The molecular epidemiological analysis of Shigella sonnei isolates from outbreak cases in Yokohama]

We conducted a molecular epidemiological analysis to evaluate the epidemiologic patterns of Shigella sonnei isolates from outbreak cases in Yokohama to clarify the epidemiologic linkages by contact tracing and sources of infection. In the first case (case A), all of the 6 isolates were the colicin 0 type and resistant to both streptomycin (SM) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (ST). The 5 isolates have plasmid of 230 kb. By RAPD analysis with 2 kinds of primers specific for Shigella, every 6 isolates showed the same pattern. But the DNA fingerprint analysis by PFGE that was performed according to 2 standardized restriction endonucleases revealed a discriminative pattern. However, the resemblance of all isolates, which was calculated by the UPGMA methods, was 0.90 or higher. In the second case (case B), all of the 14 isolates were the colicin 6 type and sensitive to 16 drugs. The serotype of 13 isolates was phase I. The 11 isolates have plasmids of 230 kb and 3 kb. The resemblance of all isolates, which was calculated by the UPGMA methods, was 0.89 or higher. The analysis with a combination of the plasmid, RAPD analysis and PFGE profiles may be effective in investigating detailed epidemiological features of isolates.     

细粒棘球绦虫基因型的微卫星分析

目的利用细粒棘球绦虫微卫星序列为分型标记,建立高效、快速、简便的鉴定细粒棘球绦虫基因型技术。方法采用FAM和HEX两种不同荧光染料分别标记细粒棘球绦虫的Sca、Emsk、C106微卫星序列引物,利用荧光PCR-基因扫描技术鉴定新疆不同地区CE病人细粒棘球绦虫分离株的基因型。结果44例CE病人的66个分离株标本经PCR及微卫星标记鉴定均为细粒棘球绦虫,其中43例病人的65个细粒棘球绦虫分离株标本为G1基因型;1例病人的1个细粒棘球绦虫分离株标本为G6基因型。结论微卫星标记能够从基因水平快速、精确地鉴定新疆细粒棘球绦虫分离株的基因型,对细粒棘球绦虫的流行病学和致病性研究有重要价值。     

福氏志贺菌临床分离株毒力基因的研究

目的研究在一种快速、特异的mPCR方法在检出福氏志贺菌的同时对其毒力进行监测。方法选取福氏志贺菌三种毒力基因ipaH,ial,set1B作为扩增目标,在同一mPCR体系中对86株福氏志贺菌临床分离株进行了检测,并选取12株进行了噬斑形成试验,观察了扩增产物不同的福氏志贺菌对Hela细胞的毒力作用。结果86株福氏志贺菌临床分离株均检测到ipaH基因,阳性率为100%;45株检测到ial基因,阳性率为52%;69株检测到set1B基因,阳性率为80%。噬斑形成试验证明,mPCR结果不同的菌株对Hela细胞的感染能力存在明显差异。结论应用上述mPCR体系在检出福氏志贺菌的同时能够对菌株的毒力进行初步判别,对于临床诊断及治疗具有重要意义。     

多位点序列分型方法在嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌分子分型中的应用

目的建立多位点序列分型方法（Multilocus sequence typing,MLST）分析嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌。方法提取嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌基因组DNA,选择文献报道的7个嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌管家基因进行PCR扩增,将目的基因PCR产物测序,测序结果与标准序列比对后上传至数据库（http：／／pubmlst．org／smaltophilia／）,获得相应的7对管家基因组成的等位基因谱和序列分型编码（sequencetypes,STs）,应用MLST方法分析68株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌ST型的流行病学意义。结果对68株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌菌株通过多位点序列分型方法分析,所有菌株均为同一新的ST型（sT87）,该结果与现场流行病学的关系一致。结论MLST是一种方便、快速的分子生物学方法,实验室菌株资料可以比较,适用于嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的进化关系、群体结构和长期的全球分子流行病学研究。     

Molecular typing of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates from northern India using coagulase gene PCR-RFLP

Molecular typing of total 84 Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates was performed using coagulase gene PCR. Out of 84 S. aureus strains total 33 different types of S. aureus strains were prevalent in this hospital and community. Types 2-7 and 9 were the most prevalent S. aureus strains accounting for more than 53% of total isolates. This technique is relatively inexpensive and is simple to perform and analyze.     

贵州省2017-2018年非伤寒沙门菌临床分离株耐药及分子分型研究

目的 了解贵州省2017-2018年非伤寒沙门菌(NTS)的血清型分布、耐药情况与脉冲凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型特征.方法 对分离自贵州省临床病例的191株非伤寒沙门菌菌株进行生化鉴定、血清型分型,微量肉汤稀释法测定16种抗生素的最小抑菌浓度,PFGE进行分子分型分析.结果 191株非伤寒沙门菌分出18种血清型,鼠伤...     

MIRU-VNTR typing of drug-resistant tuberculosis isolates in Greece

The increasing immigration rate in Greece from countries with a high prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) may have an impact οn the number of MDR-TB cases in Greece. The aim of this study was to genotypically characterize the MTB isolates from patients with pulmonary drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in Greece, and to determine whether there is any association between the prevalent genotypes and drug resistance. Fifty-three drug-resistant MTB strains isolated from culture specimens of clinical material from native Greeks and immigrant patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were genotyped using the mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) method. The phylogenetically distinct groups of isolates identified were: the Beijing (34%), the LAM (11%), the Haarlem (24.5%), the Uganda I (9.4%), the Ural (3.8%), the Delhi/CAS (9.4%) and the Cameroon (3.8%) families. Greek patients were more likely to have monoresistant and polyresistant TB with the most prevalent isolates belonging to the Haarlem family. Among foreign-born patients with MDR-TB, the most prevalent genotypes belonged to the Beijing family. MIRU-VNTR rapidly obtained clinically useful genotyping data, by characterizing clonal MTB heterogeneity in the isolated strains. Our results underline the need for more effective antituberculosis control programs in order to control the expansion of DR-TB in Greece.     

宁波市耐三代头孢菌素志贺菌携带β-内酰胺酶与基因分型

目的了解本市耐三代头孢菌素志贺菌携带ESBLs及其基因型,为疾病防控提供依据。方法采用直接和增菌培养法,分离患者标本中志贺菌;药敏采用K-B法,ESBLs志贺菌表型确证采用纸片法;CTX-M、OXA、TEM和SHV耐药基因采用PCR法;耐药基因分型采用核苷酸序列法,用BLAST分析比较确定基因型别。结果药敏筛检出69株耐三代头孢菌素志贺菌,占ESBLs志贺菌的74.19%。检出CTX-M(CTX-M-1群和CTX-M-9群)、OXA和TEM耐药基因,检出率分别为79.71%、79.01%和26.09%,未检出CTX-M-2群和SHV耐药基因。DNA序列比对CTX-M-1群以CTX-M-15型为主,还检出7个其它型;CTX-M-9群则以CTX-M-14型多,其它型检出6个;49株OXA和18株TEM耐药基因测序后均为1型(OXA-1型和TEM-1型)。携带2种以上耐药基因的志贺菌21株,占30.43%。结论本市志贺菌对头孢曲松等三代头孢菌素耐药率较高,检出的ESBLs酶型种类多,CTX-M(CTX-M-1群的CTX-M-15型和CTX-M-9群的CTX-M-14型)是主流酶型,且可同时携带多种耐药基因,给疾病防控带来困难。OXA-1型的高携带率,提示我们应加强分析。B群志贺菌无论是表型的耐药性,还是耐药基因检出率均高于D群志贺菌,该发现有助志贺菌的扩散与流行研究。     

A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates

Nine cases of melioidosis with four deaths occurred over a 28-month period in members of a small remote Aboriginal community in the top end of the Northern Territory of Australia. Typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from six of the cases to be clonal and also identical to an isolate from the community water supply, but not to soil isolates. The clonality of the isolates found in this cluster contrasts with the marked genetic diversity of human and environmental isolates found in this region which is hyperendemic for B. pseudomallei. It is possible that the clonal bacteria persisted and were propagated in biofilm in the water supply system. While the exact mode of transmission to humans and the reasons for cessation of the outbreak remain uncertain, contamination of the unchlorinated community water supply is a likely explanation.     

2007年中国四省福氏志贺菌分离菌株的毒力基因检测和PFGE分析

目的分析中国河南等四省的福氏志贺菌分离菌株毒力基因和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型。方法应用PCR方法检测2007年从河南、青海、甘肃和山西分离的262株福氏志贺菌的侵袭性质粒抗原H基因(ipaH)、志贺肠毒素2基因(sen)、志贺肠毒素1基因(set1A)以及侵袭性蛋白基因(ipaBCD)。参考美国CDC的PulseNet实验方法 ,用限制性内切酶NotI对细菌染色体进行酶切,对这些分离菌株进行PFGE分析,使用BioNumerics软件进行聚类分析,并按照PulseNet命名原则对带型进行命名。结果 262株福氏志贺菌分离菌株ipaH、sen、set1A和ipaBCD基因的携带率分别为100%、93.89%、96.18%和92.75%。具有7种毒力基因携带模式,其中89.31%的菌株为Ⅰ型毒力基因携带模式(ipaH+sen+set1A+ipaB-CD+),有99.24%菌株同时携带两种或以上毒力基因。262株福氏志贺菌共分为83个PFGE型别,其中CNJZXN11.0002、CNJZXN11.0003、CNJZXN11.0060、CNJZXN11.0081、CNJZXN11.0137、CNJZXN11.0169、CNJZXN11.0190、CNJZXN11.0195、CNJZXN11.0196、CNJZXN11.0199、CNJZXN11.0217、CNJZXN11.0325和CNJZXN11.0327为13种主要带型。CNJZXN11.0003型菌株在4省均有分布,CNJZXN11.0199为河南菌株的优势带型,CNJZXN11.0137、CNJZXN11.0325和CNJZXN11.0327为山西特有的PFGE带型,与CNJZXN11.0003等主要带型聚类相似性较小。结论四省分离的福氏志贺菌株中ipaH、sen、set1A和iPaBCD毒力基因的携带率较高,而且这些菌株的PFGE型别既具有地区性差异,又具有优势型别的交叉。     

利用MLST技术对浙江省大肠杆菌O157的分子流行病学研究

目的对浙江省2005-2010年大肠杆菌O157分离株进行分子分型研究,了解菌株间的遗传进化关系,为浙江省大肠杆菌O157监测及爆发疫情的控制提供基础。方法选择Pasteur大肠杆菌多位点序列分型（Multilocus SequenceTyping,MLST）方案,对大肠杆菌O157分离株及882364菌株进行MLST分型,确定菌株序列型（Sequence type,ST）;采用DNAsp、eBURST、START2等软件进行分析。结果 30株菌中,27株O157∶H7菌株具备相同序列型（ST-284）,占90%（27/30）,其他3株菌序列型分别为ST-367、ST-125、ST-296。8个管家基因核苷酸多态性（Pi）范围为0.00119（polB）～0.00648（uidA）,putP基因多态性位点比例最高（4.6%）,trpA基因多态性位点比例最低（0.4%）。进化分析结果显示,这些序列型分别属于Group 1及Group 11群。结论浙江省动物源性大肠杆菌O157∶H7的主要序列型为ST-284,与江苏省病人株882364（ST-296）具有同一个进化祖先,提示应加强浙江省大肠杆菌O157病原学监测。     

福氏志贺菌中超广谱β-内酰胺酶的基因型分析

目的检测福氏志贺菌中超广谱G内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的基因型别。方法琼脂稀释法测定5株福氏志贺菌对多种抗菌药物的敏感性，并进行接合试验；改良三维试验检测产ESBLs菌株，同时对这些菌株进行脉冲场电泳（PFGE）检测；采用TEM、SHV、CTX-M-1组、CTX-M-2组、CTX-M-9组β-内酰胺酶通用引物以及TEM、CTX-M-9组全编码基因引物进行PCR检测，并对全编码基因PCR产物进行DNA序列分析。结果三维试验结果显示，5株福氏志贺菌均为产ESBLs菌株，对青霉素类、第一代、第二代头孢菌素以及四环素、复方磺胺甲嗯唑显著耐药，对第三代头孢菌素中头孢曲松、头孢噻肟耐药或中度敏感，对亚胺培南、头孢美唑、氟喹诺酮类、头孢噻肟克拉维酸、头孢他啶、头孢他啶一克拉维酸显示敏感。对于β-内酰胺类的耐药性可以通过接合方式发生水平转移；ESBLs基因型别为CTX-M-14，5株菌株的PFGE谱型可分为A、B两种谱型。结论5株福氏志贺菌产生CTX-M-14型超广谱β-内酰胺酶，导致对多种β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药，并存在克隆传播，需加强监控。     

Quinolone resistance-determining region mutations and por type of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates: resistance surveillance and typing by molecular methodologies

Quinolone resistance is increasing rapidly in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and is a significant public health problem that requires ongoing surveillance. To examine the feasibility of molecular surveillance of quinolone resistance, and to further characterize an outbreak of resistant N. gonorrhoeae in Israel, the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) sequences and the por types of 80 N. gonorrhoeae isolates were determined using molecular techniques. QRDRs of gyrA and parC were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and were sequenced directly. The por type was determined by checkerboard hybridizations performed using oligonucleotide probes to regions encoding 5 variable loops of the porin protein. All 42 ciprofloxacin-resistant (CipR) isolates had mutations in QRDRs of both gyrA and parC, and identical mutations were found in 93% of these isolates. One intermediately resistant isolate had 1 mutation in gyrA, and susceptible isolates showed no mutations. Forty isolates had 1 of 2 por types that differed only by an in-frame deletion in variable region 5; all but 1 of these isolates were CipR. QRDR sequencing and por type determination showed that the outbreak of CipR N. gonorrhoeae in Israel was clonal. QRDR mutations were consistent with those previously characterized; this indicates that DNA probes can be developed for rapid detection and surveillance of quinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae in settings in which nonculture diagnostic methods are used.     

成都地区肉鸭屠宰链弯曲菌毒力基因分布及分子分型研究

目的 了解并分析肉鸭屠宰环节中弯曲菌分离株的9种毒力基因分布及分子分型特征。方法 利用特异性引物对弯曲菌9种与致病力相关的毒力基因进行PCR检测;参照美国PulseNet 脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)标准方法,对68株鸭源弯曲菌分离株进行PFGE分型。结果 毒力基因PCR检测结果显示空肠弯曲菌中cadF、iamA和cheY毒力基因携带率均为100%,flaA(97.1%)、cdtB(94.3%)、cdtC(94.3%)和ciaB(80%)毒力基因的携带率也较高,其余毒力基因cdtA(25.7%),virB11(2.9%)较低;结肠弯曲菌中除cadF(100%)毒力基因外,高于50%携带率的毒力基因有cheY(84.8%)、cdtB(72.7%)、iamA(66.7%)和cdtA(54.5%),另外4个毒力基因flaA(48.5%)、virB11(18.2%)、cdtC(36.4%)和ciaB(18.2%)携带率均较低。利用PFGE方法对弯曲菌分离株进行分子分型,结果显示35株空肠弯曲菌和33株结肠弯曲菌可分为15个和11个谱型,表现为较低的遗传多样性。结论 弯曲菌毒力基因分布广泛,且空肠弯曲菌携带率较高;PFGE基因谱型相似性表明该肉鸭屠宰场存在交叉感染和弯曲菌沿屠宰链传播的现象。     

Identification and typing of Cameroonian isolates of P. malariae using monoclonal antibodies against P. brasilianum

In the present study, monoclonal antibodies raised against Plasmodium brasilianum were used to demonstrate, for the first time, antigenic diversity in natural populations of Plasmodium malariae isolates and as diagnostic tool to detect low parasitaemia P. malariae infection. Seventeen McAbs reacting by indirect immunoflorescence antibody (IFA) assay with no other Plasmodium species than P. brasilianum, were shown to react with P. malariae and were used for typing 29 P. malariae isolates from hyperendemic areas in Yaounde and in three villages of South Cameroon with parasitaemia ranging from 0.01% to 1.8%. All 29 isolates were distinguished by their ability to react with certain antibodies and considered as representing different isolates of P. malariae. One of these McAbs (No. 14) recognized P. malariae isolates to both in Yaounde and from Mengang but not in Edou or in Nkol Mvae, which may recognize a specific epitope that is less common in strains found in these villages and provide evidence of regional variation within the P. malariae parasites. The McAbs Nos. 16 and 17 were used to determine their usefulness as diagnostic tools for 30 suspected blood samples that were collected from patients with fever and it became clear that they could detect sub-microscopical infections of P. malariae. This study supports the concept of using of P. brasilianum as a substitute for P. malariae during immuno-diagnosis of malaria in endemic areas where PCR assay cannot be used for identification of the P. malariae parasites. In addition our results for the first time provide evidence of considerable antigenic diversity of clinical P. malariae isolates in Cameroon.     

志贺菌分子生物学检测技术研究进展

志贺菌是引起细菌性痢疾的主要致病菌,随着分子生物学的不断进步,志贺菌的快速检测方法得以迅速发展。本文主要从快速检测技术和病原体同源性分析两个方面论述志贺菌检测技术的研究进展。     

Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates presenting various drug susceptibility from Greece using three DNA typing methods

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was the molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates using three DNA typing methods. METHODS: One hundred nineteen independent (77 susceptible to all antituberculous drugs, 17 rifampin-resistant and 25 isoniazid-resistant), and nine related Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained over a 3-years period (1997-1999) from Greece were typed with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), using the non-radioactive IS6110 probe (IS6110-RFLP), and two PCR-based molecular methods: random amplification of polymorphic domains (RAPD) using four different primers and double repetitive element-PCR (DRE-PCR). RESULTS: IS6110-RFLP and RAPD-PCR using IRIS primer were proved to be the most discriminatory methods, while DRE-PCR gave satisfactory results and RAPD-PCR methods using the other three primers (A1245, B1245 and Leg2) were not so effective. The related strains, isolated from affected members of four families, gave similar PCR and RFLP patterns, while the independent strains presented a high degree of polymorphism. In terms of cost effectiveness and technical simplicity, the PCR-based methods were found to be superior. CONCLUSIONS: So, they may serve as screening methods to classify a large number of isolates into clusters for further subtyping and recognition of well-defined genotype families.     

布鲁菌分子分型方法应用研究进展

布鲁菌属细菌是布病的病原菌。当前,用于布鲁菌属细菌分型的方法有多种,而布鲁菌分子分型方法在布病的分子流行病学调查、病原菌的快速分型鉴定、病原菌的溯源分析和菌株之间差异关系的分析过程中被广泛应用并具有十分重要的作用。本文就常用的布鲁菌的核酸探针技术(DNA probes)、聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、实时定量PCR(Real-time PCR)、16SrDNA鉴定、PCR限制性片段长度多态性( PCR-RFLP)、单核苷酸多态性分析(SNP)、脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)、多位点序列分型(MLST)、多位点串联重复序列分析(VNTR/MLVA)等分子分型方法的应用研究进展予以综述。