59例老年透析患者心血管并发症的危险因素

目前维持性血液透析(HD)和腹膜透析(PD)已成为终末期糖尿病肾病(DN)的有效治疗手段.一般认为对老年糖尿病患者来说,PD较HD好,但近年有研究发现,DN患者接受PD治疗的远期死亡危险性较接受HD治疗者高,其原因尚不清楚.缺血性心脏病、充血性心衰、动脉粥样硬化性心血管病统称为动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)[1],是影响透析患者远期生存率的重要因素之一.     

老年血液透析和腹膜透析患者的死亡原因分析北大核心CSCD

目的比较北京医院肾内科近10年间死亡的老年血液透析(HD)患者和腹膜透析(PD)患者的死亡原因和生存时间。方法收集我中心2010年1月至2019年1月期间死亡的60岁以上的老年血液净化患者,详细记录患者性别、年龄、原发病、有无糖尿病、开始透析时间、死亡时间及导致死亡的直接原因等。结果共有153例患者,平均年龄为(76.6±7.7)岁,中位透析时间为54.1(26.9,86.4)月,其中有83例患者合并糖尿病(54.2%)。根据透析方式将患者分成HD(114例)和PD(39例)两组,HD和PD患者的平均年龄分别为(77.1±7.9)岁和(75.0±7.0)岁,中位透析时间分别为56.5(27.4,104.2)月和48.3(26.3,66.6)月。HD和PD患者的原发疾病均主要为糖尿病肾病(DN,32.5%和48.7%)、慢性肾小球肾炎(29.8%和17.9%)和高血压肾损害(21.1%和10.3%),HD和PD患者前三位的死亡原因均为心血管疾病(32.4%和43.6%)、感染(29.8%和28.2%)和脑血管疾病(11.4%和15.4%),两组患者间原发疾病和死亡原因的构成相似,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。生存曲线分析发现合并糖尿病的透析患者存活时间短于不合并糖尿病的患者(χ2=12.829,Log Rank P<0.001),HD患者的总体生存时间长于PD患者(χ2=8.161,Log Rank P=0.004)。在不合并糖尿病的透析患者中,HD患者的生存时间长于PD患者(Z=-2.716,P=0.007);在合并糖尿病的透析患者中,HD和PD患者的生存时间相当(Z=-0.581,P=0.561)。结论老年透析患者中糖尿病肾病的占比高,老年透析患者主要的死亡原因是心、脑血管疾病和感染;老年HD患者总体生存时间优于PD患者。     

腹膜透析治疗的现状及挑战

腹膜透析(PD)作为终末期肾病(ESRD)的一种治疗方法已在全世界得到广泛应用。尽管PD和血液透析(HD)患者预后相似,但PD发展仍远落后于HD。在发展中国家,PD得到了很好的发展;而发达国家,PD患者在透析人群中的比例却逐渐下降。中国目前已成为全球PD患者数量最多的国家,但仍存在一些因素阻碍PD在中国的发展。本文就全球及中国腹膜透析的现状及挑战进行综述。     

血液透析和腹膜透析患者死亡原因分析及比较

目的:分析血液净化患者的死亡原因,并比较血液透析(HD)和腹膜透析(PD)患者的死因差异.方法:纳入2005-01-01至2008-12-31期间新进入透析的患者,随访至2009-03-31.结果:460例透析患者中,247例起始采用HD治疗,213例起始采用PD治疗.HD组男性比例和血肌酐显著较高,而PD组基础疾病为高血压肾病比例显著较高,其余基线资料包括透始年龄、体重指数、透析前已知的肾功能不全病程、首次透析治疗前eGFR、平均动脉压、心脑血管事件、Charlson并发症指数等两组间均无明显统计学差异.共87例死亡患者,其中HD患者40例,PD患者47例.HD总体死亡率低于PD患者(0.102和0.171/患者年,P＜0.01).HD 1年死亡率与PD患者无显著差异(0.133和0.196/患者年,P＞0.05),HD 2年死亡率低于PD患者(0.101和0.170/患者年,P＜0.05),HD 3年死亡率低于PD患者(0.101和0.165/患者年,P＜0.05).透析患者的主要死亡原因为心血管疾病(31.0%)、脑血管疾病(21.8%)、感染(16.1%).PD患者心血管病因死亡率显著高于HD患者(0.064和0.022/患者年,P＜0.01),而两组的脑血管疾病、感染、多脏器衰竭和恶性肿瘤导致的死亡率均无显著差异.年龄＜65岁患者中,HD总体死亡率与PD无显著差异,两组患者的心血管疾病、脑血管疾病、感染、多脏器衰竭和恶性肿瘤死亡率均无显著差异.年龄≥65岁患者中,HD总体死亡率低于PD(0.179和0.378/患者年,P＜0.05),PD患者心血管疾病死亡率高于HD患者(0.164和0.004/患者年,P＜0.05),两组患者的脑血管疾病、感染、多脏器衰竭和恶性肿瘤死亡率均尤显著差异.透析龄≤1年患者中,HD总体死亡率与PD患者无显著差异;PD患者多脏器衰竭导致的死亡率显著高于HD患者(0.082和0.000/患者年,P＜0.05),而两组的心血管疾病、脑血管疾病、感染和恶性肿瘤导致的死亡率均无显著差异.透析龄＞1年患者中,HD总体死亡率与PD患者无显著差异;PD患者心血管病因死亡率高于HD患者(0.026和0.006/患者年,P＜0.05),感染导致的死亡率显著高于HD患者(0.013和0.000/患者年,P＜0.05),两组的脑血管疾病、多脏器衰竭、恶性肿瘤导致的死亡率均无显著差异.结论:透析患者最主要的死因为心、脑血管疾病和感染.HD总体死亡率可能低于PD,尤其是心血管疾病和感染导致的死亡率.应该强调透析患者的心脑血管并发症和感染的防治,以提高透析质量,改善长期预后.     

血液透析和腹膜透析患者蛋白质能量消耗危险因素分析

目的了解血液透析(HD)和腹膜透析(PD)患者蛋白质能量消耗(PEW)状况,探讨不同透析人群中PEW的相关危险因素。方法纳入2018年12月至2019年6月在浙江大学医学院附属第一医院规律HD患者357例和腹膜透析中心管理的PD患者324例为研究对象,根据国际肾脏营养和代谢学会(ISRNM)的诊断标准调查HD和PD患者PEW发生率,用生物电阻抗法(BIA)、生化检查、人体学测量等方法评估透析患者的营养状况,并进一步分析不同透析人群PEW的危险因素。结果与非PEW患者相比,诊断PEW透析患者人体成分分析指标水分比率(ECW/TBW)、体细胞质量(BCM)、骨骼肌(SMM)差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。HD患者PEW发生率明显低于PD患者,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。对HD患者进行二元Logistic回归分析显示,炎症状态[C反应蛋白(CRP)≥8 mg/L,OR=2.695,95%CI 1.429~5.026]是预测PEW发生的危险因素,而Kt/v(OR=0.182,95%CI 0.062~0.508)是预测HD患者发生PEW的保护性因素。对PD患者进行二元Logistic回归分析显示,高龄(OR=1.04,95%CI 1.021~1.059)、低BMI(OR=0.671,95%CI 0.563~0.794)及低血红蛋白(OR=0.962,0.944~0.979)是PEW发生的危险因素。结论 HD患者PEW发生率低于PD患者,使用人体成分分析可辅助诊断PEW的发生,炎症状态是血液透析患者PEW发生的危险因素,提高透析充分性是血透患者PEW的保护因素。高龄、低BMI及低血红蛋白是腹透患者发生PEW的危险因素。     

血液透析、血液透析联合血液透析滤过及腹膜透析治疗老年尿毒症患者皮肤瘙痒症的疗效比较

目的探讨血液透析(HD)、血液透析联合血液透析滤过(HD+HDF)、腹膜透析(PD)对老年尿毒症患者皮肤瘙痒症的疗效。方法选取2010年3月至2014年3月来该院就诊的老年尿毒症皮肤瘙痒症患者100例,随机分为HD组(33例)、联合组(33例)、PD组(34例),在初次透析前后、透析后1、2个月记录患者皮肤瘙痒评分,并检测患者全段甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)的水平。透析2个月后比较三组对皮肤瘙痒症的疗效。结果联合组和PD组透析2个月后β2-MG水平、i PTH水平、瘙痒症评分明显低于HD组(P<0.05)。PD组透析2个月后β2-MG水平低于联合组,但差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05)。PD组透析2月后i PTH水平明显低于联合组(P<0.05)。PD组透析2个月后评分明显低于联合组(P<0.05)。PD组、联合组有效率明显高于HD组(P<0.05);PD组有效率高于联合组,但差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论血液透析联合血液透析滤过与腹膜透析均可以明显降低患者全段PTH、β2-MG水平,缓解患者瘙痒症状,提升患者生活质量,值得临床推广。     

糖尿病终末期肾病患者透析方式的探讨

目的比较腹膜透析（PD）及血液透析（HD）对糖尿病终末期肾病患者长期预后的影响,以便为临床选取适当治疗方法提供参考。方法将131例糖尿病终末期肾病患者分为HD组（58例）和PD组（73例）,比较两组患者的血液生化指标、生存率和死亡原因。结果两组患者年龄比较无显著性差异,但大于65岁的老年糖尿病患者PD组明显增多（P〈0．01）。透析第1、第2年两组患者死亡率比较无显著性差异,第3、4年PD组死亡率大幅上升,显著高于HD组（P〈0．01）。HD组18例死亡患者中,年龄大于65岁者4例（22．2％）;PD组29例死亡患者中,年龄大于65岁者17例（58．6％）,两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。HD组死亡主要原因为脑血管病变（占38．9％）,PD组死亡主要原因为感染（占34．5％）。PD组空腹血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇均高于HD组,两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。PD组患者血浆白蛋白、血钾明显低于HD组（P〈0．01）。结论糖尿病终末期肾病患者适于PD,但PD组患者2年以上远期生存率明显低于HD组,尤其是大于65岁高龄糖尿病患者PD死亡率明显上升。腹膜透析相对于血液透析仍存在局限性。     

腹膜透析联合血液透析治疗终末期肾病:一种新的治疗模式

残余肾功能(RRF)对持续不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)治疗患者(RRF)生存质量及生存率至关重要.随着透析时间的延长,腹膜透析(PD)患者的RRF逐渐下降或丢失使患者出现透析不充分的临床症状.此外,腹膜超滤功能衰竭也是导致患者退出PD的主要原因之一.此时,如选择每日PD联合1次/周血液透析(HD)的治疗方案,既可达到清除毒素和水分的目的,也能提高患者生活质量、减少医疗费用.本文就PD联合HD治疗终末期肾病这一新疗法作一简述.     

腹膜透析患者与残余肾功能

尽管大量研究表明,腹膜透析(PD)和血液透析(HD)患者相比长期存活率并无差别,但大多数国家和地区的注册资料均显示,PD治疗2～3年后,患者退出率明显高于HD,其主要原因是随着透析年限的延长,患者的残余肾功能逐渐下降,导致患者清除水及毒素的能力下降。     

终末期糖尿病肾病的透析治疗

<正>糖尿病肾病(diabetic kidney disease,DKD)是终末期肾脏病(end-stage renal disease,ESRD)最主要的病因之一。在西方国家,DKD已经成为尿毒症的首要病因,在我国DKD也是导致尿毒症的重要病因,根据全国27个省、市的统计,截止2008年底共有102,863例维持性透析患者,其中19%的病因为DKD[1]。同其它病因患者相比,DKD者预后相对更     

China collaborative study on dialysis: a multi-centers cohort study on cardiovascular diseases in patients on maintenance dialysis

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in patients on chronic dialysis. The question whether dialysis modality impacts cardiovascular risk remains to be addressed. China Collaborative Study on Dialysis, a multi-centers cohort study, was performed to evaluate cardiovascular morbidity during maintenance hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Result The cohort consisted of chronic dialysis patients from the database of 9 of the largest dialysis facilities around China. The inclusion period was between January 1, 2005, and December 1, 2010. Cardiovascular morbidity was defined as the presence of clinically diagnosed ischemic heart disease, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and/or stroke. The patients who had cardiovascular morbidity before initiation of dialysis were excluded. Data collection was based on review of medical record. A total of 2,388 adult patients (1,775 on HD and 613 on PD) were enrolled. Cardiovascular morbidity affected 57% patients and was comparable between HD and PD patients. However, clinically diagnosed ischemic heart disease and stroke was more prevalent in PD than HD patients. When the patients were stratified by age or dialysis vintage, the cardiovascular morbidity was significantly higher in PD than HD among those aged 50 years or older, or those receiving dialysis over 36 months. Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity had different pattern in PD and HD patients. Hyperglycemia was the strongest risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity in PD, but not in HD patients. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypoalbuminemia were independently associated with CVD only in PD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular morbidity during chronic dialysis was more prevalent in PD than HD patients among those with old age and long-term dialysis. Metabolic disturbance-related risk factors were independently associated with CVD only in PD patients. Better understanding the impact of dialysis modality on CVD would be an important step for prevention and treatment.     

Peripheral artery disease in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients: single-center retrospective study in Taiwan

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a condition characterized by restricted blood flow to the extremities, and is especially common in the elderly. PAD increases the risk for mortality and morbidity in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), especially those on hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: The records of 484 patients with end-stage renal disease who were on HD or peritoneal dialysis (PD) were reviewed. PAD was diagnosed based on the ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI). Demographic and clinical characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS: PAD had an overall prevalence of 18.2% and was significantly more common in HD patients (21.8%) than in PD patients (4.8%). Advanced age, diabetes mellitus, smoking, low parathyroid hormone level, elevated serum ferritin, elevated serum glucose, and low serum creatinine levels increased the risk for PAD. PAD was independently associated with advanced age, diabetes mellitus, duration of dialysis, low serum creatinine, and hyperlipidemia. PD patients had a significantly lower prevalence of PAD than HD patients, maybe due to their younger age and lower prevalence of diabetes mellitus in this present study. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of PAD was greater in the HD group than the PD group. Most of the risk factors for PAD were specific to HD, and no analyzed factor was significantly associated with PAD in PD patients.     

Accumulation of tissue advanced glycation end products correlated with glucose exposure dose and associated with cardiovascular morbidity in patients on peritoneal dialysis

ObjectivesAccumulation of tissue advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a marker of cumulative glycemic and/or oxidative stress. Cutaneous AGEs levels measured by skin autofluorescence correlate well with cardiovascular outcomes in diabetes and hemodialysis (HD) patients. The present study aimed to compare tissue AGEs levels with peritoneal dialysis (PD) and HD patients and to evaluate the relationship between skin autofluorescence and cardiovascular morbidity in patients on PD.MethodsA total of 2388 maintenance dialysis patients (613 PD and 1775 HD) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Skin autofluorescence was measured non-invasively with an autofluorescence reader. Cardiovascular morbidity was defined as clinically diagnosed ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke or peripheral vascular disease from initiation of dialysis.ResultsMore than 90% of patients on both PD and HD had met current dialysis adequacy targets. Compared to HD group, PD patients receiving conventional glucose-containing dialyzate had significantly higher skin autofluorescence values in each category of age and dialysis duration, irrespective of the presence or absence of diabetes. In PD patients, skin autofluorescence values were strongly correlated with the duration of PD and glucose exposure dose and independently associated with cardiovascular morbidity. Multivariate analysis revealed that glucose exposure dose and skin autofluorescence were the strongest risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity in PD patients after adjustment by age, gender, and other classic- or uremic-related risk factors.ConclusionsAccumulation of tissue AGEs provides a potential link between PD exposure of metabolic stress and progression of cardiovascular disease in patients on PD.     

Bioimpedance Spectroscopy‐Based Fluid Status in Combined Dialysis Compared With Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis: A Cross‐Sectional Study

Combination therapy with peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis (PD+HD) is widely used in Japan for PD patients with decreased residual renal function. However, fluid status in PD+HD patients has not been well studied. In this cross‐sectional study, we compared fluid status in 41 PD+HD patients with that in 103 HD and 92 PD patients using the bioimpedance spectroscopy. Extracellular water normalized to patient height (NECW, kg/m) was the highest in pre‐HD (8.3 ± 1.6) followed by PD (7.9 ± 2.7), PD+HD (7.5 ± 2.5), and post‐HD patients (6.9 ± 1.5) (P < 0.01). By multiple linear regression analysis, PD+HD was associated with a significantly lower NECW than pre‐HD (β = ?0.8, P = 0.03) and similar to PD (β = ?0.5, P = 0.24) and post‐HD (β = 0.6, P = 0.08) after adjustment for age, sex, diabetic nephropathy, ischemic heart disease, dialysis period, and daily urine volume. There was no correlation between NECW and daily urine volume in all dialysis groups. Average daily fluid removal (a sum of urine volume and ultrafiltration volume by dialysis) was positively correlated with NECW in PD+HD and pre‐HD, but not in PD and post‐HD patients. Our results suggest that fluid status in PD+HD patients with decreased residual renal function is acceptable as compared with that in HD and PD patients.     

Different Risk of Common Gastrointestinal Disease Between Groups Undergoing Hemodialysis or Peritoneal Dialysis or With Non-End Stage Renal Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is one type of renal replacement therapy, but potential peritoneal damage and gastrointestinal (GI) tract adverse effects during long-term exposure to bio-incompatible dialysate remain a concern. Although GI disease frequently occurs in dialysis patients, whether the risk of GI diseases differs among PD and hemodialysis (HD) or non-uremic groups is still uncertain.In this retrospective cohort study, data were obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database, which includes almost all dialysis patients in Taiwan. Between 2000 and 2009, a total of 1791 PD and 8955 HD incident patients were enrolled and matched for age and sex or for propensity score. In addition, a comparison cohort of 8955 non-uremic patients was also selected. Individuals were monitored for the occurrence of common GI diseases until 2010, and data were analyzed using several different models.Generally speaking, the results showed that the risk of gastroesophageal reflux, intestinal obstruction or adhesions, and abdominal hernia was significantly higher in the PD group, whereas the risk of peptic ulcer disease and lower GI diverticula and bleeding was significantly greater in the HD group. Meanwhile, the risk of mesenteric ischemia, liver cirrhosis, and acute pancreatitis was higher in dialysis patients, but was not significantly different between the PD and HD groups; moreover, the risk of appendicitis in the PD group appeared to be lower than that in the HD group.In conclusion, dialysis patients have a higher risk of most common GI diseases, and PD and HD modalities are associated with different GI diseases.     

Predictor of poor coronary collaterals in chronic kidney disease population with significant coronary artery disease

Background

Mineral and bone disorder (MBD) in patients with chronic kidney disease is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Studies regarding the status of MBD treatment in developing countries, especially in Chinese dialysis patients are extremely limited.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of 1711 haemodialysis (HD) patients and 363 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients were enrolled. Parameters related to MBD, including serum phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were analyzed. The achievement of MBD targets was compared with the results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Study (DOPPS) 3 and DOPPS 4. Factors associated with hyperphosphatemia were examined.

Results

Total 2074 dialysis patients from 28 hospitals were involved in this study. Only 38.5%, 39.6% and 26.6% of them met the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) defined targets for serum P, Ca and iPTH levels. Serum P and Ca levels were statistically higher (P?<?0.05) in the HD patients compared with those of PD patients, which was (6.3?±?2.1) mg/dL vs (5.7?±?2.0) mg/dL and (9.3?±?1.1) mg/dL vs (9.2?±?1.1) mg/dL, respectively. Serum iPTH level were statistically higher in the PD patients compared with those of HD patients (P?=?0.03). The percentage of patients reached the K/DOQI targets for P (37.6% vs 49.8% vs 54.5%, P?<?0.01), Ca (38.6% vs 50.4% vs 56.0%, P?<?0.01) and iPTH (26.5% vs 31.4% vs 32.1%, P?<?0.01) were lower among HD patients, compared with the data from DOPPS 3 and DOPPS 4. The percentage of patients with serum phosphorus level above 5.5 mg/dL was 57.4% in HD patients and 47.4% in PD patients. Age, dialysis patterns and region of residency were independently associated with hyperphosphatemia.

Conclusions

Status of MBD is sub-optimal among Chinese patients receiving dialysis. The issue of hyperphosphatemia is prominent and needs further attention.     

Dialysis in public and private hospitals in Queensland

Background: Clinical outcomes for patients treated in public and private hospitals may be different. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the characteristics and outcomes of patients receiving dialysis at public and private hospitals in Queensland. Methods: Incident adult dialysis patients in Queensland registered with the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry between 1999 and 2009 were classified by dialysis modality at either a public or private hospital. Outcomes were dialysis patient characteristics and survival. Results: Three thousand, three hundred and ten patients commenced dialysis in public hospitals, 1939 haemodialysis (HD) and 1371 peritoneal dialysis (PD). Seven hundred and ninety-three patients commenced dialysis in private hospitals, 757 HD and 36 PD. Compared with public HD, private HD patients were older, had more coronary artery disease and less diabetes, and were more likely to live in an urban area. Public HD patients were more likely to be obese and referred late to a nephrologist. Nearly all indigenous patients were managed in public hospitals. Private patients were more likely to have an arteriovenous fistula or graft at first HD (P < 0.001) but not after excluding late referrals (P = 0.09). Public hospitals provided longer HD sessions and more HD hours per week for all age groups except 75+ years. Compared with public hospital HD, patient survival adjusted for multiple variables was comparable for private hospital HD (hazard ratio 1.20 (95% confidence interval 0.98-1.46, P = 0.07)) but worse for public PD (hazard ratio 1.14 (95% confidence interval 1.05-1.24, P = 0.002)). Conclusion: Private HD patients are older and less likely to be diabetic than public patients. Patient survival is worse for public PD than public HD.