Cardiovascular responses to fiberoptic intubation: A comparison of orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation

We compared the cardiovascular responses between nasal and oral intubation with a fiberoptic bronchoscope under the combination of neuroleptic analgesia (NLA) and topical anesthesia. The 16 patients studied were divided into 2 groups: the nasal intubation group (N group: 8 patients) and the oral intubation group (O group: 8 patients). There were significant changes in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures in the N group and in the pressure rate quotient in the O group. Diastolic arterial pressure and heart rate were significantly higher in the N group than in the O group before induction of general anesthesia. The rate pressure product (RPP) was significantly higher in the N group than in the O group at some points during the procedure. The individual RPP in both groups was relatively stable except for one patient in the N group, who had a marked increase in RPP during the procedure. We conclude that, under the combination of NLA and topical anesthesia, the cardiovascular responses to oral fiberoptic intubation are less severe than those to the nasal approach. The oral approach is recommended, especially in patients with coronary artery disease, taking into consideration of the cardiovascular responses to fiberoptic intubation.(Shibata Y, Okamoto K, Matsumoto M, et al.: Cardiovascular responses to fiberoptic intubation: a comparison of orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation. J Anesth 6: 262–268, 1992)     

不同可视喉镜单颅缝早闭患儿经鼻气管插管中的应用比较

目的 观察不同可视喉镜1~6个月单颅缝早闭患儿经鼻气管插管中的临床应用效果。
方法 选择择期全麻下行单颅缝早闭手术患儿80例,男39例,女41例,月龄1～6个月,体重4～8 kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。随机分为两组：大角度可视喉镜组（L组）和小角度可视喉镜组（S组）,每组40例。麻醉诱导后,L组使用国产大角度可视喉镜,S组使用国产小角度可视喉镜,采用加强型导管行经鼻插管,导管均经柔软管芯塑形成特殊形状。记录声门暴露Cormack-Lehane（C-L）分级、插管次数,计算首次插管成功率。记录插管时间、拔管时间,插管前即刻和插管后1 min的HR、MAP、SpO₂。记录鼻腔出血、进入食管、咽部软组织损伤等插管时并发症和拔管后声音嘶哑情况。
结果 L组C-L分级Ⅰ级比例明显高于S组（P＜0.05）,插管时间明显短于S组（P＜0.05）。两组C-L分级暴露良好（Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级）比例、首次插管成功率和拔管时间差异无统计学意义。插管后1 min S组HR明显快于L组、MAP明显高于L组（P＜0.05）。S组有1例首次插管时导管误入食管,重新塑形再次插管成功。两组插管时鼻腔出血、咽部软组织损伤和拔管后声音嘶哑发生率差异无统计学意义。
结论 两种国产可视喉镜均可以用于1~6个月单颅缝早闭患儿的经鼻气管插管,大角度可视喉镜配套使用的镜片弯曲度大且体积相对较小,临床效果相对较好。     

The clinical assessment of Glidescope in orotracheal intubation under general anesthesia

AIM: The aims of this study were to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of the GlideScope as a device to aid orotracheal intubation, and to further determine whether the GlideScope can provide a better laryngeal view in patients predicted to have a difficult laryngoscopy compared to the Macintosh laryngoscope. METHODS: Ninety-one adult patients, ASA physical status I-II, scheduled for elective plastic and intraoral surgery under general anesthesia requiring orotracheal intubation were included in this study. The laryngeal view was estimated by the classification of Cormack-Lehane and the orotracheal intubation was then performed using a GlideScope. The times required for full visualization of the glottis and for the successful tracheal intubation were recorded, respectively. Noninvasive blood pressure and heart rate were also recorded before (baseline values) and immediately after induction (postinduction values), at intubation and every minute for 5 min after intubation. In patients preoperatively predicted to have a difficult laryngoscopy, the laryngeal views obtained by a GlideScope and a Macintosh laryngoscope were also compared. RESULTS: All patients were successfully intubated using a GlideScope, of which 97% (88/91) required only one attempt. In the patients with successful intubation at one attempt, the times required for full visualization of the glottis and for successful tracheal intubation were 21+/-9 s and 38+/-11 s, respectively. The orotracheal intubation caused significant increases in blood pressure and heart rate compared to the postinduction values, and the maximal values of blood pressure and heart rate during the observation were significantly higher than the baseline values. In 27 patients preoperatively predicted to have a difficult laryngoscopy, the laryngeal views in using the GlideScope were significantly better than those in using the Macintosh laryngoscope. The incidence of minor upper airway trauma was 3.4% in all patients. CONCLUSION: The orotracheal intubation using a GlideScope had advantages of easy and simple operation, excellent laryngeal view, and the ability to provide an improved laryngeal view in the patients with a difficult laryngoscopy. The general anesthesia of clinical standard depth was able to suppress the pressor response, but not temporary tachycardiac response to the orotracheal intubation using a GlideScope.     

A modified lightwand-guided nasotracheal intubation technique for oromaxillofacial surgical patients

Study ObjectiveTo investigate the efficiency of a double curve nasotracheal tube on lightwand-guided nasotracheal intubation.DesignProspective, randomized, controlled trial.SettingUniversity medical center hospital.Patients60 ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing oromaxillofacial surgery.Interventions and MeasurementsPatients undergoing surgery with nasotracheal intubation and general anesthesia were randomly enrolled in the laryngoscopy group or the lightwand group. The same type of double curve nasotracheal tube was used in both groups. In the laryngoscopy group, intubation was assisted with a Macintosh No. 3 standard curved blade and Magill forceps. In the lightwand group, intubation was aided with a flexible lightwand device (without the inner stiff stylet). Intubation time was divided into two parts: Part one, from selected naris to oropharynx; Part two, from oropharynx into trachea. Part one, Part two, and total intubation time, hemodynamic responses to nasotracheal intubation, and adverse events or complications were recorded.Main ResultsTotal intubation times in the lightwand group and the laryngoscopy group were 22.8 ± 8.0 sec vs 30.3 ± 8.2 sec (P < 0.001), respectively. The lightwand group had comparable hemodynamic responses to those of the laryngoscopy group. Adverse events and complications were all self-limited, with similar occurrence in both groups.ConclusionFor patients undergoing oromaxillofacial surgery, modified lightwand-guided nasotracheal intubation is feasible with a double curve nasotracheal tube and is an efficient alternative technique.     

不同折弯角度可视管芯引导经鼻气管插管效果的比较

目的 观察不同折弯角度可视管芯引导经鼻气管插管的效果.方法 选择择期行颌面手术经鼻气管插管的全麻患者120例,男19例,女101例,年龄18～60岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级.根据插管时可视管芯前端折弯角度的不同,将患者随机分为三组:70°组、90°组和110°组.记录鼻孔-喉结的垂直距离(简称TND)、插管时间、插管次数、声门...     

光棒在困难气道患者经鼻气管插管中的应用

目的探讨光棒在困难气道患者经鼻气管插管中的应用效果。方法选取困难气道且拟行经鼻气管插管患者131例,男62例,女69例,年龄18～60岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为纤维支气管镜组(F组,n=66)和光棒组(L组,n=65)。比较两组插管成功率、插管时间及术后插管并发症发生率。结果与F组比较,L组第一次插管成功率[54(83.1%)vs 57(86.4%)]差异无统计学意义,第一次插管时间明显延长[(106.9±29.8)s vs(94.6±26.9)s,P0.05];第二次插管成功率[7(63.6%)vs 4(44.4%)]差异无统计学意义,插管时间明显缩短[(107.1±21.5)s vs(137.3±19.5)s,P0.05];插管总成功率[61(92.4%)vs 61(93.8%)]差异无统计学意义。两组患者术后并发症的发生率差异均无统计学意义。结论光棒引导是困难气道患者行经鼻气管插管时的有效技术,可以作为一个应急工具。     

A feasibility study of awake videolaryngoscope‐assisted intubation in patients with periglottic tumour using the channelled King Vision® videolaryngoscope

Airway management in patients with periglottic tumour is a high‐risk procedure with potentially serious consequences. There is no consensus on how best to secure the airway in this group of patients. We conducted a feasibility study of awake tracheal intubation using a King Vision^® videolaryngoscope with a channelled blade in a cohort of 25 patients, with a periglottic tumour requiring diagnostic or radical surgery. We used 10% and 4% lidocaine to topicalise the airway and midazolam and remifentanil for sedation. We recorded the success rate, number of attempts, time to obtain glottic view, time to intubation and complications. Twenty‐three of the 25 patients (92%, 95%CI 75–98%) were intubated with the awake videolaryngoscope‐assisted technique, with 17/23 (74%, 95%CI 54–87%) intubations achieved at the first attempt. Five patients required two and one patient, three attempts at intubation. Two patients (8%, 95%CI 2–25%) could not tolerate the procedure due to inadequate topical anaesthesia. Median (IQR [range]) times to obtain glottic view and to intubate were 19 (17–22 [10–30]) s and 49 (42–71 [33–107]) s, respectively. Traces of blood in the airway were observed in 4/25 (16%, 95%CI 6–35%) patients. Although airway management in this group of patients was expected to be difficult, successful awake intubation with the King Vision videolaryngoscope was achieved in the majority of patients within less than a minute. This study highlights a number of potential advantages of awake videolaryngoscope‐assisted intubation over other awake methods of securing the airway in patients with upper airway obstruction due to periglottic mass.     

自塑形导管经鼻气管插管在婴儿颅缝早闭手术中的应用

目的 观察自塑形导管经鼻气管插管在婴儿颅缝早闭手术中的应用效果.方法 择期全麻下行颅缝早闭手术患儿100例,男58例,女42例,年龄1～12个月,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为两组:自塑形导管插管组(S组)和插管钳辅助插管组(F组).静脉诱导后均在可视喉镜下使用加强型导管行经鼻气管插管,S组导管经柔软管芯塑形成特殊形状,调整...     

Blood pressure,heart rate and catecholamine response during riberoptic nasotracheal intubation under general anesthesia

Arterial blood pressure (ABP) and heart rate were recorded at one-minute intervals during several stages of intubation in the fiberscope group and the laryngoscope group, to determine if fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation would result in fewer hemodynamic and catecholamine responses than when intubation was performed with a Macintosh laryngoscope. Blood samples were also taken to measure plasma catecholamine concentration immediately after intubation with the fiberscope.The mean ABP in the laryngoscope group was slightly greater than that of the fiberscope group for 4min after intubation. Heart rates at 2min and 4min after intubation in the laryngoscope group were significantly greater than those for the fiberscope group. Even immediately after intubation, the mean plasma levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine were unchanged in the fiberscope group. Arterial oxygen saturation (Sp_{O 2}) was maintaind within normal range during both of intubation procedures, although the time required for intubation was longer than in the laryngoscope group. Other cardiovascular complications were more common in the laryngoscope group than in the fiberscope group.These results suggest that fiberoptic intubation results in less severe stress than does laryngoscopic intubation. Fiberoptic intubation should therefore be used not only in patients with difficult airway, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, or cerebrovascular atherosclerosis, but also it is recommended for all patients for whom nasotracheal intubation is indicated.(Tsubaki T, Aono K, Nakajima T, et al.: Blood pressure, heart rate and catecholamine response during fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation under general anesthesia. J Anesth 6: 474–479, 1992)     

Comparison between Glidescope,Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopy for emergency endotracheal intubation in intensive care unit: Randomized controlled trial

Background

Emergency endotracheal intubation in intensive care is a major challenge that can be associated with life-threatening complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the success of the first attempt of endotracheal intubation and incidence of complications using Macintosh laryngoscopy, Airtraq or Glidescope during emergency intubation in intensive care.

异丙酚-瑞芬太尼麻醉下不同人工气道模式对大脑皮质功能区手术术中唤醒试验效果的影响

目的 评价经喉罩插管和经鼻气管插管两种人工气道模式对靶控输注(target controlled infusion,TCI)异丙酚-瑞芬太尼麻醉下大脑皮质功能区手术术中唤醒试验效果的影响.方法 择期行大脑皮质功能区手术的患者20例,将致病灶位于语言中枢以及同时位于语言中枢和运动中枢的患者称为喉罩组(Ⅰ组),将致病灶位于...     

Comparative study of awake endotracheal intubation with Glidescope video laryngoscope versus flexible fiber optic bronchoscope in patients with traumatic cervical spine injury

BackgroundThe Gldiescope video laryngoscope (GVL) as a recent intubating device has gained much popularity in difficult intubation over the last decade. It can be used as a substitute to flexible fiber optic bronchoscope (FOB) in intubating challenges. The object of this study is to compare the utility of GVL and FOB for intubating time, attempts, effects on hemodynamics, adverse effects, patient satisfaction and post intubation neurological outcome during awake intubation in traumatic cervical spine injury.MethodsFifty patients undergoing post traumatic cervical spine fixation under general anesthesia were randomly allocated to two groups in a prospective, controlled non-blinded study. All patients were premedicated with glycopyrrolate 0.2 mg iv and midazolam 1 mg iv that be repeated up to 0.05 mg/kg followed with a bolus dose of remifentanil 1.5 μg/kg then a continuous remifentanil infusion of 0.15 μg/kg/min for 3 min before procedure. Each patient underwent a wake endotracheal intubation with either GVL (G group) or FOB (F group) with manual in line stabilization (MILS). Intubating time, intubating attempts, hear rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), oxygen desaturation (SO₂ < 90%), sore throat, patient satisfaction and postintubation neurological outcome were recorded.ResultsIntubating time was significantly lower in G group compared with F group (26 ± 5 versus 72 ± 11 respectively), while the percentage of the first successful intubating attempt was insignificantly higher in G group (88%) than in F group (72%). Both HR and MAP were significantly increased only in F group during intubation in comparison with the basal line values. Both devices were safe for post neurological outcome. No significant differences of adverse effects or patient satisfaction were recorded between groups.ConclusionThe GVL is a safe surrogate for FOB during awake intubation for post traumatic cervical spine fixation.     

McGrath可视喉镜与Macintosh直接喉镜显露颈椎手术患者喉部结构的比较

目的 比较McGrath可视喉镜与Macintosh直接喉镜显露颈椎手术患者喉部结构的效果. 方法 50例颈椎手术患者采用随机数字表法随机分为McGrath组和Macintosh组,每组25例.麻醉诱导后,McGrath组先用Macintosh直接喉镜显露喉部结构并记录Cormack-Lehane分级(C/L分级),不插管,再改用McGrath可视喉镜显露喉部结构并插入气管导管.Macintosh组先用McGrath可视喉镜显露声门,再使用Macintosh直接喉镜显露喉部结构并插管.记录患者一般情况、气道评估指标(甲颏间距、张口度、Mallampati分级、颈部活动度)、喉镜显露C/L分级和插管并发症. 结果 两组间患者一般情况和气道评估指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).McGrath可视喉镜的C/L分级(Ⅰ级∶Ⅱ级∶Ⅲ级为34∶14∶2)显著优于Macintosh直接喉镜(Ⅰ级∶Ⅱ级∶Ⅲ级为13∶32∶5,P＜0.01). 结论 McGrath可视喉镜对喉部结构的显露优于Macintosh直接喉镜,提示该可视喉镜有助于颈椎手术患者的气管插管处理.     

Difficult tracheal tube passage and subglottic airway injury during intubation with the GlideScope® videolaryngoscope: a randomised,controlled comparison of three tracheal tubes

Difficulty during placement of the tracheal tube is a known problem when intubating with the GlideScope^®, which may lead to subglottic airway injury. This randomised, controlled clinical trial was designed to compare the resistance to passage of PVC (polyvinyl chloride), reinforced or BlockBuster tracheal tubes during intubation with the GlideScope. Secondary outcomes included the time taken to intubate and assessment of subglottic airway injury. One‐hundred and seventy‐seven patients were included in the data analysis. There was difficult tracheal tube passage (moderate or severe resistance) in 15 (21.4%) patients using the PVC tube compared with 4 (7.4%) and 1 (1.9%) using the reinforced and BlockBuster tubes, respectively (p = 0.003 for PVC vs. BlockBuster). The median (IQR [range]) time taken to intubate was 35 (27–45 [15–115]) s, 25 (20–27 [15–110]) s and 25 (22–30 [16–90]) s, respectively, (p < 0.001 for PVC vs. reinforced as well as PVC vs. BlockBuster). Subglottic airway injury, assessed using a fibreoptic bronchoscope after extubation, was higher with the PVC tube (p < 0.001) and the reinforced tube (p = 0.012) compared with the BlockBuster tube. We conclude that the BlockBuster tracheal tube is a better choice for orotracheal intubation with the GlideScope than PVC or reinforced tubes.     

UE可视喉镜在急诊剖宫产患儿床边气管插管术中的应用

目的比较UE可视喉镜与直接喉镜在急诊剖宫产床边患儿气管插管术中的临床效果,探讨UE可视喉镜在患儿气管插管术中的应用价值。方法选取我院2017年1月至2019年4月收治的急诊剖宫产床边有气管插管适应证的患儿40例,男17例,女23例,胎龄33～41周,BMI 11～15 kg/m~2,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级。随机分为两组:UE可视喉镜组(U组)和Miller直接喉镜组(M组),每组20例。U组采用UE VL300SS型号可视喉镜和普通管芯辅助进行气管插管术,M组采用Miller直接喉镜,通过听诊两肺和监测P_(ET)CO_2确定气管导管的正确位置。记录声门暴露时间、完成插管时间。记录声门暴露等级、一次插管成功例数。记录牙龈出血、皮肤损伤和食管插管等并发症发生情况。结果 U组声门暴露时间明显短于M组,声门暴露Ⅰ级比例和一次插管成功率明显高于M组(P0.05)。两组完成插管时间以及牙龈出血、皮肤损伤和食管插管发生率差异无统计学意义。结论 UE可视喉镜应用于急诊剖宫产床边患儿气管插管术中,能够缩短声门暴露时间,同时提高声门暴露等级,提高一次插管成功率,减少不良反应,提高气管插管安全性。     

右美托咪定对全麻患者气管插管时血流动力学变化的影响

目的 探讨右美托咪定对全麻患者气管插管时血流动力学变化的影响.方法 择期手术患者40例,随机分为M1、M2组,M1组麻醉诱导前给予右美托咪定0.5μg/kg,再以0.3 μg/（kg·h）速度持续输注.两组均给予咪达唑仑、芬太尼、丙泊酚、罗库溴铵麻醉诱导,气管插管.记录患者入室后、麻醉诱导前、插管前、插管即刻、插管1、3、5 min后的血压、心率.结果 M1组输注右美托咪定后,HR较基础值明显降低;麻醉诱导后各观察时刻,BP较基础值明显减低;M2组HR插管前低于基础值,插管后1 min大于基础值,BP在插管前与插管即刻明显小于基础值;M1组HR自诱导前各观察时刻、BP自插管时各观察时刻均低于M2组;M1组麻醉药诱导用量明显少于M2组.结论 麻醉诱导前给予右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg可较完善地抑制插管时的心血管反应,减少麻醉药用量.     

利多卡因雾化吸入用于纤维支气镜引导清醒气管插管患者的效果观察

目的 观察超声雾化吸入2%利多卡因气道表面麻醉用于经鼻纤维支气管镜(FOB)辅助清醒气管插管的临床效果.方法 择期颈椎手术患者42例,随机均分为两组,分别采用超声雾化吸人2%利多卡因行呼吸道表面麻醉(Ⅰ组)和1%丁卡因鼻拭子鼻腔表面麻醉,环甲膜穿刺及喉上神经阻滞的联合局部麻醉(Ⅱ组).记录插管的时间(FNIT),入室后5 min(基础值,T1)、气管导管过鼻腔(T2)、FOB过咽喉(T3)、FOB过声门进气管确认气管隆突位置(T4)、气管导管进入气管(T5)时患者的反应及血流动力学的变化;记录Ⅰ组患者局部麻醉药物的用量及两组患者局部麻醉药的不良反应;术后第1天随访患者对两种方法的评价.结果 与T1时比较,T2～T5时两组患者HR增快;T2～T5时Ⅰ组及T2、T3时Ⅱ组患者MAP均增高;T2～T4时Ⅱ组SPO2明显降低(P<0.05).Ⅰ组患者利多卡因的平均用量为4.86 mg/kg,最大用量为7.64 mg/kg.Ⅰ组患者对所接受的局部麻醉方法评价为((6.71±1.23)分,明显高于Ⅱ组(4.90±1.41)分(P<0.05).结论 超声雾化吸入2%利多卡因可为经鼻FOB清醒插管提供充分的表面麻醉,易于被患者所接受,值得在临床工作中推广.     

Cardiovascular changes after the three stages of nasotracheal intubation

Background. Nasotracheal intubation typically comprises threedistinct stages: (i) nasopharyngeal intubation; (ii) directlaryngoscopy to identify the vocal cords; and (iii) the passageof the tracheal tube into the trachea. The aim of this studywas to identify and compare the cardiovascular responses associatedwith each of these stages. Methods. Seventy-five ASA I or II patients, aged 16–65yr, requiring nasotracheal intubation as part of their anaestheticmanagement, received a standardized general anaesthetic andwere allocated randomly to receive either nasopharyngeal intubationor nasopharyngeal intubation plus direct laryngoscopy or fullnasotracheal intubation. Results. There was a significant hypertensive response, comparedwith pre-induction levels, in all three groups. The maximummean (SD) mean arterial pressure in the nasotracheal intubationgroup was 113 (17.1) mm Hg, which was significantly greaterthan that in the nasopharyngeal intubation (97 (13) mm Hg)(P<0.001) and in the nasopharyngeal intubation plus laryngoscopy(103 (10.3) mm Hg) (P=0.007) groups. There was no significantdifference between the nasopharyngeal intubation and nasopharyngealintubation plus laryngoscopy groups (P=0.206). A similar patternwas seen for both systolic and diastolic arterial pressure.Nasotracheal intubation caused a significant increase in maximummean (SD) heart rate, compared with pre-induction values, whereasthe other two groups caused significant falls. The heart ratein the nasotracheal intubation group (92 (16.5) beats min^–1)was significantly greater than in the other two groups (74 (8.6)(P<0.001) and 76 (12) (P<0.001) beats min^–1respectively). There was no significant difference in heartrates between the nasopharyngeal intubation and nasopharyngealintubation plus laryngoscopy groups (P=0.420). Conclusions. Nasopharyngeal intubation causes a significantpressor response. Stimulation of the larynx and trachea by thepassage of the tracheal tube, but not direct laryngoscopy, causesa significant increase in this response. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 667–71