组织多普勒成像技术与冠状动脉造影对照评价冠心病心肌缺血的研究

目的:采用组织多普勒成像技术(TDI)定量测定冠心病心肌缺血患者的左心室各节段室壁运动速度,以评价左心室局部心肌的功能。方法:随机入选因胸痛住院并行冠状动脉(冠脉)造影的患者81例,通过冠脉造影确定冠心病组患者45例(冠脉狭窄≥50％),其余为对照组患者36例(冠脉狭窄<50％)。所有患者在行冠脉造影检查前均行普通超声心动图检查和左心室各室壁节段心肌组织多普勒成像技术(TDI)检查,分别比较结果。结果:冠心病组各节段室壁的收缩速度(Vs)较对照组无明显降低,舒张晚期运动峰速度(Va)两组比较无明显差异, 而舒张早期运动峰速度(Ve)及Ve与Va的比值均显著低于对照组相应节段。以冠脉狭窄≥70％为标准,按病变血管的种类分别与对照组相应节段心肌进行比较,不同部位严重狭窄的冠心病患者Vs、Ve及Ve／Va与对照组比较均有显著性差异(P<0．05)。结论:①冠心病组左心室局部心肌舒张功能异常的出现早于局部心肌收缩功能异常,TDI直观、定量显示左心室早期局部心肌舒张功能异常。②TDI亦能测定左心室局部心肌中严重缺血的心肌节段收缩功能异常。     

核素显像对冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后心功能的评价

目的：应用单光子发射计算机断层显像（SPECT）评价冠心病患者行经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗对左心收缩及舒张功能的影响。方法：对30例冠脉造影证实至少一支狭窄大于70％的冠心病患者行PCI，手术前后分别用SPECT检测左室的收缩及舒张功能指标。结果：PCI术后左室的收缩功能，舒张功能及心功能分级均显著改善（P〈0．05～〈0．01）。结论：PCI能改善冠心病患者的左室功能，而核素显像可正确评价PCI的疗效。     

冠状动脉血运重建术对左心室收缩功能严重减低患者左心室重构及收缩功能的作用

目的:评价冠状动脉血运重建术对陈旧性心肌梗死伴左心室收缩功能严重减低患者的左心室重构及整体和节段收缩功能的改善作用.方法:对陈旧性心肌梗死伴左心室收缩功能严重减低(左心室射血分数 0.39±0.05),并证明病变部位有存活心肌的患者26例,均完成冠状动脉血运重建术,其中冠状动脉旁路移植术12例,经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术 支架14例.于冠状动脉血运重建术前、后[平均(6.8±2.9)月]进行二维超声心动图检查,评价左心室容积及整体和节段收缩功能的变化,并完成术后临床随访.结果:26例患者冠状动脉血运重建术后与术前相比, 57.4%的运动异常节段(156/272)有收缩运动改善;术后平均左心室舒张末容积(LVEDV)和收缩末容积(LVESV)均显著缩小(P<0.05～0.01),而左心室射血分数和室壁节段运动评分指数均显著改善(P均<0.001);随访期间的临床症状和NYHA心功能分级亦均明显改善,无心脏事件发生.去除4例行室壁瘤切除者后,各指标的变化与上述相同.再以冠状动脉血运重建术后左心室射血分数增加≥0.05与否分为心功能改善者和心功能无改善者各11例,心功能改善者的LVEDV和LVESV均较术前显著缩小(P均<0.01),心功能无改善者两参数较术前均无明显扩大.此外,术后功能改善的节段数与术后左心室射血分数呈显著正相关(r=0.51,P<0.01);而术后功能无改善节段数在心功能无改善者显著高于心功能改善者(P<0.05).结论:对陈旧性心肌梗死伴左心室收缩功能严重减低并证明病变部位有存活心肌的患者,冠状动脉血运重建术能够阻抑进行性左心室重构,改善左心室整体、节段收缩功能和临床症状.术后功能改善节段数与整体心功能改善正相关,而无功能改善节段数可能与术后整体心功能不改善有关.     

经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术对冬眠心肌收缩功能的近期影响

目的　探讨经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术 (PTCA)对冬眠心肌收缩功能的近期影响。方法　对 5 3例存在节段心肌收缩功能不全的冠心病患者行超声心动图和核素心肌显像 (SPECT) ,PTCA术后1周复查超声心动图 ,比较手术前后左室整体及节段的收缩功能变化。结果　 (1)术前收缩功能不全而经PTCA获得血运重建的 16 7个节段中 ,术后有 87段 (5 2 1% )功能改善 ;而未经PTCA获得血运重建的 5 9个节段中 ,术后仅有 2段 (3 4% )功能好转 (P <0 0 0 1)。血运重建区域的室壁运动指数(WMSI)从术前的 1 85± 0 96降至术后的 1 5 1± 0 80 (P <0 0 0 1) ,而非血运重建区域的WMSI在手术前后差异无显著性。 (2 )有节段收缩功能改善的患者左室射血分数 (LVEF)从术前的 5 2 1± 11 9提高至术后的 5 4 8± 11 2 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而无节段功能改善者LVEF手术前后差异无显著性 ;术后近期LVEF的提高幅度与左室整体WMSI的降低程度呈显著正相关 (r =0 73,P <0 0 0 1)。结论　成功PTCA术能在近期内改善冬眠心肌的收缩功能 ,且左室整体泵功能的变化与冬眠心肌收缩功能密切相关。     

急性心肌梗死直接PTCA后早期ST段改变及其临床意义

目的探讨急性心肌梗死（AM I）行直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（PTCA）+支架术后心电图早期ST段回落幅度与左心室结构、功能的关系。方法首次患AM I并接受直接PTCA的患者32例。比较PTCA术前和术后1 hST段抬高的高度,按ST段下移>50%及ST段下移<50%,分别分为A组（21例）和B组（11例）。所有患者于术后4周进行临床评估和二维彩色多普勒超声心动图检查。结果随访期间两组患者均未发生死亡,A组心功能ⅢⅣ级2例,B组心功能ⅢⅣ级5例（P<0.05）。4周后A组左心室射血分数（LVEF）、收缩末容积指数（LVESVI）、舒张末容积指数（LVEDVI）和全心室壁运动指数（GWMSI）均显著优于B组（P<0.05）;梗死区室壁运动指数（RWMSI）在两组间无显著性差异。结论成功的直接PTCA后ST段的早期回落是反映心肌组织再灌注的简便可靠的指标,ST段回落>50%者的心脏功能、室壁运动及左心室重构情况明显优于ST段回落<50%者。     

择期经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术对左室功能的影响

目的:选择行择期PTCA的38例首次急性心肌梗死患者,测定其术前、后的左心功能,旨在探讨择期PTCA对左室功能的影响。方法:所有患者均于PTCA术前1～2天及术后1周、3个月进行心脏彩超检查。超声检查左室功能指标包括:容量指标:EDV、ESV;收缩功能指标:EF、△T％;舒张功能指标:E/A、ACT_E。结果:PTCA术后1周与术前相比:EDV、ESV和ACT_E有所减少,EF、△T％有所增高,但均未达统计学意义。PTCA术后3个月与术前相比:EDV、ESV有明显降低(P<0.05),EF、△T％有明显增高(P<0.05),E/A、ACT_E有继续改善趋势,但未达统计学意义。结论:AMI接受择期PTCA有益于患者左室功能的恢复,术后1周改善不显著,至术后3个月除左室舒张功能外均有显著改善。     

应用CK定量估价急性心肌梗死病人的左室壁运动异常

目的　评价ＡＱｉ和ＣＫ 技术观测急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）患者左心功能改变及室壁运动异常的可行性。方法　以Ｍ型、２Ｄ 及ＣＫ、ＡＱｉ各指标对ＡＭＩ及健康组对照分析。结果　ＡＭＩ的收缩与舒张功能均减退。射血分数、左室面积变化分数、峰值射血率减少,反映左室舒张功能的峰值充盈率减少,峰值充盈时间延长。而ＡＭＩ患者左室梗死节段无论收缩期还是舒张期均表现为彩色位移明显减少（小于６ ｍ ｍ ）,同时可见彩带层次减少甚至消失,反映出室壁节段性运动障碍。结论　ＣＫ 和ＡＱｉ能迅速准确地判定ＡＭＩ的室壁运动异常及心功能改变。     

冠心脏病室壁运动异常的超声心动图临床研究

目的通过超声心动图（ultrasonic cardiography,UCG）观察冠心病患者室壁节段性运动情况,探讨冠脉病变与室壁运动异常检出率的关系,从而判断UCG诊断冠心病的临床价值。方法回顾性分析200例冠心病患者,全部病例均行冠脉造影（CAG）检查提示血管病变。UCG利用左室16节段法通过多切面检测各室壁节段性运动异常并对其进行评价。结果 200例冠心病患者中CAG显示狭窄≥90%的血管对应节段性室壁运动异常检出率为61.42%;血管狭窄介于50%~90%的患者室壁运动异常检出率5.05%。UCG对冠脉病变的检测灵敏度受病变部位及范围影响。多支病变检出灵敏度较高,单支病变中前降支检出灵敏度最高。陈旧性心肌梗死组室壁运动异常检出灵敏度最高,稳定性心绞痛组检出率最低。结论 UCG对诊断冠心病有重要临床价值。但对狭窄程度较轻或范围小的冠脉病变假阴性率高,在临床工作中需综合判断。     

小剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图对存活心肌及介入治疗的评价

目的　利用小剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图 (LDDE)显示心肌梗死部位存活心肌的存在及介入治疗术后整体心脏收缩功能的变化 ,评价介入治疗对存活心肌的作用。方法　选择前降支(LAD)单支闭塞病变拟行介入治疗患者 2 5例 ,均在术前做LDDE ,然后行经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术(PTCA)和支架术 ,术后 2～ 4个月复查二维超声心动图 (2DE) ,LDDE及二维超声心动图 (2DE)均采用16阶段半定量分析法 ,将LDDE显示≥ 2个相邻室壁运动不良节段 (RWMA)收缩功能改善者定为多巴酚丁胺阳性 ,并与介入治疗术后室壁运动改善相对比。术后RWMA改善定为存活心肌 ,并进行心肌收缩功能改善的评价。结果　多巴酚丁胺试验阳性 (持续改善和双向反应 )对存活心肌具有较高的预测价值 ,即在LDDE阳性的 118个室壁运动异常节段中有 10 3个节段介入治疗术后恢复 ,而LDDE阴性的 5 0个室壁运动异常节段仅有 11个节段恢复。此外 ,整体心功能的改善也与室壁运动异常的改善相一致 ,即术后射血分数 (EF)、心排血量 (CO)、心脏指数 (CI)等反映整体心脏功能的指标也有明显改善。结论　LDDE可以发现心肌梗塞部位存活心肌的存在 ,并可预测介入治疗后存活心肌的恢复和心脏整体收缩功能的改善     

定量组织速度成像技术对冠心病患者室壁节段运动功能异常的诊断价值

目的应用多普勒超声心动图定量组织速度成像（QTVI）技术评价左前降支（LAD）狭窄冠心病（CAD）患者室壁节段运动功能的变化。方法选择经冠状动脉造影明确为LAD狭窄的CAD患者27例（CAD组）和健康查体者46例（对照组）,分别测量LAD供血区各节段心肌收缩期峰值速度（Vs）、舒张早期峰值速度（Ve）及舒张晚期峰值速度（Va）。结果 CAD组LAD供血区8个心肌节段的Vs、Ve及Va均低于对照组,Vs在6个节段、Ve在4个节段、Va在3个节段显著减低（P〈0.05或〈0.01）;CAD组有116个节段的Vs异常,72个节段的Ve异常,39个节段的Va异常。结论 QTVI技术能定量分析心脏缺血室壁节段运动速度的变化。     

Provisional T-stenting and kissing balloon in the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions: results of the French multicenter "TULIPE" study.

BACKGROUND: In previous prospective studies, a strategy of (a) stenting of the main branch, (b) provisional T-stenting of the side branch, and (c) final kissing balloon inflation, was associated with high success and low target lesion revascularization (TLR) rates on the long-term. OBJECTIVES: To examine the performance of this strategy in a multicenter study. METHODS: Consecutive patients were treated at 14 French medical centers for de novo coronary bifurcation lesions with the same technique used. Immediate results and clinically-driven TLR at 7 months were examined. RESULTS: The mean reference diameters of the main and side branches were 3.2 +/- 0.6 mm and 2.4 +/- 0.5 mm, respectively. The side branch was stented in 34% of patients. A <30% residual stenosis in the main branch was achieved in 99%, <50% in the side branch in 90%, and both in 89% of procedures. The in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular event were a Q-wave and 5 non-Qwaves MI (0.54% and 2.7%). At 7 months of follow-up, 3 patients (1.76%) had died, 1 suffered a non-Q-wave MI (0.59%), and 28 (15.88%) underwent TLR. By multivariate analysis, a lower left ventricular ejection fraction (OR: 0.934), moderate calcifications (OR: 7.86), and non-use of the "jailed" wire technique (OR: 4.26) were associated with reinterventions during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A strategy of provisional T-stenting with a tubular stent and final kissing balloon angioplasty for the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions was safe and associated with a low TLR rate at 7 months. This strategy should be applicable to the new era of drug eluting stents.     

Embolization complicating coronary angioplasty in the presence of an intracoronary thrombus

Two cases of coronary occlusion and subsequent embolization during percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA) are described. Prior to PTCA, angiographic evidence of intracoronary thrombus was present. Abrupt reclosure after dilation was treated by successful redilation. However, coronary embolization of thrombus debris occurred downstream in one patient and into an adjacent coronary branch in the second patient.     

Grading the angiographic extent of collateral filling

Angiography frequently demonstrates a collateral circulation in severe coronary artery disease. An easily applicable method to quantify collateral flow might be a useful adjunct for the assessment of the hemodynamic effects of coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study was to validate a visual scaling of the extent of angiographic collateral filling by comparison with flowmeter- and microsphere-derived measurements of collateral flow. In 12 open-chest dogs, collaterals from the circumflex artery were angiographically visualized (n = 80) by creating acute critical left anterior descending artery occlusion. The extent of collateral filling was graded in four levels from 0 = no visible filling to 3 = complete epicardial filling. Collateral filling correlated with the change in flow of the collateral supplying circumflex artery (Q; r = 0.84) which was + 5.3 ±4.6% with grade 1, + 9.1 ±3.5% with grade 2 and + 14.6 ±4.7% with grade 3 (p < 0.01). In parallel, coronary flow reserve decreased from 4.1 ±0.8 with grade 0 to 2.9 ±0.2 with grade 3 (p < 0.01). Colored microspheres were injected subselectively into the circumflex artery of 9 dogs (45 injections). The ratio of microspheres counted in the collateralized myocardium of the left anterior descending artery to the total number injected increased from 0.6 ±0.9% for grade 0 to 17.1 ±2.8% with grade 3 (p < 0.01). Absolute collateral flow derived from microsphere counts averaged 5.5 ±0.9 ml/min with grade 3 and closely correlated with collateral filling grade (r = 0.88). Semiquantitative grading of angiographic collateral filling in response to acute coronary occlusion in a canine model correlates with an increase in collateral source artery flow, absolute collateral flow and a decrease in source artery flow reserve. These data suggest that this scale might be a simple but useful adjunct tool to assess the hemodynamic significance of a collateral circulation.This work was supported by a grant from the NLHBI 1 R01 HL40865. Dr. Schuhlen is the recipient of a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (#Schu657/1-1 and 1–2).     

Low restenosis rate in lesions of the left anterior descending coronary artery with stenting following directional coronary atherectomy

The present study evaluated acute and late results with stenting following directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) for the lesions in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Between April 1995 and January 1997, 200 LAD lesions with ≥3 mm reference vessel diameter were treated with coronary stents. The lesions were divided as to whether or not DCA was performed before stenting; 1) stenting alone (n = 163) and 2) debulking and stenting (n = 37). There were no significant differences in the incidences of complications except for non-Q-wave myocardial infarction that was more frequent in patients with debulking and stenting than in those with stenting alone (13.5% vs. 2.4%, P < 0.05). A greater acute lumen gain (2.85 ± 0.66 vs. 2.25 ± 0.60 mm, P < 0.01) and minimal lumen diameter (3.64 ± 0.56 vs. 3.15 ± 0.41 mm, P < 0.01) after stenting were observed in patients with debulking and stenting than in those with stenting alone. At follow-up patients with debulking and stenting continued to have a greater minimal lumen diameter (2.88 ± 0.72 vs. 2.15 ± 0.85 mm, P < 0.01) and had a lower restenosis rate (6.3% vs. 23.1%, P < 0.05) than those with stenting alone. Stenting following DCA appears to be advantageous in the LAD lesions with ≥3 mm reference vessel diameter. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 45:131–138, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

非罪犯冠脉斑块研究的进展

加强冠心病的二级预防是目前防控急性冠脉综合征（ACS）的重要手段。本文对ACS与非罪犯冠脉斑块的关系作了综述。     

Is short-stay coronary angioplasty safe?

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is usually performed as an inpatient procedure and the patients are monitored for several days afterward. Over a 13-month period, in 91 of 373 PTCA procedures, the clinical condition of the patient did not necessitate inpatient status before PTCA. PTCA was done the day of admission and discharge planned the following. Overall hospital stay was planned as less than 24 hours. PTCA was done in one vessel in 62 patients, two vessels in 24, three vessels in 3, and four vessels in 2 patients. PTCA was initially successful (less than 50% residual stenosis) in 85 patients (93%). In one of these, acute occlusion occurred the next morning and urgent bypass surgery was done. PTCA failed in 6 patients who left the catheterization laboratory with unchanged coronary anatomy. Bypass surgery was performed that day in 2 patients, on another admission in 1 patient, and medical therapy continued in the other 3 patients. Of the 88 patients not receiving same admission bypass surgery, 84 (95%) were discharged in less than 24 h. Hospitalization was prolonged (1-5 days) in 4 patients. This was because of nonobstructive dissection treated with heparin for approximately 24 h in 2 patients; a catheterization site hematoma in 1 patient, and post-PTCA noncardiac chest pain in another. No patient had inhospital myocardial infarction or death. The only late complication was in a patient treated with heparin and monitored for 2 days; 3 weeks later angina returned and he died suddenly. These data suggest PTCA can safely be done in selected patients with both single and multivessel disease in a short stay inhospital setting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

LAD-right ventricular fistula complicating PTCA: Another case

Coronary perforation caused by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) occurs rarely and most often leads to communication to the pericardial space. We report a case where PTCA caused a coronary artery rupture and fistulization to the right ventricular outflow tract. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 42:34–36, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Treatment of ruptured coronary aneurysm with a novel covered stent

Coronary artery aneurysms are relatively rare but have been diagnosed with increasing frequency since the advent of coronary arteriography. Their reported incidence varies from 1.5% to 5% with male dominance and a predilection for the right coronary artery (RCA), accounting for over 40% of all cases. The most common etiology amongst adults remains atherosclerosis accounting for 50% of coronary aneurysms. We describe the first use of a novel flexible pericardium covered stent for successful treatment of a ruptured coronary aneurysm in 76 year old lady. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Techniques for palmaz-schatz stent deployment in lesions with a large side branch

Palmaz-Schatz coronary stent implantation in lesions with a large side branch are reported. The first case describes how to manage plaque shifting after stent implantation. The second and third cases demonstrate a kissing balloon predilatation and stent dilatation technique of a bifurcational lesion. The final case demonstrates a stent implantation technique through the stent struts of a previously deployed stent.     

Angiographic demonstration of coronary sinus thrombosis: A potential consequence of trauma to the coronary sinus

Abnormalities of the coronary sinus are rarely encountered. A case is presented demonstrating for the first time the angiographic appearance of coronary sinus thrombosis. This may have been the result of surgical trauma during mitral valve replacement or inadvertent cannulation of the coronary sinus during right heart catheterization or pacemaker insertion. Although the clinical significance of coronary sinus thrombosis is uncertain, obstruction of coronary sinus blood flow should not be deleterious because of multiple anastomoses between the coronary sinus system and the anterior cardiac veins. Difficulty in cannulating the coronary sinus for physiologic studies should suggest the possibility of coronary sinus thrombosis, especially in patients who have undergone mitral valve replacement. This may be confirmed by observing the venous phase of selective left coronary arteriography. Finally, coronary sinus thrombosis may be important as a source of pulmonary emboli. The prevalence of this serious complication requires further study.