新型饮水除氟剂蛇纹石降氟效果研究

目的：研究确定蛇纹石降氟效果和最佳降氟条件，为广大地氟病病区提供新的防病措施。方法：通过实验室检测和现场观察，利用单因素分析和正交实验方法确定水温、pH、粒度、接触时间、再生剂浓度对蛇纹石降氟容量的影响。结果：对蛇纹石降氟效果影响较大的因素依次为：接触时间、粒度、再生剂浓度。降氟最佳操作条件为：粒度60－80目，明矾液浓度0．0739mol/L,接触时间30min。水湿对降氟效果无显著影响；pH在7．16－8．18之间，蛇纹石降氟容量没有差异（P＞0．05）。结论：利用蛇纹石降氟，效果明显，简便易行，在没有集中供水,设施的广大农村地氟病地区具有实际的应用价值。     

一种新型饮水除砷絮凝剂的研制及效果初评

目的　研制一种新型除砷药剂聚硅酸铁 (PFSC)絮凝剂 ,并对其饮水除砷效果进行了评价。方法　合成聚硅酸铁絮凝剂 ,饮用水中的砷采用混凝沉淀的方法去除。结果　公认的除砷高效药剂三氯化铁与新型除砷剂聚硅酸铁的除砷初步结果表明 :在 p H为 6～ 7的条件下 ,2种药剂以铁计的投加量为 3.4mg/ L 时处理含砷(V) 0 .9mg/ L 的原水 ,残留砷 (V)已低于饮用水砷的国家卫生标准 0 .0 5 mg/ L。聚硅酸铁的沉降性能优于三氯化铁。结论　这种新型除砷剂在饮水除砷中具有一定的应用前影     

磷酸三钙饮水除氟条件试验及其机理探讨

报道了磷酸三钙饮水除氟的实验条件，比较了磷酸三钙在不同条件下的除氟效果，结果表明磷酸三钙的除氟效率与原水ＰＨ值呈密切的负相关关系，与水温和接触时间呈明显的正相关关系，证明了磷酸三钙的除氟作用是一种复杂的需能化学反应机理。     

饮水砷快速测定方法

目的 研究饮水砷快速检测方法，为生产饮水砷检测试剂盒提供技术依据。方法 利用砷斑法原理进行反应酸、还原剂体系的配比、使用量及使用条件、检测试纸条及标准比色板的制备和条件实验。结果 测定10ml样品饮水砷时，加人0．35ml硫酸(1 1)、0．4—0．5g 10～20目锌粒、0．03～0．04g碘化钾、0．03～0．04g氯化亚锡，反应30min。与国家标准方法同时测定不同浓度的标准溶液及现场采集的水样，几种方法结果一致。结论 半定量饮水砷快速测定方法可用于饮水砷筛查。     

云南不同地区职业健康成年人尿砷参考值研究

目的 探讨云南省砷本底值高、中和低三个地区健康成年人尿砷参考值范围,为云南不同地区职业性砷中毒诊断提供参考依据。方法 分别选择砷本底值高、中、低的蒙自某水泥厂、昆明某机场、鹤庆某水泥厂无职业砷接触史的作业工人为研究对象,以个旧某锡冶炼厂职业砷暴露作业工人作为对照,收集员工的下班后尿作为样本,用湿法消化—氢化物发生—原子荧光光度法测定尿液中的砷浓度。结果 蒙自(Z=-0.005)、昆明(Z=-1.147)与鹤庆(Z=-1.131)三个地区非职业砷暴露作业工人男性与女性尿砷水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同环境本底值地区尿砷水平不同,差异有统计学意义(H=40.309,P<0.05),环境本底值高、中和低地区的尿砷单侧95%上限值分别为129.99μg/L,113.18μg/L和108.47μg/L。结论 云南省砷本底值高、中和低三个地区职业健康成年人尿砷参考值分别为129.99μg/L,113.18μg/L和108.47μg/L。     

除氟剂筛选及其与茶汤相互影响的研究

目的筛选一种砖茶除氟剂,研究除氟剂与茶汤的相互影响。方法感官品评与理化成分分析相结合。结果DFR能将茶汤中的氟含量降至卫生标准以下,且茶汤环境对DFR性能影响均较理想,茶汤氟浓度越高,DFR除氟量越大。茶汤的pH值与DFR的最佳使用pH值范围相符。接触时间超过15min,除氟量趋于稳定。DFR对茶汤感官、有害成分、有益成分影响均较小。结论DFR能用于砖茶除氟。     

饮用水中无机砷形态分析

目的建立电化学氢化物发生与原子吸收光谱联用技术对无机砷形态分析的方法．为地方性砷中毒病区饮用水中砷的形态分析提供快速的检测方法。方法基于3价砷（iAsⅢ）和5价砷（iAsⅤ）电化学氢化物发生效率的差异，实现低电流条件下对iAsⅢ的选择性还原和测定；在高电流条件下实现iAsⅢ和iAsv的电化学氢化，并根据吸收加和性原理测定iAsⅤ。结果以0.4、1．2A为优化的电解电流条件，iAsⅢ和iAsⅤ测定的检出限分别为03、0．6μg/L。本方法应用于饮用水中无机砷的形态分析，样品加标回收率为96％（14．4／15．0）～102％（10．2／10．0）。结论该方法灵敏、准确可靠，操作简单、快速，适用于地方性砷中毒病区饮用水中不同形态砷的测定分析。     

燃煤地区成人发砷的洗涤与测定结果分析

为寻找去除头发外污染砷的有效洗涤方法，了解燃煤地区成人发砷的分布，用０．２５ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ浸泡发样４小时，头发外污染砷的洗脱率为９９．６％，是较好的洗涤方法；成人发砷值呈正偏态分布，在计算平均值时应当使用几何均数或中位数；成人发砷值随环境砷暴露量增加而升高，能较好反映人群摄砷水平；成人发砷值在性别间无显著性差异，为取样方便，建议用男性发砷值作为群体可能接触砷的指标。     

印度Ganga-Meghna-Brahmaputra平原及周围地区与孟加拉国地下水砷污染及其对健康影响的19年研究

基于近19年对印度Ganga—Meghna—Brahmaputra（简称GMB）平原（面积569749km^2，人口超过5亿）地下水砷污染的调查，可以确定印度Ganga—Brahmaputra平原（包括北方邦、比哈尔邦、恰尔康得邦、西孟加拉邦、阿萨姆邦）和孟加拉国普遍受到砷的污染。近期的调查研究也表明，除米佐拉姆邦外，其他各邦的地下水也受到不同程度的砷污染。至今为止．已对印度各邦和孟加拧国的175000份和50808份压把井水样进行了含砷量检测。并组织了一支包括皮肤科、神经科和妇产科医生在内的有经验的专家组，对上述地区125000人进行了临床检查，其中9％患有砷导致的皮肤病损症状。至今共采集分析了60000份生物样品。包括发样、指甲、尿样及皮肤鳞屑，其中80％的样品含砷量超过允许值，很多人由此受到砷的亚临床损害。在上述砷暴露地区．19000名儿童经过检查，近1100人患有砷导致的皮肤病损。该调查结果表明．儿童比成人更容易受到砷的毒性损害。在这种状况下．应着力解决饮水安全问题来减轻砷的苊害．     

用聚合硫酸铁（PFS）除去饮水中砷的实验研究

实验室研究表明：在高砷水与ＰＦＳ混合溶液ｐＨ为６～、铁砷比大于２０、静置时间为２０小时的条件下，ＰＦＳ混凝沉淀的除砷率大于９０％，可将高砷水中的砷浓度（０．０５５～１．０３１ｍｇ／Ｌ）降至国家生活饮用水卫生标准限值（０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ）以下。因此，可望用此方法处理高砷饮水，且无不良影响。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.