Correlates of sleep disturbance in Veterans with traumatic brain injury and chronic pain: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundFew studies have investigated sleep in Veterans with comorbid traumatic brain injury (TBI) and chronic pain.ObjectiveTo describe mood and cognitive correlates with sleep disturbance in a sample of Veterans with both TBI and chronic pain.Research methodCross-sectional, correlational analyses were completed using baseline data from a randomized controlled trial comparing psychosocial treatments for pain in Veterans with TBI. Enrollment occurred between July 2015 and January 2017. Self-report measures of hours slept, insomnia severity, depression and PTSD symptoms were collected along with a brief neuropsychological assessment.ResultsParticipants (n = 221) were an average age of 37.2 years (SD = 8.2) and mostly male (89%). Participants reported sleeping an average of 4.9 h a night (SD = 1.4) with an average Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score of 17.4 (SD = 5.4) suggesting moderate insomnia symptoms. Fewer hours slept was associated with higher depression scores (r = ?0.28, p < 0.001) and slower processing speed (r = 0.23, p < 0.001). Increasing insomnia severity was associated with greater depression (r = 0.57, p < 0.001) and PTSD symptoms (r = 0.44, p < 0.001), and slower processing speed (r = ?0.22, p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe average ISI score was above the clinical cut off for insomnia diagnosis. Results suggest that those with more severe insomnia symptoms report higher depression and PTSD symptoms as well as exhibit slower processing speed. Improving sleep in this population may be important for improving outcome following TBI.     

Incidence of sport-related traumatic brain injury and risk factors of severity: a population-based epidemiologic study

PurposeFew studies of sport-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) are population-based or rely on directly observed data on cause, demographic characteristics, and severity. This study addresses the epidemiology of sport-related TBI in a large population.MethodsData on all South Carolina hospital and emergency department encounters for TBI, 1998–2011, were analyzed. Annual incidence rate of sport-related TBI was calculated, and rates were compared across demographic groups. Sport-related TBI severity was modeled as a function of demographic and TBI characteristics using logistic regression.ResultsA total of 16,642 individuals with sport-related TBI yielded an average annual incidence rate of 31.5/100,000 population with a steady increase from 19.7 in 1998 to 45.6 in 2011. The most common mechanisms of sport-related TBI were kicked in football (38.1%), followed by fall injuries in sports (20.3%). Incidence rate was greatest in adolescents ages 12-18 (120.6/100,000/persons). Severe sport-related TBI was strongly associated with off-road vehicular sport (odds ratio [OR], 4.73; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.92?7.67); repeated head trauma (OR, 4.36; 95% CI, 3.69?5.15); equestrian sport (OR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.64?4.51); and falls during sport activities (OR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.67?4.46).ConclusionsThe high incidence of sport-related TBI in youth, potential for repetitive mild TBI, and its long-term consequences on learning warrants coordinated surveillance activities and population-based outcome studies.     

Examination of the change in Assessment of Motor and Process Skills performance in patients with acquired brain injury between the hospital and home environment

Aim: The Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) is a standardised, valid, reliable, observational assessment that is sensitive to change over time. This research aimed to examine the change in AMPS performance in patients discharged from a neurosurgical rehabilitation ward to a home‐based therapy programme over a four‐week time frame. Methods: A total of 15 individuals with acquired brain injury who were participating in rehabilitation were recruited to the study. The AMPS was conducted with each individual during the participant’s inpatient rehabilitation and again approximately four weeks later, while participating in home‐based rehabilitation. Assessment results were collated using the AMPS computer programme and entered into a statistics package from which data were analysed. Results: As a group, no statistically significant change in function was identified between the home and hospital environments; however, individual results did indicate a change in occupational performance for many of the participants. Conclusions: The AMPS was shown to reflect a change in occupational performance for many of the research participants. This research supports previous studies which indicate that some individuals’ motor and process skill abilities appear to be affected by the environment in which they perform. This suggests that occupational therapists wishing to know how an individual will perform activities of daily living should evaluate the individual’s performance in the environment in which they will be functioning.     

Using the Perceive, Recall, Plan and Perform System to assess cognitive deficits in adults with traumatic brain injury: A case study

One role of occupational therapy in the rehabilitation of people with traumatic brain injury is to determine the impact of cognitive and perceptual deficits on client performance of occupational tasks. Existing methods that can be used to assess cognitive deficits include standardised instruments and observations of everyday task performance. Few of these assessment methods are able to adequately link problems of cognition with problems with self-maintenance, productivity and leisure tasks relative to a client's expected occupational roles. The Perceive, Recall, Plan and Perform (PRPP) System of Task Analysis enables observation of performance of any functional task and allows therapists to identify the cognitive basis of disordered performance. The results of this assessment are then used to establish and evaluate client-centred goals and guide subsequent intervention. This article describes the PRPP System of Task Analysis and outlines how it can be used by occupational therapists involved in the management of adults with traumatic brain injury. Specifically, an in-depth case study illustrates how this innovative model of assessment has effectively been used to promote client learning of self-maintenance skills.     

The Assessment of Motor and Process Skills as a measure of ADL ability in schizophrenia

Background: Functional impairments in schizophrenia are substantial, complex, and persistent. Objective measurement of ADL ability, functional capacity and performance is needed for effective intervention planning and outcome evaluation. Objective: To evaluate ADL ability in people with schizophrenia using the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) and to determine the utility of using the AMPS to predict levels of assistance required for successful community living. Method: In a retrospective audit, AMPS ADL measures of a consecutive sample of 64 people with schizophrenia admitted to a mental health facility were compared with normative data and with recommended “cut-off” measures for competency to live independently in the community. Results: Substantial difficulties were measured in both ADL motor (mean z = –1.5) and ADL process ability (mean z = –2.1). AMPS ability measures did not predict problems with independent living for 62.5% of the patients. Conclusion: People with schizophrenia admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation facility experienced significant difficulty performing ADL tasks. AMPS is a useful measure of ADL ability but should be used in conjunction with measures of functional performance in order to plan interventions and supports for people with schizophrenia that reflect the complexity of factors affecting community functioning.     

Test–retest reproducibility of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills for school-aged children with acquired brain injuries

Background Persistent impairments resulting from childhood acquired brain injury (ABI) can impact performance of activities of daily living (ADL). Objective and reliable measures of ADL skills are required for treatment planning and research. Aim To evaluate test–retest reproducibility of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) for children with ABI. Methods Twenty-eight children with ABI (mean age 11 years 7 months, SD 2 years 4 months; males?=?11) were recruited. Two AMPS tasks were performed over two consecutive days, as per standardized AMPS procedures. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC; 2,1), standard error of measurement (SEM), smallest detectable difference (SDD), and 95% limits of agreement (Bland–Altman) were calculated. Results Test–retest reliability was fair to good for AMPS ADL motor (ICC 0.55) and ADL process (ICC 0.58) measures. The SEM was 0.36 and 0.34 logits for AMPS ADL motor and ADL process measures respectively. The SDD was 1.0 (motor) and 0.93 logits (process) measures. A learning effect was evident. Conclusion Test–retest reproducibility of the AMPS was fair to good for children with ABI, which is poorer than previously published data. Administration of the AMPS in an unfamiliar environment, fatigue, and the small time interval between testing sessions may have contributed to poorer results. The AMPS remains a useful measure of ADL, contributing to our understanding of task execution processes.     

Rater Calibration Stability for the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills

In this paper an outline of a theory of health based on the notion of ability is presented. A person's health is defined as his or her second-order ability to realize vital goals given standard or otherwise reasonable circumstances. The crucial concepts: vital goal, standard circumstance and second-order ability, are characterized in the paper. Special emphasis is laid upon the third concept, second-order ability, which is of particular importance for the theory of rehabilitation.     

早期肠内营养预防重型颅脑损伤病人应激性溃疡的临床研究

目的:探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)对重型颅脑损伤病人应激性溃疡的预防价值. 方法:分析我院85例神经外科重症监护病房收住的重型颅脑损伤病人.将病人分为EEN组和抑酸药组.分析两组病人年龄、性别、GCS评分、水电解质紊乱、凝血功能障碍、高血糖、多发伤、肺部感染、死亡、颅内感染、应激性溃疡及预后等参数.分析抑酸药物的使用与肺部感染发生之间的相关性. 结果:EEN组与抑酸药组应激性溃疡的发生无统计学差异(P＞0.05);肺部感染发生率有显著性差异(P＜0.05).抑酸药物的使用与肺部感染存在显著的相关性(r =0.253,P=0.019).两组病人血清前清蛋白、转铁蛋白、上臂周径、预后等方面均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:重型颅脑损伤病人EEN不仅可以预防应激性溃疡的发生,而且还可减少肺部感染的发生率,改善病人的营养状况和预后.     

重型颅脑损伤病人序贯性肠内营养治疗的研究

目的:探讨重型颅脑损伤病人序贯性肠内营养(EN)治疗的方案、可行性及临床效果。方法:将59例重型颅脑损伤病人随机分为研究组和对照组。研究组30例病人采用短肽型EN制剂过渡至整蛋白型EN制剂的序贯性EN治疗方案,对照组29例开始即采用整蛋白型EN制剂,根据操作流程实施。观察两组病人达到EN目标量的时间、需联合肠外营养(PN)治疗的比例、低清蛋白(ALB)血症率、喂养相关并发症、平均入住ICU天数等指标。结果:两组病人均能达到EN目标治疗,研究组开始EN治疗后达到EN目标量的时间早于对照组(P0.05),联合PN治疗的比例小于对照组(P0.05),ALB水平高于对照组(P0.05),腹胀发生率低于对照组(P0.05)。两组间其他喂养相关并发症和平均入住ICU时间无统计学差异。结论:对重型颅脑损伤后病人尤其是肠道吸收功能障碍者推荐采用序贯性EN支持治疗。     

重症颅脑损伤患者气管切开的气道护理

目的:探讨重症颅脑损伤患者气管切开的气道护理措施和效果。方法:回顾分析36例重症颅脑损伤气管切开患者的护理措施。结果:采用GOS预后评价标准,14例预后较好(39%),其中恢复良好8例,中残6例;预后较差17例(47%),其中重残12例,植物生存5例;死亡5例(14%)。抢救成功率86%。结论:重症颅脑损伤患者气管切开保持呼吸道通畅,及时扣背吸痰,有效的气道湿化,减少呼吸道损伤是治疗成功的关键。     

孕酮对大鼠创伤性脑损伤保护作用

目的 探讨孕酮(progesterone,PROG)对大鼠创伤性脑损伤(TBI)后皮质诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和凋亡蛋白酶(caspase-3)表达影响。方法 将健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、脑损伤组、孕酮治疗组。按照改进的Feeney自由落体损伤装置制作大鼠脑损伤模型。于伤后不同时间取材,采用免疫组织化学法,检测大鼠脑组织中iNOS和caspase-3表达水平。结果 孕酮治疗组iNOS和caspase-3伤后6,24,48,72 h的表达水平分别为(11.62±1.52),(21.38±1.41),(12.94±2.73),(9.42±1.71)和(12.27±1.35),(20.57±2.92),(16.54±1.45),(10.47±1.39),与脑损伤组比较明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 孕酮可能通过抑制脑损伤后iNOS的活性,下调caspase-3的表达,起到对脑的保护作用。     

The Assessment of Awareness of Ability (A3) in a Japanese context: A Rasch model application

Abstract

The overall aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of the Assessment of Awareness of Ability (A3) in a Japanese context. The A3 (formerly known as the Assessment of Awareness of Disability, AAD) is a standardized 11-question interview used to explore the discrepancy between observed strengths and limitations in the performance of activities of daily living (ADL) according to the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) and the limitations described by the client. In this study, 259 matched Swedish and Japanese A3 data records were analyzed using a Rasch partial credit model (PCM). The analysis of rater consistency and items demonstrated acceptable goodness-of-fit according to the PCM, indicating rater consistency and internal scale validity. The A3 can help clients and therapists understand discrepancies between observed and self-reported performance aspects of various everyday tasks within Japanese and Swedish contexts.     

Ommaya储液囊治疗重型颅脑外伤术后颅内感染合并脑积水

目的 探讨Ommaya储液囊对重型颅脑外伤术后颅内感染合并脑积水的治疗作用及其优越性.方法 将34例重型颅脑外伤术后颅内感染合并脑积水患者随机分组,其中Ommaya治疗组13例,脑室外引流组21例,比较两组24 h平均引流量、首次置泵(管)至施行永久性分流术的平均时间、二次手术率、分流率,并进行3个月格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS).结果 Ommaya治疗组24 h平均引流量少于脑室外引流组;首次置泵至施行永久性分流术的平均时间为(57.00±8.06)d,较脑室外引流组首次置管至施行永久性分流术平均时间(66.00±6.89)d缩短;Ommaya治疗组完成脑室腹腔分流术患者10例,放弃治疗3例,分流率76.9%;治疗期间再次手术更换Ommaya储液囊4例,二次手术率30.8%(4/13).脑室外引流组最终完成脑室腹腔分流术患者13例,放弃治疗3例,死亡5例,分流率61.9%;治疗期间再次手术置管16例,二次手术率为76.2%(16/21).两组分流率及随访3个月GOS评定差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 Onmaaya储液囊应用于重型颅腩外伤术后颅内感染合并脑积水,与传统脑室外引流术比较,临床分流率相似,但治疗期间二次手术率低,且能减少治疗天数,值得临床推广.     

重症颅脑损伤患者发生肺部感染的危险因素及其预防

目的 探讨重症颅脑损伤患者发生肺部感染的相关危险因素,为临床预防和控制感染提供依据。方法 选取海口市第三人民医院收治的408例重症颅脑损伤患者,根据是否发生肺部感染将其分为肺部感染组（149例）和无肺部感染组（259例）,对肺部感染患者进行痰培养检查。应用多因素Logistic回归分析重症颅脑损伤患者发生肺部感染的危险因素。结果 408例重症颅脑损伤患者中肺部感染的发生率为36.52%（149/408）。149例肺部感染患者共分离出病原菌163株,以革兰阴性菌（67.48%）和革兰阳性菌（25.15%）为主。多因素Logistic回归分析发现,手术持续时间、机械通气时间、气管切开、引流管留置、GCS评分及APACHEⅡ评分是重症颅脑损伤患者发生肺部感染的独立危险因素,其OR（95%CI）值分别为5.837（3.125～13.168）、3.172（1.748～5.975）、5.106（2.683～11.829）、4.913（2.284～10.716）、3.625（1.972～7.218）、2.618（1.327～4.721）。结论 重症颅脑损伤患者肺部感染的发生率较高,应加强对其危险因素的早期预防和护理,降低感染的发生。     

重型颅脑损伤应激高血糖病人应用低糖类肠内营养制剂的临床研究

目的:观察重型颅脑损伤应激高血糖病人应用低糖类肠内营养(EN)制剂的临床效果。方法:将60例病人随机分为试验组和对照组。试验组病人使用低糖类EN制剂(瑞代),对照组病人使用匀浆膳,均经鼻胃管滴入。观察两组病人治疗前后血糖,血清清蛋白(ALB),血清钾、钠、氯和血脂的变化。结果:EN支持后,试验组病人的血糖水平明显低于对照组(P0.05);两组病人的ALB水平均明显升高,而血脂无明显变化。治疗14 d后,试验组病人需加用胰岛素的例数明显少于对照组(P0.05)。结论:重型颅脑损伤高血糖病人选用合适的EN配方,能较好地控制血糖,提高治疗效果。     

Multicontextual occupational therapy intervention: A case study of traumatic brain injury

Cognitive deficits after a traumatic brain injury can result in significant functional limitations in all areas of daily living. An individual's ability to generalize learning may be limited, thus making it harder to live independently in the community. Assessing a client's metacognitive skills and awareness level may help to establish a baseline understanding about the supervision required and the most suitable living arrangements. This study describes a multicontextual, community re-entry occupational therapy programme directed at awareness training and compensation for cognitive problems in a 34-year-old man with traumatic brain injury. Intervention consisted of metacognitive training, exploration and use of effective processing strategies, task gradations and practice of functional activities in multiple environmental contexts. Strategies such as self-prediction, self-monitoring, role reversal and the use of checklists were used. Results after six months of intervention show improvements in the client's awareness level, enhancement of his occupational function, increased satisfaction with performance and a decrease in the level of attendant care. Additional studies are recommended to validate the findings.     

Relationships between environmental factors and participation in adults with traumatic brain injury,stroke, and spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional multi-center study

Purpose

To develop and evaluate a model of environmental factors-participation relationships for persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, and spinal cord injury (SCI), and test whether this model differed across three diagnostic groups, as well as other demographic and clinical characteristics.

Methods

A cross-sectional observational study included 545 community-dwelling adults with neurological disorders (TBI = 166; stroke = 189; SCI = 190) recruited at three academic medical centers. Participants completed patient-reported measures of environmental factors and participation.

Results

The final structural equation model had acceptable fit to the data (CFI = 0.923; TLI = 0.898; RMSEA = 0.085; SRMR = 0.053), explaining 63% of the variance in participation in social roles and activities. Systems, services, and policies had an indirect influence on participation and this relation was mediated by social attitudes and the built and natural environment. Access to information and technology was associated with the built and natural environment which in turn influence on participation (ps < 0.001). The model was consistent across sex, diagnosis, severity/type of injury, education, race, age, marital status, years since injury, wheelchairs use, insurance coverage, personal or household income, and crystallized cognition.

Conclusions

Social and physical environments appear to mediate the influence of systems, services, and policies on participation after acquired neurological disorders. These relations are stable across three diagnostic groups and many personal and clinical factors. Our findings inform health and disability policy, and provide guidance for implementing the initiatives in Healthy People 2020 in particular for people with acquired neurological disorders.

     

Effects of domotics on cognitive,social and personal functioning in patients with chronic stroke: A pilot study

BackgroundStroke can cause severe brain lesions, leading to multiple cognitive, emotional and motor disorders. In fact, it is one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide, with a negative impact on quality of life for both patient and caregiver. Home automation (also known as domotics) could allow stroke patients to manage and improve their daily lives.ObjectiveThe aim of our pilot study was to evaluate the effects of domotics on cognitive functions and personal/social autonomy in patients with stroke.MethodsWe enrolled 40 patients affected by chronic stroke undergoing neurorehabilitation at IRCCS Centro Neurolesi (Messina, Italy), between June 2017 and March 2019. All of the patients were randomized into either the control group (undergoing traditional training based on face-to-face interaction between therapist and patient, and practical activities), or the experimental group (undergoing Home Automation training). Each participant was evaluated before and immediately after the training period. Each different training consisted of 3 sessions per week for eight weeks (i.e. a total of 24 sessions), each session lasting about 60 min. For both the conventional and experimental trainings, treatments were performed in groups, and all the patients were provided with the same amount of treatment.ResultsPatients in the experimental group showed a greater improvement in cognitive and social performance, as compared to the control group.ConclusionOur study shows that domotics could be effective in improving social and cognitive functioning, autonomy and functional recovery in patients affected by chronic stroke.