腰椎融合术后骶髂关节源性下腰痛的诊断和治疗

目的探讨腰椎融合术后骶髂关节病变的特点、治疗方法与疗效。方法回顾性分析34例因腰椎管狭窄、腰椎间盘突出、腰椎滑脱曾行后路减压、后外侧或椎体间植骨融合及椎弓根内固定术,术后随访12～48个月（平均30．6个月）出现新的难治性持续性下腰痛症状的病例。运用骶髂关节内封闭进行诊断性治疗。阳性标准：疼痛缓解75％（采用视觉模拟评分法进行定量分析）。结果阳性率为26．5％,术后腰痛部位不同于术前以及融合范围包含L5、S1是具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论腰椎融合术后下腰痛可能部分是由骶髂关节病变引起的,骶髂关节内封闭是当前诊断和治疗骶髂关节源性下腰痛的最有效的方法。     

腰椎/腰骶融合术后骶髂关节痛的诊断与治疗

大约90%的人在其一生中会经历下腰痛,骶髂关节是产生慢性下腰痛的重要来源之一,据报道由骶髂关节病变所致下腰痛者占所有下腰痛者的15%～30%[1].近年来,腰椎/腰骶融合术得到了广泛的普及,它在解决下腰/腰骶关节病变的同时,也带来了新的问题,常有患者抱怨术后出现持续性的下腰痛,一些学者认为骶髂关节继发性病变可能是造成这种持续性疼痛的原因.     

椎间盘源性腰痛的诊断与治疗

目的探讨腰椎间盘源性疼痛的诊断方法及采用前路经腹膜外入路椎间盘切除人工椎间盘置换或椎间cage植骨融合的临床疗效。方法35例经保守治疗无效的椎间盘源性腰痛患者接受手术治疗。椎间盘源性腰痛的诊断标准为：（1）腰部及下肢疼痛的部位与神经根定位不符；（2）症状反复发作，病程在半年以上；（3）MRI病变椎间盘T2加权像低信号；（4）椎间盘造影阳性，相邻节段为阴性对照；（5）关节突关节封闭除外关节突关节退变引起的疼痛。患者年龄25-67岁，平均43．6岁。L4-5 14例，L5S1 16例，L4-5和L5S1双间隙5例。前路经腹膜外入路椎间盘切除后行人工椎间盘置换13例16个椎间盘，椎间cage融合22例24个椎间盘。术后3-7天下地活动。腰围固定3个月。结果所有患者随访6～26个月，平均18个月。术后腰痛及下肢痛症状明显缓解，均恢复正常生活或工作。VAS评分由术前平均72分，降至术后18分，随访6个月时6．5分。ODI评分由术前平均21．5分。降至随访6个月时3分。椎间隙高度从术前平均9．5mm增加至术后13．5mm。手术时间70-120min，出血量100-400ml。随访时未发现肠梗阻、逆行射精和假体位置移动。结论椎间盘源性腰痛由于临床和影像学表现不典型，常被误诊或漏诊，可结合腰椎MRI及椎间盘造影进行诊断。腰椎前路椎间盘切除人工椎间盘置换或椎间cage融合是治疗椎间盘源性腰痛的有效选择。     

终板源性腰痛的诊断和外科治疗分析

目的探讨严重终板源性腰痛的诊断和外科治疗方法。方法所有患者行影像学检查,并用腰椎间盘造影术确定疼痛椎间隙融合节段。用视觉疼痛模拟评分（VAS）和Oswestry功能障碍问卷调查表,对每个患者术前和术后的腰痛症状和腰椎功能障碍指数（ODI）分别评分,评估腰椎融合术疗效。结果本组21例患者,经腰椎间盘造影术诊断为终板源性腰痛,全部行腰椎前路或后路融合术。术后随访2—6年,平均3年5个月。除1例仍有腰痛外,其余20例（95％）腰痛症状明显改善或完全消失,腰椎物理功能明显改善。VAS和ODI评分在术前和术后的比较,差异有统计学意义（P=0．0001）。结论研究表明腰椎间盘造影术是诊断终板源性腰痛的可靠手段,腰椎融合术是治疗终板源性腰痛的有效方法。     

腰椎内固定融合术后邻近节段退变的影响因素

目的探讨腰椎内固定融合术后邻近节段退变的影响因素。方法对1998年3月至2002年5月33例行腰椎内固定融合术的病例进行随访研究,观察其术后邻近节段退变的发生率、发生年龄、部位、影像学特点以及临床表现,对是否“悬浮固定”、内固定融合范围、不同邻近节段退变的风险进行对比。结果33例患者随访34～82个月,平均4年7个月。发现影像学上有退变表现10例（占30．3％）,10例中有9例退变发生在头侧节段。发生邻近节段退变以60岁以上患者为主。是否进行“悬浮固定”对内固定融合术后邻近节段退变的影响无统计学差异。多节段融合术后较单节段融合术后邻近节段退变有增多的趋势。L2／L3作为邻近节段时退变风险较高,而L5／L1,作为邻近节段退变风险较低。结论头侧邻近节段较尾侧节段更容易发生退变。如果L2／L3可能作为邻近节段,术前有退变表现,术中需将其进行固定融合,而如果L5／S1在术前没有明显退变证据,则不需要将其进行固定融合。腰椎内固定融合时,尽量避免长节段固定融合。     

扩张式椎间融合器在腰椎融合术中的应用

目的探讨扩张式椎间融合器（expanding cage,EC）在腰椎融合术中应用的适应性、技术要点和疗效。方法本组47例患者,均行后路扩张式椎间融合术（PELIC）。术前分别诊断为腰椎管狭窄、腰椎间盘突出、腰椎滑脱和退变性腰椎不稳,经非手术治疗无效后,以手术对椎管及神经根管减压,用EC融合固定并植骨。术前、术后对患者的腰疼情况进行视觉痛觉自我评定尺（VAS）评分。结果所有患者术前症状消失,术中未发生神经损伤,随访最长时间为61个月,最短53个月,平均57．3个月,无假关节形成,无明显椎体塌陷。结论EC在腰椎融合术应用中具有融合可靠、症状改善明显等优点。     

前路微创椎间植骨融合术联合经椎板螺钉固定选择性治疗退变性腰椎滑脱症

目的评价前路微创椎间植骨融合术联合经椎板螺钉固定选择性治疗退变性腰椎滑脱症的效果。方法采用一期前路微创椎间植骨融合术联合经椎板螺钉固定后外侧植骨术选择性治疗退变性腰椎滑脱症22例,其中Ⅰ度14例,Ⅱ度8例;L4/L516例,L5/S16例。患者均表现为腰部疼痛,ODI平均为46.5%。MRI检查无明显椎管狭窄,滑脱率平均22.3%,腰椎Cobb角平均-8.3°,滑移角平均5.5°。结果随访平均29.3个月,3个月时患者疼痛消失,ODI平均为6.9%,较术前明显改善(P<0.05)。动态X线片见椎间植骨和后外侧植骨全部融合,融合时间平均为5.8个月。未发生植骨不愈合、假关节、内固定相关并发症。滑脱均有不同程度的改善,术后即刻滑脱率平均8.5%,椎间高度恢复,滑脱角术后为0°,术后腰椎Cobb角平均-18.4°。1例术中出现下腔静脉撕裂,余未出现大血管损伤、男性交感链损伤、腹壁疝等并发症。结论对于不伴有明显椎管狭窄的退变性滑脱症经前路微创椎间植骨融合术联合经椎板螺钉固定治疗可达到满意的植骨融合率和滑脱复位效果。     

单纯椎间融合器腰椎前路融合术治疗腰椎退变性疾病

 目的 探讨采用经腹膜外入路单纯椎间融合器腰椎前路融合术治疗腰椎退变性疾病的临床疗效。方法 34例患者, 男 10例, 女 24例;年龄 26~67岁, 平均 52岁。腰椎退变性滑脱 11例, 腰椎间盘源性疼痛 21例, 后路手术后复发前路翻修 2例。 L4, 5间隙 12例, L5S1间隙 20例, L4, 5、L5S1双间隙 2例。 34例患者均行下腹部小切口经腹膜外入路椎间盘切除单纯椎间融合器植骨融合术, 切口长度平均 7 cm, 记录手术时间、出血量和围手术期并发症。采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale, VAS)和 Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index, ODI)评估患者术后症状改善情况。定期复查并摄腰椎 X线片及 CT, 观察脊柱融合情况。结果均顺利完成手术, 手术时间平均 90 min, 失血量平均 200 ml。 1例出现下腔静脉分叉处撕裂, 经修补后完成手术;1例出现腹膜撕裂, 予以修补。均获得 12~60个月随访, 平均 36个月。术后腰痛及下肢痛症状明显缓解, 均恢复正常生活和工作。 VAS评分由术前平均 7分, 降至未次随访时平均 0.5分。 ODI由术前平均 41%, 降至末次随访时平均 6%。除 1例外均未发现椎间融合器移位, 椎间临床融合率 97%。结论腹膜外入路腰椎前路融合不仅创伤小, 还可彻底切除退变椎间盘, 压应力侧大面积植骨, 融合率高, 术后可早期下床, 利于康复和护理。     

腰椎退行性病变腰椎后路融合内固定术后融合器后移的处理

目的探讨腰椎退行性病变腰椎后路内固定融合术后融合器后移的处理方法。方法回顾性分析自2009-01—2018-12采用腰椎后路椎间融合内固定术治疗且术后出现融合器后移的23例腰椎退行性病变。无明显症状以及出现轻微腰痛或伴有轻微下肢症状者采用非手术治疗,明显下肢刺激症状或伴有小便功能障碍采用早期手术治疗。结果23例均完成治疗且获得完整随访,随访时间13个月~3年,平均1.9年。末次随访时17例非手术治疗者经融合器未再移位,椎间融合良好。7例手术治疗者中2例术后仍存在腿部疼痛,早期服用止痛药物控制,1例小便功能障碍,术后逐渐能自控,末次随访时植骨均获得良好融合,神经症状基本消失。结论腰椎后路内固定融合术后融合器后移,应尽早发现,及时治疗。对于术后融合器后移,应选择合适的治疗方式,术中操作应严谨、细致,并借助影像系统的帮助。     

骶髂关节结核手术入路比较

作者采用三种不同的手术方法治疗骶髂关节结核４３例（４４个关节）。前方入路病灶清除植骨融合术用于髂窝有脓肿，或髂窝无脓肿而臀部有窦道者，２１例（２２个关节）；后入路病灶清除术适用于脓肿或窦道在臀部，或无脓肿及窦道者，２０例；前、后方同期入路病灶清除植骨融合术，适用于髂窝及臀部均有较大脓肿或窦道者，２例。术后随访个６月～１６年，未见复发，骨性融合者症状全部消失，未植骨者遗留局部疼痛。提示：①对骶髂关节     

Poor outcome following bilateral sacroiliac joint fusion for degenerative sacroiliac joint syndrome

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome of bilateral sacroiliac joint (SIJ) fusion, using a new technique, in patients with a chronic SIJ syndrome. Seventeen patients with chronic low back pain, with a positive response to specific diagnostic tests for the SIJ, were considered candidates for bilateral sacroiliac fusion. The surgical indication was based on the results of local anaesthetic joint infiltration, temporary external fixation or bone scan. Ten patients had had previous surgery on the lumbar spine. Bilateral posterior SIJ fusion was performed with internal fixation and decortication of the sacroiliac joint, using a separate approach to each joint. Local bone grafting was performed. At the time of follow-up (on average 39 months after surgery), 3 patients reported moderate or absent pain, 8 marked pain and 6 severe pain. Seven patients showed a symptomatic non-union; union occurred in only 6 cases. Eighteen percent of the patients were satisfied, but in the other 82% the results were not acceptable. Reoperation was performed in 65% of the patients. Our results with bilateral posterior SIJ fusion were disappointing, which may be related with difficulties in patient selection, as well as with surgical technique. Better diagnostic procedures and possibly other surgical techniques might provide more predictable results, but this remains to be demonstrated.     

Sacroiliac joint pain after lumbar fusion. A study with anesthetic blocks

Low back pain persisting or appearing after a technically successful lumbar fusion challenges clinicians. In this context, the sacroiliac joint could be a possible source of pain, but the frequency of its responsibility is not really known. We used sacroiliac anesthetic blocks, the gold standard for diagnosis, to determine this frequency. Our second goal was to search predictive factors for a positive block. Our prospective series consisted of 40 patients with persistent low back pain after a technically successful fusion who received a sacroiliac anesthetic block under fluoroscopic control. The diagnostic criterion was a relief of more than 75% of the pain on a visual analog scale. We found a 35% rate of positive blocks. The only criterion that characterized these patients was a postoperative pain different from the preoperative pain in its distribution ( p =0.017). A free interval of more than 3 months between surgery and appearance of the pain had an indicative value ( p =0.17). An increased uptake in the sacroiliac on bone scintigraphy or a past history of posterior iliac bone-graft harvesting had no significant value ( p =0.74 and p =1.0, respectively). The sacroiliac joint is a possible source of pain after lumbar fusion. The anesthetic block under fluoroscopic control remains the gold standard.     

The role of sacroiliac joint dysfunction in the genesis of low back pain: the obvious is not always right

Background context It is a common practice to the link low back pain with protruding disc even when neurological signs are absent. Because pain caused by sacroiliac joint dysfunction can mimic discogenic or radicular low back pain, we assumed that the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint dysfunction is frequently overlooked. Purpose To assess the incidence of sacroiliac joint dysfunction in patients with low back pain and positive disc findings on CT scan or MRI, but without claudication or objective neurological deficits. Methods Fifty patients with low back pain and disc herniation, without claudication or neurological abnormalities such as decreased motor strength, sensory alterations or sphincter incontinence and with positive pain provocation tests for sacroiliac joint dysfunction were submitted to fluoroscopic diagnostic sacroiliac joint infiltration. Results The mean baseline VAS pain score was 7.8 ± 1.77 (range 5–10). Thirty minutes after infiltration, the mean VAS score was 1.3 ± 1.76 (median 0.000E+00 with an average deviation from median = 1.30) (P = 0.0002). Forty-six patients had a VAS score ranging from 0 to 3, 8 weeks after the fluoroscopic guided infiltration. There were no serious complications after treatment. An unanticipated motor block that required hospitalization was seen in four patients, lasting from 12 to 36 h. Conclusions Sacroiliac joint dysfunction should be considered strongly in the differential diagnosis of low back pain in this group of patients.     

椎弓根钉系统结合椎间融合治疗严重腰椎滑脱

目的评价椎弓根钉内固定系统结合椎间融合治疗严重腰椎滑脱的临床效果。方法2002—2007年应用后路椎弓根钉内固定系统结合椎间融合器治疗32例重度（Meyerding分级Ⅲ和Ⅳ度）腰椎滑脱患者,椎间隙Cage植骨。随访时采用Suk标准判断融合情况,并根据神经损害体征、腰部活动功能和对职业的影响等指标进行疗效评价。结果随访6～36个月,平均22．5个月,优良率90．6％,融合率84．4％,平均腰椎滑脱率由术前的57．3％降低到术后的12．2％。术后并发脑脊液漏2例,暂时性单侧根性疼痛2例,足背皮肤麻木伴轻度的踝关节背屈肌力减弱3例,Cage下沉5例,平均下沉1．1mm。结论椎弓根钉内固定系统结合Cage椎间植骨融合器是治疗严重腰椎滑脱的一种比较安全有效的手术选择。     

腰椎退行性疾患接受腰椎融合术后发生下腰痛和腰椎矢状位序列的相关性研究

目的探讨分析腰椎退行性疾患接受腰椎融合术后发生下腰痛和腰椎矢状位序列的相关性。方法回顾性分析我院于2010年2月~2011年6月收治的38例接受腰椎融合术的腰椎退行性疾病且术后发生下腰痛患者的临床资料,于所有患者出院后进行为期24个月的随访。在手术前及随访期间收集所有患者站立位X线片腰椎前凸的Cobb角,并分析其与患者下腰痛程度之间的相关性。结果术后12个月及24个月与手术前的腰椎矢状位Cobb角比较,均无统计学意义(分别为t=0.042,P=0.967及t=0.268,P=0.789);术后12个月及24个月的腰椎矢状位Cobb角与正常角度的差值与手术前比较均无统计学意义(分别为t=0.450,P=0.900及t=0.174,P=0.862)。术后12个月及24个月的VAS评分与手术前相比,有明显改善(分别为t=2.838,P=0.006及t=3.251,P=0.002),而术后12个月及24个月的ODI评分与手术前相比也有明显改善(分别为t=2.300,P=0.024及t=3.320,P=0.001)。术后12个月及24个月所有患者的腰椎前凸丢失与VAS评分及ODI评分均呈正相关(P0.05)。结论腰椎前凸角度的丢失与腰椎退行性疾患腰椎融合术后的腰痛关系密切,手术过程中腰椎前凸的重建十分重要。     

腰椎椎管狭窄症的外科治疗

目的探讨腰椎椎管狭窄症外科治疗的临床疗效。方法回顾性研究手术治疗退变性腰椎椎管狭窄患者共172例,其中10例有脊柱侧凸改变,22例Ⅰ～Ⅱ度滑脱。单节段狭窄者90例,双节段狭窄者51例,3个节段狭窄者31例。采用单纯开窗减压者5例,后路融合固定者100例,后路椎间融合固定62例,Dynesys弹性内固定5例。临床疗效评定采用疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分,功能评分采用北美脊柱外科学会改良腰椎功能障碍指数（modified Oswestry low back pain disability questionaire index,MODI）,从腰腿痛、生活自理、行走和举重物等10个方面评估患者腰椎的ODI分数。结果所有病例随访6～72个月,平均50个月。术前腰腿痛平均评分为7.5分,术后3个月为3.2分,末次随访时为3.6分。术后3个月随访,MODI改善的优良率为94.3%;末次随访时优良率为87.6%。结论对退行性腰椎椎管狭窄根据术前临床及影像学检查,有针对性地进行椎管减压或联合椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗均可取得较好疗效。     

腰椎棘突间稳定器(Wallis)早期疗效分析

目的评价棘突间动力稳定器(Wallis)治疗腰椎退行性疾病的即时(出院前)和短期效果,探讨其适应证选择和手术技巧。方法2008年7月～2009年7月,36例腰椎退行性疾病患者共植入Wallis38套(L2/31套,L3/44套,L4/533套)。其中腰椎间盘脱出症(中央型)8例,腰椎盘脱出伴突出2例,腰椎间盘突出症伴黄韧带增厚10例,腰椎间盘突出症伴侧隐窝狭窄8例,单节退变性椎管狭窄症4例,Topping off4例。采用北美脊柱学会(North American Spine Society,NASS)问卷评价出院前患者及随访患者对手术的满意度,同时测量手术前后椎间盘终板间高度。结果手术时间30～90min,平均60min;术中出血量10～100ml,平均50ml。出院前NASS问卷显示,32例患者(88.9%)认为腰部坚实有力,术前酸乏症状消失或明显减轻。术前终板间高度降低的37个椎间盘中有31个(84%)获得1～3mm的改善。36例患者均获随访,随访时间1～12个月,平均7个月。随访期间NASS问卷总满意度为92.5%,未出现Wallis引起的并发症。结论Wallis的即时和近期疗效满意,是治疗腰椎退变性疾病的有效方法。     

Randomized Placebo-controlled Study Evaluating Lateral Branch Radiofrequency Denervation for Sacroiliac Joint Pain

Background: Sacroiliac joint pain is a challenging condition accounting for approximately 20% of cases of chronic low back pain. Currently, there are no effective long-term treatment options for sacroiliac joint pain.

Methods: A randomized placebo-controlled study was conducted in 28 patients with injection-diagnosed sacroiliac joint pain. Fourteen patients received L4-L5 primary dorsal rami and S1-S3 lateral branch radiofrequency denervation using cooling-probe technology after a local anesthetic block, and 14 patients received the local anesthetic block followed by placebo denervation. Patients who did not respond to placebo injections crossed over and were treated with radiofrequency denervation using conventional technology.

Results: One, 3, and 6 months after the procedure, 11 (79%), 9 (64%), and 8 (57%) radiofrequency-treated patients experienced pain relief of 50% or greater and significant functional improvement. In contrast, only 2 patients (14%) in the placebo group experienced significant improvement at their 1-month follow-up, and none experienced benefit 3 months after the procedure. In the crossover group (n = 11), 7 (64%), 6 (55%), and 4 (36%) experienced improvement 1, 3, and 6 months after the procedure. One year after treatment, only 2 patients (14%) in the treatment group continued to demonstrate persistent pain relief.     

后路椎间植骨椎弓根螺钉固定治疗椎间盘源性腰痛

目的研究后路椎体间融合加椎弓根固定治疗腰椎间盘源性腰痛的手术疗效。方法 35例腰椎间盘源性下腰痛,选择后路椎体间植骨融合（posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF）加椎弓根螺钉系统内固定术。分别于术前、术后对患者的腰痛情况进行JOA评分,同时评估术后腰椎融合率。结果术后随访时间8～24个月,平均18个月。术后腰部疼痛症状缓解明显,优21例,良8例,一般4例,差2例,有效率95%。术后椎间植骨临床愈合35例,植骨愈合有效率100%。结论后路椎间植骨椎弓根螺钉固定术对椎间盘源性腰痛是一种有效的治疗方法。