网络成瘾青少年家庭环境与应对方式的相关性

目的:探讨网络成瘾青少年的家庭环境模式、应对方式特征及家庭环境因素对应对方式的影响。方法:采用家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)及应付方式问卷(CSQ)评估35例网络青少年(研究组)及35例正常青少年(对照组)的家庭环境及应对方式。结果:1研究组在亲密度、情感表达、独立性、成功性、娱乐性、控制性等六项评分值均显著低于对照组(t=-2.883,-3.682,-2.402,-2.514,-3.220,-2.414;P<0.01或0.05),矛盾评分值显著高于对照组(t=2.104,P<0.05);2研究组的解决问题、求助两项的因子评分值显著低于对照组(t=-3.063,-3.801;P<0.01),自责、幻想及逃避3项的因子评分值显著高于对照组(t=2.839,3.092,3.354;P<0.01);3研究组亲密度评分与解决问题和求助两因子评分均呈正相关(r=0.461,P<0.01;r=0.394,P<0.05),与自责、幻想、逃避及合理化4项因子评分均呈负相关(r=-0.340,-0358,-0.406;P<0.05;r=-0.478,P<0.01);情感表达评分与解决问题、求助两项评分均呈正相关(r=0.335,0.405;P<0.05),与幻想、逃避评分均呈负相关(r=-0.450,P<0.01;r=-0.418,P<0.05);矛盾性评分与幻想、逃避两项评分均呈正相关(r=0.357,0.354;P<0.05),与解决问题和求助两项评分均呈负相关(r=-0.386,-0.361;P<0.05);娱乐性评分与解决问题和求助两项评分均呈正相关(r=0.490,P<0.01;r=0.381,P<0.05),与幻想、逃避、合理化评分均呈负相关(r=-0.436,P<0.01;r=-0.352,-0.378;P<0.05)。结论:网络成瘾青少年的家庭环境模式与其采用不良的应对方式可能存在显著相关性。     

精神分裂症患者敌意归因偏向与自尊水平的相关性

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者的敌意归因偏向与自尊的关系。方法:对102例精神分裂症患者和正常对照组164例分别以中文版模棱两可、目的和敌意问卷(AIHQ-C)和罗森伯格自尊量表(SES)评测敌意归因偏向与自尊水平,患者组同时作阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估,分析精神分裂症患者敌意归因偏向与自尊水平的关系。此外,将患者组分成有被害妄想患者组(n=60)和无被害妄想患者组(n=42),比较两组之间敌意归因偏向及自尊水平的差异。结果:患者组AIHQ-C的敌意偏向分(HB)、责备偏向分(BB)及攻击偏向分(AB)均显著高于正常对照组(t=13.635,4.438,5.634;P0.01),患者组SES评分显著低于正常对照组(t=-5.068,P0.01)。与无被害妄想患者组相比,有被害妄想患者组AIHQ-C的HB、BB及AB分均显著较高(t=-4.395,-6.680,-3.954;P0.01),SES评分显著较低(t=2.180,P0.05);Pearson相关分析显示,患者组AIHQ-C的HB、BB及AB分与SES分呈负相关(r=-0.249,-0.209,-0.203;P0.05),与PANSS总分(r=0.275,0.286,0.413;P0.01)、阳性症状分(r=0.353,0.341,0.351;P0.01)及偏执分(r=0.240,P0.05;r=0.316,0.314;P0.01)呈正相关;患者组AIHQ-C的AB分与PANSS抑郁因子分呈正相关(r=0.243,P0.05)。结论:精神分裂症患者组,尤其有被害妄想患者组存在明显的敌意归因偏向及较低的自尊水平,这种敌意归因偏向与自尊水平呈负相关,提示低自尊水平患者更可能出现敌意、责备及攻击倾向。     

大学生自尊、应对方式与学校生活满意度的关系

目的探讨应对方式在自尊与学校生活满意度之间的作用机制。方法采用自尊问卷(SES),应对方式问卷(CSS)和学校生活满意度问卷(SLS),对大学城不同学校190名大学生进行抽样调查。结果①大学生学校生活满意度与自尊成正相关(r=0.388,P<0.01),与应对方式中的解决问题(r=0.368,P<0.01)、求助(r=0.261,P<0.01)成正相关,与退避(r=-0.146,P<0.01)成负相关;②大学生自尊(t=5.11,P<0.001)、解决问题(t=2.96,P<0.01)和自责(t=2.30,P<0.05)能预测学校生活满意度,自尊和解决问题起正向预测作用,而自责起负向预测作用;③应对方式中的解决问题(t=3.02,P<0.05)和求助(t=2.16,P<0.05)在自尊与学校生活满意度之间起部分中介效应。结论应对方式在自尊和学校生活满意度之间起部分中介效应,即大学生的自尊能通过应对方式对学校生活满意度产生影响。     

自我效能感与高中生应对方式及抑郁情绪

目的 探讨高中生自我效能感、应对方式和抑郁情绪之间的关系.方法 采用自我效能感量表(GSES)、应付方式问卷和抑郁自评量表(SDS)对386名高中生进行问卷调查.结果 ①高中男生的GSES得分显著高于高中女生(t=2.550,P＜0.05);高三学生应对因子解决问题的得分显著高于高一和高二学生(F=3.173,P＜0.05);②高中生GSES得分与应对因子解决问题、求助有显著正相关(r1=0.393,P1＜0.01;r2=0.149,P2＜0.01),与自责有显著负相关(r=-0.149,P＜0.01),与SDS得分有显著负相关(r=-0.338,P＜0.001);③GSES得分高与GSES得分低的高中生在应对因子解决问题、自责、退避和SDS的得分上有差异显著(t1 =-7.695,t2=3.472,t3=-3.258,t4=6.800).结论 高中男生的自我效能感显著高于高中女生;高中女生更多使用求助应对方式;自我效能感高、更多使用积极应对方式的高中生,抑郁水平较低.     

支气管哮喘患者心理健康与应对方式

目的研究支气管哮喘患者的心理健康状况与应对方式。方法以症状自评量表(SCL-90)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、特质应对方式问卷对60例确诊的支气管哮喘患者和50例正常对照者进行调查研究。结果患者组SCL-90总分、躯体化、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐惧、偏执、精神病性得分显著高于对照组(t=4.441,5.722,4.124,3.232,5.631,4.300,3.863,1.712,1.982;P<0.05或P<0.01);抑郁和焦虑得分显著高于对照组(t=5.101,7.142;P<0.01)。患者组的积极应对方式显著低于对照组(t=-5.591,P<0.01),消极应对方式显著高于对照组(t=4.482,P<0.01)。相关分析显示,积极应对与SCL-90总分、焦虑、抑郁得分呈负相关(r=-0.238,-0.259,-0.324;P<0.001),消极应对与SCL-90总分、焦虑、抑郁得分呈正相关(r=0.407,0.435,0.442;P<0.001)。结论支气管哮喘患者的心理健康状况较低,存在明显的焦虑和抑郁情绪,且更多采用消极应对方式。     

大学生人际信任与应对方式对社交回避的影响

目的:探讨人际信任和应对方式对大学生社交回避的影响。方法:采用人际信任量表(ITS)、应对方式问卷(CSQ)和社交回避及苦恼量表(SAD)对302名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:(1)人际信任与社交回避显著负相关(r=-0.204,P0.001),与应对方式中自责、幻想、退避和合理化因子显著负相关(r=-0.209,-0.156,-0.212,-0.120;P0.05),与问题解决、求助因子显著正相关(r=0.319,0.248;P0.001);问题解决和求助因子与社交回避呈显著负相关(r=-0.322,-0.302;P0.001),自责(r=0.309,P0.001)、幻想(r=0.132,P0.05)、退避(r=0.215,P0.001)和合理化(r=0.132,P0.05)因子与社交回避呈显著正相关;(2)问题解决(t=-4.975,P0.001)、求助(t=-4.761,P0.001)、自责(t=5.003,P0.001)和退避(t=3.159,P0.01)因子在人际信任与社交回避的关系中起部分中介作用。结论:人际信任一方面会对社交回避产生直接的影响,另一方面也通过问题解决、求助、自责和退避应对方式的中介作用间接地影响社交回避。     

精神分裂症患者生活质量与应对方式的关系

目的探讨精神分裂症患者生活质量与应对方式的关系。方法选取符合美国精神疾病诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)中精神分裂症诊断标准的医院门诊和住院患者共175例。采用世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表简表(WHOQOL-BREF)和应对方式问卷(CSQ)对患者进行评估。结果生活质量的生理、心理、社会关系、环境4个因子及总分与应对方式中的问题解决呈显著正相关(r=0.41,0.51,0.37,0.34,0.49;P<0.001),与自责呈显著负相关(r=-0.36,-0.44,-0.32,-0.21,-0.38;P<0.01),与回避呈显著负相关(r=-0.16,-0.19,-0.18,-0.16,-0.20;P<0.05);问题解决和自责两种应对方式能够很好地预测精神分裂症患者的生活质量(F=39.68,P=0.00)。结论精神分裂症患者的生活质量与应对方式关系密切,且问题解决和自责两种应对方式可作为生活质量的预测指标。     

自尊对女大学生抑郁情绪的影响:应对方式的中介作用

目的:探索自尊对女大学生抑郁的影响,及应对方式在二者之间的中介作用。方法:采用罗森伯格自尊量表、抑郁自评量表、简易应对方式量表对322名女大学生进行了实测。结果:女大学生抑郁检出率较高;自尊、积极应对方式与抑郁显著负相关(r=-0.50,0.43;P0.001),消极应对方式与抑郁显著正相关(r=0.33,P0.001);自尊显著负向预测抑郁(β=-0.55,P0.001),积极应对和消极应对在自尊与抑郁之间起并列中介作用。结论:自尊不仅直接作用于女大学生抑郁,还通过应对方式间接影响其抑郁情绪。提升女大学生自尊,锻炼其积极应对方式有助于缓解其抑郁情绪。     

应对方式对基层官兵状态焦虑的影响:自我和谐调节方式的中介作用

目的:探讨基层官兵应对方式、自我和谐和状态焦虑之间的关系。方法:采用自行设计一般项目调查表、状态焦虑分量表(SAI)、应对方式问卷和自我和谐量表(SCCS)对162名基层官兵进行调查。结果:解决问题、求助与状态焦虑水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.499,-0.242;P均0.01);自责、幻想、退避、合理化、自我和谐总分与状态焦虑水平呈显著正相关(r=0.378,0.343,0.306,0.329,0.503;P均0.01);解决问题与自责、自我和谐总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.416,-0.355;P均0.01);与求助呈显著正相关(r=0.430,P0.01);自责与求助呈显著负相关(r=-0.297,P0.01),与幻想、退避、合理化、自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.572,0.479,0.531,0.285;P均0.01);幻想与退避、合理化、自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.616,0.587,0.236;P均0.01);退避与合理化、自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.492,0.326;P均0.01);合理化与自我和谐总分呈显著正相关(r=0.257,P0.01);自我和谐在解决问题、求助、自责、幻想、退避、合理化与状态焦虑之间均具有部分中介效应。结论:基层官兵的状态焦虑可以通过自我和谐策略来采用应对方式。     

大学生应对方式对羞耻感与抑郁的中介作用研究

目的探讨应对方式对羞耻感和抑郁的中介作用,为高校心理健康教育提供科学依据。方法采用应对方式问卷(CSS)、羞耻感量表(ESS)和Beck抑郁自评量表(BDI)对457名大学生进行调查。结果①羞耻感与抑郁呈显著正相关(r=0.372,P<0.01);应对方式与羞耻感、抑郁呈显著相关,其中不成熟应对和混合型应对因子与羞耻感和抑郁呈显著正相关(r=0.313,0.135,0.256,0.163;P<0.01);成熟应对因子与羞耻感和抑郁呈显著负相关(r=-0.191,-0.272;P<0.01);②回归分析表明羞耻感(β=0.372,P<0.001)、应对方式(β=0.209,P<0.001)对抑郁有显著的预测作用,不成熟应对方式在羞耻感与抑郁间的作用为部分中介作用(P<0.001)。结论羞耻感、应对方式对抑郁有显著预测作用,高羞耻易感性可能导致不成熟应对方式的运用,使个体更易陷入抑郁。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.