基于Ras/Raf-1/ERK信号转导通路调控VEGF的表达探讨活血解毒方对糖尿病大鼠视网膜的影响

目的：观察活血解毒方对糖尿病大鼠视网膜血管形态的影响并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法：一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(Streptozotocin,STZ,65 mg/kg)诱导糖尿病大鼠模型,造模后随机分为模型组和活血解毒方组。另设正常对照组。药物干预12周后,应用视网膜消化铺片法观察视网膜血管形态;应用Western blot法检测视网膜VEGF蛋白的表达,应用Real-Time PCR法检测视网膜VEGF、Ras、Raf-1与ERK mRNA的表达。结果：模型组视网膜毛细血管面积密度及内皮细胞/周细胞比例与较正常组升高(P<0.001),VEGF蛋白及VEGF、Ras、ERKmRNA表达升高(P<0.05),Raf-1mRNA表达升高(P>0.05)。与模型组比较,活血解毒方组视网膜毛细血管面积密度和内皮细胞/周细胞比例降低(P<0.01和P<0.001),VEGF蛋白与VEGF、Ras、Raf-1、ERK mRNA表达下降(P<0.05)。结论：活血解毒方能明显抑制视网膜毛细血管和内皮细胞的增生,其机制可能是通过干预Ras/Raf-1/ERK信号转导通路,下调VEGF在视网膜中的表达,抑制血管新生,从而改善DR。     

非诺贝特对实验性糖尿病大鼠早期视网膜病变的影响

目的观察非诺贝特对早期糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)大鼠视网膜组织血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、蛋白激酶C(PKC)表达及细胞凋亡的影响,探讨非诺贝特防治早期DR的作用机制。方法将实验用封闭群4周雄性健康SD大鼠50只随机分成正常组(10只)、糖尿病组(20只)和非诺贝特组(20只)。非诺贝特组和糖尿病组均采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)一次性腹腔注射制作糖尿病模型。非诺贝特组每天给予非诺贝特10 mg/kg与饲料混合后喂养,糖尿病组与正常组给予普通饲料喂养。记录给药前及给药4,8,12,16周时3组空腹血糖水平。给药16周后处死大鼠,取眼球,制作视网膜组织切片,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和PKC蛋白表达情况,采用原位末端脱氧核糖核苷酸转移酶标记技术(TUNEL)检测细胞凋亡情况。结果给药4,8,12,16周非诺贝特组和糖尿病组空腹血糖水平均显著高于正常组(P均<0.05),但2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。给药16周后3组大鼠视网膜VEGF和PKC蛋白表达水平比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05),其中糖尿病组与非诺贝特组大鼠VEGF和PKC蛋白表达水平较正常组明显上调(P均<0.05),但非诺贝特组较糖尿病组明显降低(P均<0.05)。非诺贝特组及糖尿病组视网膜组织细胞凋亡指数均明显高于正常组(P均<0.05),但非诺贝特组视网膜组织细胞凋亡指数显著低于糖尿病组(P<0.05)。结论非诺贝特可下调早期糖尿病大鼠视网膜组织中VEGF和PKC表达,减少视网膜组织细胞凋亡,干预早期DR的发生发展。     

通心络抑制KK/Upj-Ay小鼠视网膜组织HIF-1a/VEGF/VEGFR-2表达

目的:观察通心络对自发糖尿病KK/Upj-Ay小鼠视网膜组织缺氧诱导因子-1a(HIF-1a),血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR2)基因及蛋白表达的影响,探讨通心络对糖尿病视网膜病变的保护机制。方法:40只KK/Upj-Ay小鼠随机分为模型组和通心络低、中、高剂量组(通心络生药1,2,4 g·kg-1,ig给药12周),实验以C57BL/6小鼠为正常组。用血液黏度仪测定全血黏度和血浆黏度、红细胞变形聚集仪测定红细胞聚集指数;应用实时荧光定量PCR法检测各组小鼠视网膜组织中VEGF和VEGFR2的基因表达;Western blot法检测视网膜组织中HIF-1a,VEGF,VEGFR2蛋白的表达。结果:与正常组C57BL/6小鼠比较,模型组小鼠全血黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞聚集指数明显升高(P0.01);与模型组比较,应用通心络中、高剂量治疗的KK/Upj-Ay小鼠红细胞聚集指数明显降低(P0.05,P0.01);高剂量通心络组的低切全血黏度降低(P0.05),血浆黏度较模型组也显著降低(P0.01)。模型组小鼠视网膜组织HIF-1a,VEGF,VEGFR2蛋白和VEGF,VEGFR2 mRNA表达较正常组明显增高(P0.01);通心络ig治疗后,各剂量组HIF-1a,VEGF,VEGFR2 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均较模型组明显下降(P0.01)。结论:通心络可抑制自发性糖尿病小鼠视网膜组织HIF-1a/VEGF/VEGFR-2信号途径,此作用可能与其改善糖尿病血液流变学相关。     

平消胶囊联合化疗对结直肠癌术后患者免疫功能和VEGF蛋白表达的影响

目的:观察平消胶囊联合化疗对结直肠癌术后患者免疫功能和血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)蛋白表达的影响。方法:86例行结直肠癌根治术的患者随机分为观察组和对照组,两组患者术后均接受常规化疗,观察组患者同时口服平消胶囊,比较治疗前及治疗后12周两组患者的生活质量、免疫功能以及血清VEGF蛋白表达水平。结果:观察组患者术后化疗6周和12周时生活质量评分均较对照组显著升高(P<0.01);术后化疗12周观察组CD4+、CD4+/CD8+和NK细胞活性显著高于对照组(P<0.01),CD8+细胞显著低于对照组(P<0.01);化疗后12周观察组VEGF蛋白表达显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:平消胶囊联合化疗可提高结直癌术后患者的生存质量,并提高患者细胞免疫功能及抑制VEGF蛋白的表达。     

益气养阴方及其拆方对急性髓系白血病细胞细胞凋亡及Cyt-C,Apaf-1,Smac/Diablo,AIF表达的影响

目的:研究益气养阴方及其拆方后的扶正方、祛邪方对人急性髓系白血病细胞凋亡及细胞色素C(Cytochrome C,Cyt-C),凋亡蛋白酶活化因子(apoptotic protease activating factor 1,Apaf-1),第二个线粒体衍生的半胱天冬蛋白酶激活因子(the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct IAP-blinding protein with low PI,Smac/Diablo),凋亡诱导因子(apoptosis-inducing factors,AIF)表达的影响,探讨益气养阴方治疗白血病的可能作用机制。方法:采用NOD/SCID小鼠,以KG-1a细胞株建立人急性髓系白血病模型,随机分为全方组、祛邪组、扶正组和空白组,取NOD/SCID小鼠脾细胞制成细胞悬液,应用流式细胞术检测NOD/SCID小鼠细胞凋亡率;采用免疫组化法检测NOD/SCID小鼠骨髓中线粒体相关凋亡因子CytC,Apaf-1,Smac/Diablo和AIF的表达。结果:用药后,用药组小鼠生存时间较空白组显著延长(P0.01),全方组小鼠生存时间较扶正组与祛邪组显著延长(P0.01),祛邪组小鼠生存时间较扶正组显著延长(P0.01)。用药组细胞凋亡率较空白组明显升高(P0.01),全方组较扶正组与祛邪组显著升高(P0.01),祛邪组较扶正组显著升高(P0.01)。用药组小鼠骨髓中Cyt-C,Apaf-1,Smac/Diablo,AIF的表达较空白组显著升高(P0.05),其中Cyt-C与Apaf-1表达显著升高(P0.01);全方组均高于扶正组与祛邪组(P0.01);祛邪组较扶正组均升高(P0.05),Cyt-C,Apaf-1和Smac/Diablo表达显著升高(P0.01)。其中对于各指标的影响全方组均优于扶正组与祛邪组,祛邪组均优于扶正组。结论:益气养阴方能够提高NOD/SCID小鼠的细胞凋亡率,上调线粒体相关凋亡因子Cyt-C,Apaf-1,Smac/Diablo,AIF的表达,并诱导其凋亡,抑制白血病细胞增殖,其机制可能与线粒体凋亡通路有关。     

汉黄芩素对2型糖尿病小鼠糖尿病视网膜病变改善作用

目的:了解汉黄芩素对2型糖尿病小鼠视网膜病变的改善作用。方法:选取40只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病模型组、二甲双胍组、汉黄芩素组,经链脲佐菌素腹腔注射完成糖尿病小鼠建模。造模后分组治疗12周,在第4周、第8周、第12周测量血清结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)浓度、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)浓度、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,评估汉黄芩素治疗效果。结果:饲养4周、8周、12周的糖尿病模型组及正常对照组血清结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性水平稳定,其中糖尿病模型组CTGF、VEGF水平均较正常对照组升高(P0.05),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性叫正常对照组降低(P0.05)。4周、8周、12周时,二甲双胍组、汉黄芩素组CTGF、VEGF均较正常对照组明显升高(P0.05),SOD活性明显降低(P0.05);汉黄芩素组VEGF水平较糖尿病模型组明显降低(P0.05), SOD活性明显升高(P0.05)。12周后汉黄芩素组CTGF、VEGF水平二甲双胍组明显降低(P0.05),SOD活性明显增高(P0.05)。结论:汉黄芩素对2型糖尿病小鼠视网膜病变有一定改善作用。     

活血解毒方对糖尿病大鼠视网膜血管内皮生长因子表达的影响

目的:观察中药复方活血解毒方对糖尿病大鼠视网膜血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)mRNA和蛋白表达的影响。探讨中医药治疗糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的机制。方法:采用链脲佐菌素(65mg/kg)一次性腹腔注射的方法,建立糖尿病大鼠模型,将78只SD大鼠随机分为模型组和活血解毒方高剂量组(15.4g/kg)、中剂量组(7.70g/kg)、低剂量组(3.85g/kg)及导升明组(0.167g/kg),每组13只,另设13只正常对照组。造模成功后,灌胃给药,24周后处死动物。检测血清和视网膜全层中VEGF的表达;采用Real-time PCR法检测视网膜VEGF mRNA的表达。结果:与正常对照组相比,模型组大鼠血清中VEGF的含量增加(P<0.01),与模型组相比,各用药组VEGF的含量均下降,但差异无统计学意义。与正常对照组相比,模型组的视网膜全层VEGF表达增加(P<0.01),各用药组与模型组相比显著降低(P<0.01)。与正常对照组相比,模型组的VEGF mRNA表达升高,而各用药组的表达比模型组降低(P<0.01)。结论:活血解毒方可能通过降低糖尿病大鼠视网膜VEGF的表达,延缓DR的发生和发展。     

糖肾宁对KK-Ay小鼠肾脏病理及足细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察糖肾宁对KK-Ay小鼠肾脏病理及足细胞凋亡的影响。方法利用KK-Ay小鼠建立糖尿病肾病模型,将造模成功的KK-Ay小鼠随机分为模型组、糖肾宁组及缬沙坦组。另外选取相同数量的C57BL/6J小鼠作为正常对照组。糖肾宁组小鼠予20 g·kg-1·d-1的糖肾宁灌胃,缬沙坦组小鼠予10 mg·kg-1·d-1的缬沙坦灌胃,正常对照组及模型组予等剂量蒸馏水灌胃。灌胃时长为12周。分别在灌胃0、4、8、12周时检测24 h尿蛋白,灌胃12周后心尖取血检测血肌酐及尿素氮水平。HE、Masson、PAS染色观察各组小鼠肾脏病理改变,免疫组化及RT-PCR检测各组小鼠足细胞Caspase-3蛋白表达,TUNEL染色观察各组小鼠足细胞凋亡情况。结果①与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠24 h尿蛋白、血清肌酐、尿素氮水平明显升高(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,糖肾宁组及缬沙坦组小鼠24 h尿蛋白、血清肌酐、尿素氮水平明显降低(P<0.05)。②与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠肾小球系膜细胞增多,细胞外基质增生;与模型组比较,糖肾宁组及缬沙坦组小鼠肾小球系膜细胞减少,细胞外基质增生减轻。③与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠足细胞Caspase-3蛋白及mRNA表达明显上调(P<0.05);与模型组比较,糖肾宁组及缬沙坦组小鼠足细胞Caspase-3蛋白及mRNA表达明显下调(P<0.05)。④与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠足细胞凋亡数目明显升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,糖肾宁组及缬沙坦组小鼠足细胞凋亡数目明显降低(P<0.05)。结论糖肾宁能够降低糖尿病肾病蛋白尿,改善肾功能,其机制可能与其改善肾脏病理及减轻足细胞凋亡有关。     

加味交泰丸对大鼠糖尿病视网膜病变的防治作用及其机制

目的:探讨加味交泰丸对大鼠糖尿病视网膜病变的防治作用及其作用机制。方法:将大鼠随机分为正常组、造模组,造模组大鼠采用小剂量链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ,30 mg.kg-1)尾静脉注射加高脂饲料喂养的方法建立2型糖尿病模型,2周后筛选糖耐量异常者随机分为糖尿病模型组和治疗组,治疗组以加味交泰丸煎剂2.05 g.kg-1ig,干预100 d后分别进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)及氧化应激相关指标。观察视网膜超微结构和神经节细胞的凋亡情况。结果:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠OGTT异常(P<0.01),HbA1C(P<0.01)及氧化相关指标活性升高、抗氧化相关指标活性下降(P<0.01),视网膜毛细血管基底膜明显增厚、神经节细胞凋亡增多;与模型组比较,治疗组大鼠OGTT改善(P<0.01或P<0.05),HbA1C(P<0.01)及氧化相关指标活性下降、抗氧化相关指标活性升高(P<0.01),视网膜毛细血管基底膜未见明显增厚、神经节细胞凋亡减少。结论:加味交泰丸可防治大鼠早期糖尿病视网膜病变,可能与其抗氧化应激及减少视网膜神经节细胞凋亡有关。     

针刺对阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型大鼠大脑皮质和海马神经细胞凋亡情况及针刺对细胞凋亡的影响。方法SD大鼠被随机分为空白组、模型组与针刺组;AD模型采用腹腔注射0.96%D半-乳糖与双侧M eynert基底核注射鹅膏蕈氨酸(IBO)损毁复合造模;在造模的同时,针刺组选用百会、大椎、风府针刺治疗;行为学检测采用Y型电迷宫法;细胞凋亡检测采用TUNEL法。结果(1)与空白组比较,模型组大鼠学习与记忆能力均明显降低(均P<0.01),针刺组大鼠学习与记忆能力均较模型组大鼠明显提高(均P<0.01)。(2)模型组大鼠脑组织皮质及海马中可见分布有大量的凋亡细胞,而针刺组皮质和海马中仅见少量凋亡细胞,模型组皮质中凋亡细胞数目(45.34±6.28)明显多于针刺组(20.39±5.48)与空白组(9.46±1.86)(均P<0.01);模型组海马中凋亡细胞数目(53.64±8.20)也明显多于针刺组(11.38±6.36)与空白组(3.62±0.89)(均P<0.01);针刺组皮质与海马凋亡细胞数明显高于空白组(均P<0.01)。结论针刺能一定程度减少复合型AD模型大鼠皮质和海马神经细胞凋亡,从而防止AD模型大鼠学习记忆能力下降。     

A comparison on the metabolic profiling of the Mexican anxiolytic and sedative plant Galphimia glauca four years later

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Galphimia glauca has a long traditional use, and continues to be used in Mexico as a natural tranquilizer for the treatment of Central Nervous System disorders as well as for other illnesses.

Aim of the study

In 2005 the initial use of metabolic profiling to populations of Galphimia glauca resulted in two of the six collected populations being producers for galphimines, the markers for sedative and anxiolytic activities. The aim of this investigation was to confirm the previously established metabolic profile, as well as the previous in vivo results on mice. Additionally in this study we wanted to investigate potential anti-inflammatory properties.

Materials and methods

Four years later, we collected samples in the five localities designated for the first-stage investigation in 2005, and in two new locations. Metabolic profiling was carried out by means of ¹H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis applied to crude extracts from wild plant specimens. HPLC analysis was performed to confirm and quantify the presence of galphimines. Two neuropharmacological in vivo assays on mice were employed to study anxiolytic (elevated plus maze test) and sedative (sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis model) activities in the extracts. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by using the tetradecanoylphorbol acetate-induced mouse ear inflammation model (TPA).

Results and conclusions

The results for the 2009 collected species were similar to the 2005 collection, confirming the metabolic profiles and that galphimines are consistent good markers for CNS activity. Galloylquinic acid levels varied between the years without, as of yet, known effects. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was similar for all plants and thus not linked with galphimines, requiring further studies to identify the active compound(s). Areas of collection affect neuropharmacological activities but not anti-inflammatory action.     

脉·经脉·经络——细筋·系·神经 经络概念的内涵演化与神经的联系

经络学说起源于对“脉”的解剖生理学认识 ,以脉行的路径为经脉 ,以脉行的分支横出的径路为络脉 ,从而逐渐形成了经脉和络脉的概念。对经络学说提出挑战的是来自西方医学的传入 ,即人们在认识神经学说的结构与功能之后 ,来阐释经络沟通人体体表与体表上、下之间 ,体表与内脏内、外之间特异联络、调控和反应功能。在明末传入的西方解剖生理学 ,或是在晚清西方医学科学的东传过程中 ,与经络功能相关的中医词汇如“细筋”“系”等曾作为“nerve”的汉译名词 ,从而在中西医汇通的初创阶段 ,奠定了经络与神经功能活动相关的文字转换基础     

中药骨康含药血清中类雌二醇样物质含量的测定

为探讨中药骨康含药血清中是否含有类雌二醇(E2)样物质并确定其理想采血时间，以及给药剂量与血药浓度之间的关系。采用放免法测定了不同采血时相及不同给药剂量的含药血清中类E2样物质的含量。结果显示各组大鼠在用药前和最后1次用药后的不同采血时相，其含药血清中均含有类E2样物质；最后1次用药后2小时采血的含药血清中类E2样物质含量最高，其中又以骨康中剂量组相对较高。说明中药骨康含药血清中含有类E2样物质，其理想采血时相可能是用骨康中剂量连续灌胃7天、最后1次用药后2小时时。     

DNA barcoding of the Mexican sedative and anxiolytic plant Galphimia glauca

Ethnopharmacology relevance

Galphimia glauca (Malpighiaceae) is a Mexican plant popularly used as a tranquilizer in the treatment of nervous system disorders, although it is also used to treat other common illnesses.

Aim of the study

The aim of this investigation is to find out if populations of Galphimia glauca collected in different regions and ecosystems in Mexico actually belong to the same species by using the contemporary technique of DNA barcodes. Our previous metabolic profiling study demonstrates that different collections of this plant obtained from various geographical areas exhibited diverse chemical profiles in terms of the active compounds named Galphimines. We expected the DNA barcodes apart from indicating the different species of Galphimia would indicate the active populations.

Materials and methods

We employed matK, rpoC1 and rbcL DNA barcodes to indicate the different species. Furthermore to investigate the possible impact of the several different ecosystems where the seven populations were collected, thin layer chromatography was employed to create a partial chemical profile, which was then compared with the metabolic profiles obtained by ¹H-NMR and multivariate data analysis.

Results and conclusions

This study showed that the seven populations here analyzed contain at least three different species of the genus Galphimia, although each individual population is homogeneous. Interestingly our TLC analysis clearly showed that the active populations displayed a distinctively unique chemical profile. This work also showed that the use of DNA barcodes combined with chemical profile analysis is an excellent approach to solve the problems of quality control in the development of Galphimia-based medicines as well as for any breeding programs for this species.     

The Evolutional Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Outside China Mainland: Challenges,Training, Practice, Research, and Future Development

This overview has provided an account of evolutional changes of an experience-based traditional medical practice of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) towards modernisation to keep up with recent advances in analytical and biomedical sciences, and information technology, which may help readers to understand why applying biomedical research methodology to TCM modernisation, while maintaining the experience-based concepts, principles and heritage of TCM’s personalised health and medical approaches in balancing body’s functions with physical and mental harmony when facing environmental changes, can contribute to gain global appreciation and acceptance of TCM in healthcare. It is envisaged that such future development and integration with biomedicine-based main-stream medicine (MSM) in practice will provide valuable medical care in the development of future personalised health and medicine as well as TCM product development.     

复元活血汤抗炎镇痛作用的实验研究

为研究复元活血汤的抗炎、镇痛作用，进行了药效学研究。结果显示，复元活血汤对醋酸引起的小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加、角叉菜胶所致的大鼠足跖肿胀、二甲苯所致的小鼠耳肿胀均有显著的抑制作用；能显著降低小鼠腹腔注射醋酸引起的扭体反应次数，明显提高小鼠热板法的痛阈值，说明该药有较强的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

模拟灸在艾灸临床试验中的应用现状与进展探析

近年来,随着艾灸的临床应用日趋广泛,针对艾灸研究的临床试验也日益增多,但是在随机对照临床试验（RCT）中,艾灸的阴性对照—模拟灸的设立成了临床试验的一大难题。本文通过梳理国内外艾灸RCT中模拟灸的设立方法,从艾灸产生的热效应、光辐射效应以及艾烟效应三方面来评价和阐述模拟灸模型的设计及应用方法,以期为今后艾灸RCT中建立一种理想可行的模拟灸模型提供思路     

电子瘫痪治疗仪配合通络液治疗急性脑梗死86例疗效观察

目的:观察电子瘫痪治疗仪配合通络液治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法:将148例急性脑梗死患者随机分为2 组。对照组62例,采用常规西药治疗;治疗组86例,在对照组治疗基础上加用电子瘫痪治疗仪并配合应用通络液。主要观察临床疗效、神经功能缺损评分并检测治疗前后及血液流变学各项指标。结果:总有效率治疗组为91.86％,对照组为79.03％,2组比较,差异有显著性意叉(P<0.05)。而且治疗组治疗后血液流变学各项指标及神经功能缺损评分均有明显改善。结论:电子瘫痪治疗仪配合通络液对急性脑梗死患者的血液流变学各项指标有明显改善,与常规治疗合用临床疗效更显著。     

An acidic glycoconjugate from Lythrum salicaria L. with controversial effects on haemostasis

Aim of the study

Lythrum salicaria L. belongs to the small Lythraceae family of 22 genera, which range in habit from herbs to shrubs and trees found with worldwide distribution (Heywood, 1993). The generic name of Lythrum derived from Greek “luthron”—blood, possibly referring to the color of the flowers or to the one of its herbal use as an astringent to stop bleeding ( [26], [17] and [18]). The flowering parts and the flowering branch tips are used in traditional medicine and pharmaceuticals internally in a form of decoctions or as extracts for treatment of diarrhea, chronic intestinal catarrhs, hemorrhoids and eczema, or externally to treat varicose veins, venous insufficiency and gums ( [Mantle et al., 2000] and [Rauha et al., 2000]). The aim of this study was to isolate the plant glycoconjugate from flowering parts of Lythrum salicaria, and to verify its influence on blood coagulation process.

Materials and methods

From the air-dried flowering parts of this plant a water-soluble glycoconjugate has been isolated by hot alkaline extraction followed by neutralization and purification by multi-steps extraction with organic solvents, dialysis and concentration. The plant isolate was tested in vitro on anticoagulant activity on human plasma, and on Wistar rats blood system in vivo as well as ex vivo.

Results

A dark brown isolate was obtained in the yield of 8% of starting material (w/w) as a macromolecular compound with M_w ∼ 12,500. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates (30%), phenolics (1 g contained 1.2 mM of gallic acid equivalent) and proteins (0.8%). The result of compositional analyses of carbohydrate part revealed the predominance of uronic acids (∼66%), galactose (∼12%), rhamnose (∼10%) and arabinose (∼9%) residues indicating thus the presence of pectic type of polymers, i.e. galacturonan and/or rhamnogalacturonan associated with arabinogalactan in Lythrum glycoconjugate. In vitro and ex vivo experiments showed complete inhibition of plasma clot formation, however, the application of Lythrum glycoconjugate in vivo showed controversial effect on animal blood system in comparison with in vitro ones, i.e. pro-coagulant activity.

Conclusion

The in vivo results give a scientific explanation for the traditional use of Lythrum salicaria as a styptic agent. It seems that pro-coagulant activity of this complex could be probably connected with the other factors in blood circulation system, like platelets.