Notch3信号通路与常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病相关性研究现状

Notch3信号传导通路与神经系统发育和血管结构完整性密切相关,由Notch3基因编码的受体蛋白胞外区的表皮生长因子样重复序列(EGFR)突变是常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病(CADASIL)的决定性发病机制。目前关于CADASIL疾病治疗尚无有效的方法,鉴于Notch3信号通路在CADASIL发病机制中的作用,针对Notch3的基因疗法成为研究CADASIL治疗的热点。本文针对Notch3信号通路与CADASIL发病的关系以及潜在的治疗方式进行综合论述,以期对CADASIL的临床诊治提供一定的参考。     

CADASIL的磁共振影像学、临床表现及Notch3基因的研究

【摘要】
目的 探讨伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病（cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL）的临床、影像学特点和基因突变类型。
方法 收集非家系CADASIL患者,对其颅脑磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）特点、临床表现和基因检测结果进行回顾性分析。
结果 本研究共收录11例患者,其中患有头痛者5例（45.45%）、记忆力下降者5例（45.45%）。11例患者均进行了MRI检查,有脑干损害的患者7例（63.63%）,其中脑干损害患者全部存在脑桥病变。进行心理评测的7例患者中存在焦虑和（或）抑郁的患者有4例（57.14%）。5例患者进行了基因检测,其中4例（80%）为Notch3基因外显子4位点突变,1例（20%）为Notch3基因外显子3位点突变。
结论 头痛是CADASIL患者的重要临床特点;脑桥是CADASIL患者常见的脑干受累部位。     

伴皮质下梗死及白质脑病常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病的NOTCH3基因诊断

目的 分析伴皮质下梗死及白质脑病常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病((CADASIL)的NOTCH3基因突变类型.方法 对临床诊断为CADASIL的4例先证者、来自3个家系10例患者及4例无类似临床表现成员、以及100名健康对照者进行NOTCH3基因PCR扩增及变性高压液相色谱分析(DHPLC)检测;对DHPLC阳性结果进行DNA双向测序,明确致病性突变或多态类型.结果 在CADASIL先证者及其家系患者中共发现134半胱氨酸→酪氨酸(Cys134Tyr)、141精氨酸→半胱氨酸(Arg141Cys)、90精氨酸→半胱氨酸(Arg90Cys)3种突变类型,存在于第3、第4外显子,为杂合错义突变.同时发现15种多态类型.其中家系1和家系2中分别发现1名成员与先证者存在相同位点的NOTCH3基因致病性突变,尚未出现与先证者相应的临床表现,被确定为临床前期患者.结论 NOTCH3单基因突变是CADASIL的分子遗传学基础,第3、4外显子可能是中国CADASIL家系的热点突变区.第4外显子Cys134Tyr突变类型为国内首次报告.     

伴有皮质下梗死及白质脑病的常染色体隐性遗传性脑动脉病

1985年福武敏夫报告一个家族性青年起病,临床以秃头、腰痛、白质脑病为特征的新的综合征(伴有皮质下梗死及白质脑病的常染色体隐性遗传性脑动脉病,CARASIL)。CARASIL,具有与Binswanger病十分相似的血管性白质脑病的临床影像及病理学改变。但CARASIL有几点有别于典型的Binswanger病:①家族史;②青少年起病;③缺乏脑血管病的危险因子(尤其是高血压);④弥漫性秃头;⑤骨骼系统疾病。MRI T2加权及FLARI序列可见皮质深部白质高信号和基底节、丘脑腔隙梗死灶。CARASIL病因迄今不明,但文献资料已经证明不仅归属动脉硬化性脑病,而且为遗传性脑病的小血管病。     

皮肤活检对伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病诊断价值探讨

目的研究皮肤活检在伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(CADASIL)中的诊断价值。方法 12例患者分别来自4个不同的CADASIL家族,均以发作性头晕、头痛、卒中和痴呆为主要表现。基因检查证实均存在Notch3基因突变。12例患者均做皮肤活检,16例同龄的非CADASIL患者作为对照,评估超微结构GOM沉积方法和Notch3N-末端多克隆抗体免疫组化方法的敏感性和特异性。结果 12例患者超微结构GOM沉积的敏感性为58.3%,特异性为93.8%;而用Notch3N-末端多克隆抗体的免疫组化方法的敏感性66.6%,特异性96.9%;将两种方法结合其敏感性为91.7%,特异性为95.4%。结论将皮肤活检中超微结构GOM检查和Notch3N-末端多克隆抗体的免疫组化方法结合起来能有效提高CADASIL确诊率,可运用于CADASIL的诊断。     

NOTCH3基因Cys206*无义突变所致的伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病患者二例

目的探讨NOTCH3 Cys206~*无义突变所致的伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(CADASIL)的临床及影像学特征。方法分析河北省邢台市第三医院两例携带有新型NOTCH3基因突变患者的临床资料、家系发病情况、影像资料及基因检测情况。结果两例患者既往有卒中病史且伴有进行性认知功能减退,但没有常见的血管危险因素,头颅MRI提示脑室周围、外囊及颞极存在广泛的白质病变。NOTCH3基因检测结果提示两例均为c.618CA p.(Cys206~*)突变,该突变位点在CADASIL病例中尚未被报道。结论本文两例提示Noth3基因的无义突变(4号外显子,c.618CA,p.Cys206~*)患者也可表现出典型CADASIL的临床症状和影像学特点。     

伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病一例

1病例简介先证者,男性,57岁,因“行走不稳、记忆力减退8年,加重伴尿失禁6个月”,收入北京天坛医院神经内科。患者8年前无明显诱因突发走路向一侧偏,即就诊于当地医院,诊断为“脑梗死”,给予活血化淤等治疗,当日恢复正常。     

伴脑出血的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的基因突变及临床特征(附2例报告)

目的探讨伴脑出血的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病(CADASIL)的基因突变、临床及影像学特征等。方法回顾性分析2例伴脑出血的CADASIL患者的临床和发病特征,并通过文献检索总结分析全球报道的所有伴脑出血的CADASIL患者。结果本研究中1例为46岁男性,出现小脑出血及丘脑出血,有高血压病及口服抗血小板药物史,NOTCH3基因突变为p. R544C;另1例为52岁女性,反复基底节、丘脑、放射冠出血,无相关危险因素,NOTCH3基因突变为p.C388Y,该突变是世界首位报道伴脑出血的CADASIL患者。文献检索共76例伴脑出血的CADASIL报道,其中在有基因说明的65位患者中R544C最常见(65.1%),脑出血部位主要为基底节区(29.1%)、丘脑(29.1%),其次为脑叶(19.0%)、小脑(11.4%)、脑干(6.3%)和放射冠(5.1%),部分患者伴高血压或有口服抗栓药物史。结论 CADASIL可能是脑出血的一种危险因素,临床上需要合理控制CADASIL患者的血压,谨慎使用抗栓药物,并可参考脑微出血MRI扫描情况评估出血风险。     

以脑出血所致头痛为主要表现的CADASIL 1例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨1例以脑出血所致头痛为主要表现的伴有皮质下梗死和白质脑病(cerebral autosomal dominant arteiopathy with subcortical infracts and leukoencephalopathy)的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病的可能发病机制。方法 对1例CADASIL患者进行临床表现、影像学、基因学等方面检查。结果 患者临床表现为头痛,MRI平扫可见皮质下多发腔隙性脑梗死及双侧脑室旁脑白质病变,左侧颞叶陈旧性出血软化灶。基因检测发现Notch3基因c.1630C>T,p.(Arg544Cys)常染色体显性遗传错义杂合突变,翻译蛋白中第544位氨基酸残基由精氨酸变为半胱氨酸。结论 脑出血可能为CADASIL的一种临床表现亚型,对于无出血危险因素的脑出血患者,应进一步检测CADASIL相关基因,而且对此类患者的治疗应更加个体化。     

伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病（附l例报道）

目的 探讨伴有皮层下梗死和白质脑病(Cerebral autonomic dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL)的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病的临床特点和诊断方法。方法 对1例CADASIL患者的临床表现、影像学(MRI、CT )特点及皮肤活检等方面进行了探讨。结果 患者临床表现为反复发作的缺血性脑卒中、记忆力减退、假性球麻痹、MRI、CT见皮质下梗死和白质脑病的改变，皮肤活检显示小动脉含糖原颗粒，管腔狭窄，血管内皮下黑色嗜锇颗粒。结论 通过本病的临床特点、影像学和皮肤活检，可在生前进行诊断。     

A case of hereditary multi-infarct dementia Mutation in exon 11 of the Notch3 gene on chromosome 19

This study is a report on one 59-year-old male patient with hereditary multi-infarct dementia who came from a family with a positive family history of this disease.The patient primarily presented with dizziness accompanied by vertigo and a positive Romberg’s sign.Skull magnetic resonance images showed lacunar infarction in bilateral temporal lobes,bilateral basal ganglias,periventricular white matter and semioval center,and ischemic focus accompanied by white matter degeneration,exhib-iting senile morphological brain changes.No abnormalities were observed by skull magnetic reso-nance angiography.Gene detection further confirmed that there was Arg607Cys heterozygous mutation in exon 11 of the Notch3 gene.No other mutations in exons were detected.     

An Italian case of CADASIL with mutation CGC-TCG in codon 1006, exon 19 Notch3 gene

Abstract. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is commonly overlooked or misdiagnosed owing to its recent identification. It is characterized clinically by recurrent cerebral infarcts, usually appearing between the ages of 30 and 50 years, subcortical dementia, and pseudobulbar palsy. It begins with migraine with aura in approximately one-third of patients. The pathological hallmark of angiopathy is the presence of characteristic granular osmiophilic material (GOM) within the basal lamina of smooth muscle cells. The defective gene in CADASIL is Notch3, which encodes a large transmembrane receptor, and 70% of missense mutations are in exons 3 and 4. Each gene defect leads to either a gain or loss of a cysteine residue in the extracellular N-terminal domain of the molecule. We report the case of a 53-year-old woman admitted to the hospital for transient ischemic attack and stroke-like episodes recurrent since age 43 years. The patient had pseudobulbar palsy, pyramidal signs, and cognitive impairment but not frank dementia. Cerebral MRI showed periventricular diffuse and confluent ischemic lesions. Ultrastructural study revealed an abnormal deposition of granular osmiophilic material (GOM) within the basal lamina in skin capillaries. Direct sequence analysis of the Notch3 gene was performed. Since no mutation was detected in exons 3 and 4, the remaining exons were sequenced and a missense mutation, CGC-TGC in codon 1006 of exon 19 was found. The mutation led to a gain of a cysteine residue. This is the first missense mutation in codon 1006 of exon 19 of the Notch3 gene to be described in Italy and the second reported in the literature.     

伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病的临床特点(附1家系报告)

目的 探讨伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(CADASIL)的临床特点.方法 对1例CADASIL患者及其家系的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 先证者以大脑皮质下梗死起病,伴有渐进性认知功能障碍.头颅MRI示皮质下多发梗死灶,脑白质疏松.NOTHC3基因检测为第3号外显子Arg110Cys突变,家系调查显示为常染色体显性遗传.结论 CADASIL临床表现主要为缺血性卒中、认知障碍、偏头痛及精神症状.MRI特征性改变是颞极白质T2的异常高信号.NOTCH3基因检查发现突变.     

NOTCH3基因14号外显子基因突变的伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑病的临床特征(附1家系报告)

目的探讨NOTCH3基因14号外显子基因突变的伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑病(CADASIL)的临床特征。方法对1例NOTCH3基因14号外显子基因突变的CADASIL患者及其家系的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果先证者20多岁起出现剧烈的偏头痛样发作,近2年来反复出现头晕、双下肢无力,并伴有兴趣减退、焦虑不安,无明显智能减退。头颅MRI显示双侧基底节区、皮质下及脑干多发缺血梗死灶,并在基底节区和丘脑可见多发微出血病灶。皮肤活检见真皮小血管基底膜增厚及嗜锇颗粒物质。NOTCH3基因突变分析发现14号外显子C2182T突变。家族中有类似患者多例,另有4名亲属检出同样位点的基因突变。结论 14号外显子C2182T突变CADASIL的临床表现主要为偏头痛、情感障碍和反复皮质下脑缺血发作,认知功能减退可能出现较晚。MRI特征为颅内多发白质高信号及微出血病灶,皮肤活检可见嗜锇颗粒物质。NOTCH3基因检测可发现突变。     

Effects of Lacunar Infarctions on Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Cerebral Autosomal-Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy

Background and Purpose

Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited microangiopathy caused by mutations in the Notch3 gene. Although previous studies have shown an association between lacunar infarction and cognitive impairment, the relationship between MRI parameters and cognition remains unclear. In this study we investigated the influence of MRI parameters on cognitive impairment in CADASIL.

Methods

We applied a prospective protocol to 40 patients. MRI analysis included the normalized volume of white-matter hyperintensities (nWMHs), number of lacunes, and number of cerebral microbleeds. Cognition was assessed with the aid of psychometric tests [Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer''s Disease Assessment Scale-cognition (ADAS-cog), Trail-Making Test, and Stroop interference (Stroop IF)].

Results

A multivariate regression analysis revealed that the total number of lacunes influenced the performance in the MMSE, ADAS-cog, and Stroop IF, while nWMHs had a strong univariate association with ADAS-cog and Stroop IF scores. However, this association disappeared in the multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate that the number of lacunes is the main predictive factor of cognitive impairment in CADASIL.     

Single gene disorders causing ischaemic stroke

Abstract Stroke is the third most common cause of death and the leading cause of long-term neurological disability in the world. Conventional vascular risk factors for stroke contribute approximately to only forty to fifty percent of stroke risk. Genetic factors may therefore contribute to a significant proportion of stroke and may be polygenic, monogenic or multi-factorial. Monogenic (single gene) disorders may potentially account for approximately one percent of all ischaemic stroke. Monogenic stroke disorders include conditions such as cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) and hereditary endotheliopathy, retinopathy, nephropathy and stroke (HERNS). In addition, other monogenic conditions such as sickle cell and Fabry disease also lead to stroke. These monogenic disorders cause either small vessel or large vessel stroke (or a combination of both) and serve as useful models for understanding and studying conventional stroke and cerebrovascular disease and its accompaniments such as vascular dementia.