北京市昌平区儿童青少年超重和肥胖流行状况

目的 阐明北京市昌平区儿童青少年超重肥胖的流行状况。方法 2007年5—10月采取分层整群随机抽样,对北京市昌平区4247名7～18岁中小学生进行调查。测量指标包括身高、体重、收缩压、舒张压等。使用SPSS 11．5进行统计学处理,各组率的比较,采用x^2检验。结果 ①共4247名中小学生参加调查,其中女生2090名,男生2157名,超重肥胖572名;②儿童青少年超重肥胖患病率13．47％;③超重肥胖儿童青少年的高血压与体重正常高血压患病率分别为23．7％和6．3％,患病率差异有统计学意义（x^2=39．89,P〈0．01）。结论 儿童青少年患有超重肥胖率较高,有必要对超重肥胖儿童青少年控制体重,减少高血压的患病率。     

昌平区中小学生血脂异常特征分析

目的 了解北京市昌平区儿童青少年血脂异常特征,探讨血脂异常与超重、肥胖以及高血压之间的关系.方法 对北京市昌平区4 247名7～18岁中小学生进行身高、体重、收缩压、舒张压、血生化指标等检测,用SPSS 11.5进行统计学分析.结果 4 247名中小学生检出血脂异常116名,超重肥胖572名,高血压1 275名,血脂异常率为2.73%,高血压检出率30.02%,超重肥胖检出率为13.47%;高血压、超重肥胖人群TC,TG和LDL-C水平高于正常人群,HDL-C低于正常.结论 北京市昌平区中小学生与营养有关疾病患病情况不容乐观.     

唐山市中小学生体质量指数与血压关系分析

了解唐山市中小学生体质量指数和高血压患病率的基本情况,为开展学生乃至全民高血压的早期预防提供科学依据.方法 从唐山市所辖区县的中小学校采用分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取3 746名学生,测量指标包括身高、体重、收缩压和舒张压.结果 正常体重、超重、肥胖学生高血压患病率分别为1.54%,7.61%,34.31%,差异有统计学意义(x2=651.80,P<0.05);城市学生高血压患病率和超重肥胖率分别为7.77%,10.87%,农村分别为1.85%,5.38%,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为71.05,37.60,P值均<0.05);男生高血压患病率为6.41%,女生为2.90%,差异有统计学意义(x2 =24.74,P<0.05),而超重肥胖率性别间差异无统计学意义(x2=0.78,P>0.05).结论 唐山市中小学生高血压患病率与体质量指数呈正相关,提示应把超重肥胖学生作为一级预防的重点人群.     

2009—2010年北京市昌平区中小学生超重和肥胖监测结果

目的分析北京市昌平区2009—2010年中小学生超重和肥胖的分布状况,为制定学生超重和肥胖防治策略提供依据。方法根据《中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查体重指数值分类标准》,对昌平区2009—2010学年中小学生体质健康资料进行分析。结果昌平区中小学生体重指数(BMI)为(19.3±4.3)kg/m2、超重(8.9%)和肥胖(4.6%)检出率均随年龄呈上升趋势;超重和肥胖检出率城镇学生均高于乡村学生,男生高于女生,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论昌平区中小学学生超重和肥胖的预防从小学低年级就应开始,而干预的重点应为城镇学校高年级的男生。     

高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常及代谢综合征与超重和肥胖关系

目的 评估北京市农村居民体质指数(BMI)的分布,不同BMI居民高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常及代谢综合征患病率及其与超重和肥胖的关系.方法 对随机抽取的20 655名18～76岁农村居民进行横断面调查,通过问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检查收集资料进行分析.结果 北京市农村居民体重正常、超重和肥胖的年龄别标化率分别为68.1%,24.2%和7.7%.正常体重、超重、肥胖1～3级居民高血压患病率分别为14.4%,27.5%,34.8%,44.3%和50.7%,糖尿病患病率分别为2.9%,5.0%,6.4%,8.1%和11.2%.正常体重居民血脂异常患病率最低(13.8%),肥胖2级最高(35.1%).正常体重居民代谢综合征患病率最低(5.6%),肥胖3级居民最高(15.1%).超重和肥胖1～3级分别是正常体重患高血压危险的2.6、3.1、3.8和4.7倍,肥胖3级糖尿病(OR=4.5)和代谢综合征(OR=3.2)患病危险最高,肥胖2级血脂异常(OR=3.4)患病危险最高.结论 高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和代谢综合征患病率随超重和肥胖级别增加而升高,超重和肥胖是高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常及代谢综合征的独立危险因素.     

北京市朝阳区12所监测点校学生营养状况调查分析

目的了解北京市朝阳区中小学生营养情况,为营养不良、超重及肥胖综合防治工作提供依据。方法对北京市朝阳区12所监测点校(包括小学5所,中学5所,职业中学2所)10661名在校中小学生进行身高和体重测量,同时收集营养状况资料。体重低于1985年全国体质调研确定的7～22岁身高标准体重值的90%为判定为营养不良。依据《中国学生超重、肥胖BMI筛查标准》判定超重和肥胖。结果 12所点校营养不良患病率为17.70%,超重患病率为12.48%,肥胖患病率为21.27%。女生营养不良患病率高于男生,男生超重和肥胖患病率高于女生,营养不良和营养过剩患病率随年级上升而增高。与2006年12所监测点校中小学生营养状况比较,学生营养不良率和超重率有所下降,但肥胖率明显上升。结论朝阳区12所学校的中小学生营养不良、营养过剩的患病率都处于较高水平,且与性别和年级有关,今后应有针对性地采取措施加以改善。     

济南市6～13岁儿童高血压患病率及影响因素

目的了解济南市城乡儿童血压水平及高血压患病率,探讨儿童原发性高血压的影响因素。方法采用整群随机抽样方法,对济南市区和农村6-13岁儿童进行血压测量及相关因素调查。结果调查6 278名儿童,其中男童4 396名,女童1 882名。检出高血压191例,患病率3.04%。肥胖儿童141例,肥胖率2.24%;超重336例,超重率5.35%。男女儿童血压均呈随年龄增长而升高的趋势,不同性别间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;肥胖儿童、超重儿童与体重正常儿童的高血压患病率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,高血压患病率与儿童肥胖呈正相关。城市儿童高血压患病率3.17%,高于农村2.76%（P〈0.05）。结论肥胖对血压的影响在儿童期即己开始,控制和降低体重可减少儿童高血压的发生。     

2013年北京市昌平区厨师慢性病及其危险因素情况调查

目的 了解厨师从业人群慢性病患病情况,为制定这一人群的慢性病干预措施提供依据。方法 采用问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检查。结果 采用随机抽样的方法共调查北京市昌平区厨师758人(男性579人,女性184人),其中糖尿病患病率为4.09%,高血压患病率为18.1%,超重率为36.15%,肥胖率为20.71%,血脂异常患病率为50.3%。不同性别糖尿病、高血压患病率差异无统计学意义,不同性别超重肥胖、血脂异常患病差异有统计学意义(χ2超重肥胖=9.252,P<0.05;χ2血脂异常=7.224,P<0.01),不同年龄、性别超重、肥胖率差异有统计学意义(χ2男=53.79,P<0.01;χ2女=25.59,P<0.01)。结论 厨师这一职业人群,超重、肥胖率、慢性病患病率和血脂普遍偏高。     

北京市昌平区崔村镇居民主要慢性病患病情况及其分布特征

目的:掌握昌平区崔村镇居民主要慢性病的流行水平,为昌平区崔村镇居民慢性病防治工作提供科学依据.方法:采用多阶段随机抽样,通过问卷、体格测量机血样检测等方法,采用Epidate3.02软件进行双录入核查,分析采用SPSS10.0进行统计学分析.结果:昌平区崔村镇18周岁以上居民高血压(54.1%)、糖尿病(9.6%)、超重(45.9%)、肥胖(25.9%)、血脂异常(43.0%)、心梗(0.7%)、脑卒中(5.9%)的患病率均高于2002年北京市居民营养与健康状况调查[3]的患病水平.结论:昌平区崔村镇居民慢性病患病率处于较高水平,糖尿病、高血压、超重肥胖和血脂异常是崔村镇居民应重点防治的慢性病,依据当前慢性病患病及相关危险因素现状,应立即采取综合防治措施,以减少慢性病对昌平区崔村镇居民的危害.     

北京市京籍与流动中小学生超重肥胖状况分析

了解北京市京籍与流动中小学生超重及肥胖状况,为制定有效的干预措施提供理论依据.方法 利用多阶段整群随机抽样,对北京市851名京籍和2 461名流动中小学生超重及肥胖状况进行调查.结果 在3 312名学生中,超重学生341名(10.3%),肥胖学生265名(8.0%);京籍学生超重、肥胖检出率均为15.2%,高于流动学生超重及肥胖检出率(8.6%,5.5%)(x2=119.89,P<0.01);流动学生超重及肥胖检出率由最初流动时间<5 a的6.5%及3.8%,在流动时间≥9 a时达到10.0%及5.7%(χ2=14.60,P<0.05).不同性别、年级、父母教育程度、独生子女状况、父母超重肥胖情况及计算机使用情况的中小学生超重及肥胖检出率差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为36.47,14.97,22.28,33.00,54.02,98.40,31.57,P值均<0.01).京籍学生超重及肥胖检出率均高于流动学生(P值均<0.05).结论 中小学生存在不同程度的超重及肥胖,京籍学生超重肥胖发生率高于流动学生.应采取针对性措施,有效预防和降低中小学生超重及肥胖的发生和发展.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.