The charge for CT was $600 compared to $400 for IVU in our institution. Unenhanced helical CT was fast and accurate in determining the cause of colic and proved to be highly accurate for emergency situations.     

Diagnostic imaging of calculi in the upper urinary tract--sonography vs. computerized tomography

The choice of the most suitable technique for radiologic evaluation of upper urinary tract stones depends on the precise clinical questions that have to be answered. Many of these questions can still be answered by plain films of the abdomen and excretory urography. This review addresses the value of ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) with respect to the two most important clinical questions, i.e. 1) presence/extent of obstruction/hydronephrosis and perinephric abscess in patients with acute flank pain; and 2) precise location, number and size of calculi. Because its sensitivity is comparable with CT and it is widely available, ultrasonography in the hands of experienced clinicians/radiologists may be preferred for evaluation of patients with acute flank pain. However, it must be emphasized that ultrasonography may totally miss acute ureteral obstruction/hydronephrosis within the first 12-24 hours. In children as well as in pregnant women, ultrasonography is still the technique of choice, but it may be replaced by magnetic resonance urography in the future. For precise stone location or detection of calcifications, however, the speed, safety and accuracy of unenhanced helical CT make this the most sensitive method and therefore the technique of choice. It also detects urinary calculi more accurately and exposes patients to less radiation than the traditional combined plain abdominal film/intravenous urography. Furthermore, CT can most readily reveal alternative diagnoses in patients with acute flank pain and other intraabdominal pathologies than stones.     

CT diagnosis of acute flank pain from urolithiasis

The use of noncontrast helical CT (NHCT) to assess patients with acute flank pain and hematuria for potential urinary tract stone disease was first reported in 1995. After several years of experience with the technique, sensitivity and specificity of NHCT has proven to be better than intravenous urography for evaluating ureteral stones. NHCT imaging findings for urinary calculi and the differential diagnosis are discussed in this article. Various extraurinary diseases found while using NHCT in searching for stone disease are addressed and illustrated. As experience with the use of NHCT has increased, clinicians have broadened the indications for this technique, which has a lower charge than standard CT, beyond the specific evaluation of urinary colic. This indication creep has increased the number of NHCT examinations ordered. It has also reduced the rate of stone positivity and increased the diagnostic yield for extraurinary disease.     

Interureteric ridge edema: incidence and etiology

Background Interureteric ridge edema may be seen at intravenous urography (IVU) and is related to acute lower ureteral obstruction, trauma, or calculi. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between interureteric ridge edema and acute distal ureteral obstruction caused by ureteral calculi.Methods A total of 338 patients who had IVU for various indications during a 6-month period were reviewed for the presence of interureteric ridge edema.Results Interureteric ridge edema was seen in 12 (4%) of 338 patients, all with acute lower ureteral obstruction from stones. Interureteric ridge edema was best demonstrated with the partially filled bladder film or postvoid bladder film in all cases.Conclusion Interureteric ridge edema is most commonly caused by stone-induced distal ureteral obstruction and is less commonly seen with recent passage of a stone or other etiologies. Interureteric ridge edema was present in 26% of patients with acute lower ureteral obstruction.     

数字胃肠机下静脉尿路造影在输尿管结石治疗前的应用价值

目的:探讨数字胃肠机下静脉尿路造影在输尿管结石治疗前的应用价值。材料与方法:对我院2008年1月～2010年3月经超声、KUB或CT诊断为输尿管结石的42例患者治疗前在数字胃肠机下静脉尿路造影资料及所得结果进行分析。结果:42例患者中,18例在常规时间内显影,20例行延时摄影,梗阻部位明确显示,结石定位准确;2例排除输尿管结石;2例由于重度肾积水无法显示,手术证实为输尿管结石。结论:输尿管结石在治疗前行数字胃肠机下静脉尿路造影显著提高了输尿管结石定位诊断的准确率,尤其是延时立位摄影更加有利于输尿管梗阻性结石的定位,同时输尿管梗阻程度的判定、肾功能的评估对临床治疗方法的选择上起到了重要的指导作用。     

Radiologic findings in acute urinary tract obstruction

Acute urinary tract obstruction, a common disease in daily practice, often requires performance of emergency intravenous urography (IVU). However, the spectrum of urographic abnormalities seen with acute obstruction has not been thoroughly addressed. The purpose of this study was to explore the IVU findings in patients with acute urinary tract obstruction. Records of 380 patients who underwent IVU in our hospital during a 6-mo period were reviewed for IVU evidence of acute urinary tract obstruction. Of the 380 patients, 53 (14%; 39 men, 14 women; average age = 43 yr) had acute urinary tract obstruction. All obstructions except one were located in the lower one-third of the ureter. The causes of acute urinary obstruction included ureteral stones in 34 (64%), ureteral edema or lucent stones in 16 (30%), neoplasms in 2 (4%), and inflammatory disease in 1 (2%). Abnormal radiologic findings were hydroureter in 46, nephropyelographic delay in 36, hydronephrosis in 35, interureteric ridge edema in 11, persistent dense nephrogram in 6, urine extravasation in 5, vicarious excretion in 1, striation in 1, and stricture in 1. Radiographic results were normal in one patient. The most common clinical indications of acute ureteral obstruction are flank pain and hematuria, and calculi are the major cause. In one-third of patients, radiopaque calculi are not detectable with IVU during acute urinary tract obstruction. A careful and thorough evaluation of the IVU should be performed in patients with clinical indications of acute urinary obstruction.     

Intravenous urography in the emergency department: when do we need it?

Intravenous urography (IVU) is a useful radiographic study in the detection of renal and ureteral calculi. However, it is time consuming, expensive, and exposes the patient to i.v. contrast and radiation. To determine the impact of utilizing IVU less for the detection of renal calculi, criteria for ordering IVU in the emergency department (ED) were evaluated, and patients with high probability of positive IVU were identified. Variables included presence of acute flank pain with haematuria, prior history of renal calculus, degree of haematuria, and uncontrolled pain. We reviewed patients presenting with acute flank and abdominal pain with haematuria from May 1995 to May 1996 at a large urban university hospital. Charts were abstracted for prior history, reason for ordering IVU, time in the ED, laboratory results, IVU result, final diagnosis, and disposition. Data was analysed with Student's t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. A total of 302 patients were identified, and 185 underwent IVU during the study period. For patients with prior history of renal calculi 82% had positive IVU (sensitivity 51%, specificity 87%). For patients with both acute flank pain and haematuria, 92% had a positive IVU (sensitivity 93%, specificity 43%), and 19% of patients with abdominal pain of unclear aetiology with haematuria had a positive IVU. All patients with uncontrolled pain had evidence of high-grade obstruction on IVU. Degree of haematuria was not predictive of a positive IVU from ROC curve derivation. IVU is a useful study in the ED but may be overutilized, leading to lengthy patient stays. The combined objective findings of acute flank pain and haematuria are sensitive, and prior history is specific in identifying patients with renal calculi. Degree of haematuria was not useful in predicting renal calculi. By utilizing the criteria of acute flank pain and haematuria as a decision aid, 66% of all IVUs ordered could have been avoided.     

Helical CT scanning: the primary imaging modality for acute flank pain

We set out to evaluate the accuracy of nonenhanced helical computed tomography (CT) scanning at stone detection in the patient with acute flank pain, and as a means of detecting noncalculus causes of acute flank pain. Between April 1995 and April 1997, 412 consecutive patients with acute flank pain underwent noncontrast-enhanced helical CT. Two hundred eighty-one patients had confirmation of their CT diagnosis by other radiographic studies, urologic intervention, or spontaneous stone passage of calculi. We determined the presence or absence of urinary calculi, as well as the presence of other noncalculus pathology. CT scanning revealed a stone in 92/281 patients (32.7%) and no stone in 189/281 patients (67.3%). Of the 189 patients, 60/189 patients (32%) had another positive finding as a cause for flank pain. Eighty-one of 92 patients with a stone on CT (88%) had confirmation of stone disease by radiologic or surgical intervention. Eleven of 92 patients (12%) did not have confirmation of their diagnosis because of resolution of symptoms or refusal of further intervention. On helical CT scans 129/189 patients demonstrated no abnormalities. Two of 189 (1.5%) thought to be stone free by CT passed a stone. Helical CT had a sensitivity of 97%, a specificity of 92%, a positive predictive value of 88%, and a negative predictive value of 98% at stone detection. Noncontrast-enhanced helical CT is accurate and rapid in detecting calculus disease in patients with acute flank pain. Perhaps more importantly, it provides the added benefit of detecting noncalculus causes of flank pain in greater than 30% of patients.     

下腔静脉后输尿管的诊治

【目的】总结下腔静脉后输尿管的诊治经验。【方法】对6例下腔静脉后输尿管患者的症状,影像学检查和治疗进行回顾性分析。【结果】6例均有右腰胀痛,2例有发作性血尿,1例继发输尿管结石且伴肾绞痛发作。诊断主要依据IVU及逆行输尿管造影,表现为肾及输尿管上段积水,呈“S”形扩张。6例均行狭窄段切除,输尿管复位成形术。随访8个月至12年,所有患者症状消失,肾积水明显减轻。【结论】对不明原因的右肾及右输尿管上段积水者应考虑到本病可能,IVU及逆行输尿管造影是主要诊断方法,狭窄段切除,输尿管复位成形术效果良好。     

Helical CT in the evaluation of renal colic.

This study assessed the clinical effectiveness of unenhanced helical (spiral) computed tomography (CT) for evaluation of patients presenting with symptoms of renal colic. Two hundred patients with symptoms and signs of renal colic (flank or groin pain, hematuria) were imaged. Unenhanced CT was performed using 5-mm collimation with a pitch of 1.5 to 1.8. Image reconstruction was performed at 3-mm intervals. Exam time was approximately 5 minutes. The financial charge at the study institution was the same as for an intravenous urogram. Clinical follow-up was performed by review of available medical records and patient interviews. The sensitivity for detecting clinically relevant ureteral and bladder calculi was 0.862 (0.95 confidence interval [CI] 0.771 to 0.927), the specificity was 0.914 (0.95 CI 0.837 to 0.962), and the accuracy was 0.89 (0.95 CI 0.833 to 0.931). Helical CT is an effective technique in the evaluation of suspected acute urinary tract obstruction.