舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼分别复合丙泊酚对小儿麻醉诱导期血压和脑电双频指数的影响比较

目的:探讨舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚两种麻醉方案的优劣。方法:以2016年3月至2017年3月在我院进行择期全麻手术的患儿150例作为研究对象,根据进行全麻手术的时间先后编号,采用随机数表法分为舒芬太尼组和瑞芬太尼组各75例。舒芬太尼组患儿采用舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚进行全麻,瑞芬太尼组患儿采用瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚进行全麻。观察并比较两组患儿在麻醉诱导期[诱导前(T1)、静脉注射舒(瑞)芬太尼后(T2)、静脉注射丙泊酚后(T3)、插管即刻(T4)、插管后2 min(T5)、5 min(T6)]的收缩压(SAP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)和脑电双频指数(BIS)。结果:舒芬太尼组患儿在T4时的DBP、MAP均优于瑞芬太尼组(P均<0.05);两组患儿在各时间点的BIS比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。舒芬太尼组患儿自主呼吸恢复、肢体动作恢复和拔管时间均短于瑞芬太尼组(P<0.05);呼吸抑制、苏醒期躁动、恶心呕吐和意识障碍发生情况均少于瑞芬太尼组(P<0.05)。结论:与瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚相比,舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚能够显著改善患儿的术后疼痛,同时呼吸抑制等副作用较小,在需要进行全麻手术的患儿中应用具有明显优势。     

舒芬太尼用于全麻术后苏醒期的效果观察

目的探讨舒芬太尼用于全麻术后苏醒期的效果。方法 2010年1月至2012年2月年进行全麻手术患儿89例,分为舒芬太尼组45例,对照组44例,观察两组效果。结果舒芬太尼组术后躁动评分（1.96±0.86）分,对照组术后躁动评分（3.58±1.32）分,经统计学分析有显著差异性（P〈0.05）。结论舒芬太尼是芬太尼的衍生物,强效阿片类镇痛剂,是芬太尼5～10倍,镇痛时间持久,还有镇静作用;并且可以通过多种途径给药（静脉、鞘内及黏膜等）,我们采取经鼻腔滴注用药,由于黏膜直接吸收入血,生物利用度高可以达到78%,可以在短时间内达到最佳镇痛作用,减少全麻苏醒期躁动。通过采取舒芬太尼鼻内滴入可以显著减少防范全麻苏醒期躁动发生,提高了手术、麻醉安全性,降低麻醉风险,是针对儿童全麻苏醒期躁动非常良好的方法 。     

舒芬太尼和芬太尼治疗全麻患者苏醒期躁动疗效观察与比较

目的观察比较舒芬太尼和芬太尼对全麻苏醒期躁动的治疗效果。方法全麻苏醒期躁动患者60例随机分为舒芬太尼组(S组)和芬太尼组(F组)各30例,S组给予舒芬太尼治疗,F组给予静脉注射芬太尼。比较2组用药前后平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)、镇痛效果及躁动缓解率。结果 2组用药后VAS、Ramsay镇痛评分MAP及HR改善情况均优于用药前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。S组MAP及HR改善情况、躁动缓解情况优于F组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05和P<0.01)。结论舒芬太尼对全麻苏醒期躁动的治疗优于芬太尼。     

舒芬太尼用于预防腭咽成型术患者苏醒期躁动的临床观察

[摘要]目的：观察腭咽成型术患者术毕前静脉注射舒芬太尼预防全麻苏醒期躁动的效果。方法： 选择60例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级在全麻下行悬雍垂腭咽成形术的患者,随机分为两组,实验组和对照组,每组各30例。以咪唑安定、丙泊酚、阿曲库铵、芬太尼诱导,异氟烷+丙泊酚+芬太尼静吸复合维持麻醉。术毕前停药时,实验组静脉注射舒芬太尼0.08μg／kg,对照组静脉注射芬太尼0.8μg／kg。分别纪录患者自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间、苏醒期操作配合评级。结果：两组患者麻醉苏醒时间、拔管时间差异均有统计学意义, 苏醒期躁动情况差异有统计学意义,P<0.05,和对照组比实验组苏醒期躁动显著减少。结论： 全身麻醉苏醒前给予小剂量舒芬太尼可以使麻醉苏醒更平稳 ,可有效预防麻醉苏醒期躁动的发生。     

舒芬太尼-瑞芬太尼联合应用于口腔颌面外科手术全麻的临床观察

目的探讨舒芬太尼-瑞芬太尼联合镇痛全麻用于口腔颌面外科手术的效果,可行性和安全性。方法60例口腔颌面外科手术患者随机分为3组:瑞芬太尼组(RF组)、舒芬太尼组(SF组)、舒芬太尼联合瑞芬太尼组(SR组)。记录苏醒期拔管时间、拔管时心率和血压、麻醉时间及各阿片类麻醉药用量、患者拔管后即刻及离开恢复室时的伤口疼痛程度,苏醒期躁动的例数。结果 SR组患者离开PACU时疼痛评分明显低于RF组(P<0.05);SR组术毕拔管时间、恢复室停留时间明显短于SF组(P<0.05);拔管后10min呼吸频率明显快于SF组(P<0.05);SR组苏醒时及离开PACU时MAP和HR明显低于RF组(P<0.05)。结论舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼联合用于口腔颌面外科手术的全麻中,可使术中血流动力学平稳、苏醒期安全迅速。     

舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼分别复合异丙酚用于静脉麻醉的临床研究

目的:比较舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼分别复合异丙酚用于静脉麻醉的临床效果。方法:选择ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级、择期行腹腔镜辅助下阴式子宫切除术(LAVH)病人40例,随机分为舒芬太尼组(SF)和瑞芬太尼组(R),每组20例。分别采用舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼为主诱导和维持麻醉,观察两组病人麻醉诱导及维持期血流动力学变化和苏醒期相关时间、质量以及术后疼痛情况。结果:舒芬太尼组麻醉术中循环较稳定,苏醒亦快,术后疼痛程度轻。结论:舒芬太尼复合异丙酚用于静脉麻醉比瑞芬太尼更优越、安全,苏醒质量更优良。     

瑞芬太尼、芬太尼单独及联合应用于全麻的对照研究

目的：比较瑞芬太尼、芬太尼以及芬太尼联合瑞芬太尼在胃肠道全麻术中的麻醉效果。方法：回顾性分析本院采用瑞芬太尼、芬太尼以及芬太尼联合瑞芬太尼全麻,在胃肠道手术中的应用价值。将ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级腹部胃肠道手术患者90例,随机分为三组：瑞芬太尼组、芬太尼组和联合用药组,每组各30例。芬太尼组采用血浆靶控芬太尼术中镇痛,根据患者术中反应情况决定用药剂量;瑞芬太尼组麻醉方法与芬太尼组相同;复合麻醉组用瑞芬太尼复合芬太尼麻醉。结果：瑞芬太尼组、联合用药组的拔管后即刻、离开监护病房、拔管后1hOAA/S评分明显比芬太尼组高（P〈0.05）。联合用药组患者拔管后即刻、离开监护病房时疼痛评分与瑞芬太尼组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。瑞芬太尼组苏醒期心率和平均动脉压与其余两组相比,明显增高（P〈0.05）。瑞芬太尼组患者苏醒期发生心动过速,均比其余两组增多明显。与芬太尼组相比,瑞芬太尼组和联合用药组拔管时间、术后苏醒时间明显缩短（P〈0.05）。联合用药组瑞芬太尼用量与瑞芬太尼组相比,明显减少（P〈0.05）,联合用药组芬太尼用量与芬太尼组相比,明显减少（P〈0.05）。结论：三种麻醉方法均能满足胃肠道手术要求,但是瑞芬太尼和芬太尼联合应用,术中可维持患者血流动力学稳定,术后苏醒时间短,值得临床推广应用。     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼对婴儿麻醉苏醒期镇痛的比较

目的观察静脉给予舒芬太尼与芬太尼对婴儿麻醉苏醒期镇痛的影响。方法选取90例儿外科手术患儿,年龄1个月~1岁(其中年龄最小者1.5个月,最大者11.5个月),随机分为舒芬太尼组(S组)与芬太尼组(F组),每组45例,S组给予舒芬太尼0.1μg/kg静脉注射,F组给予芬太尼1μg/kg静脉注射,观察两组给药后5、10、30、60 min的镇痛、镇静评分及呼吸、循环、恶心呕吐的变化。结果 S组与F组在给药5、10 min的镇痛镇静评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),在给药30、60 min时间点比较,S组镇痛镇静评分明显高于F组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组患儿均未出现呼吸暂停及呼吸节律改变,Sp O2均未低于95%,心率、血压未见明显改变,未出现苏醒延迟,S组有1例轻度恶心,F组有2例轻度恶心。结论与芬太尼比较,术后给予婴儿舒芬太尼能起到良好的镇痛和镇静效果,无呼吸、循环抑制,无苏醒期延迟等不良反应。     

芬太尼与舒芬太尼对腹腔镜胆囊切除患者术后全麻恢复质量的影响

目的观察芬太尼与舒芬太尼对腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)患者术后全麻恢复质量的影响。方法择期LC患者60例随机均分为两组。麻醉诱导前和手术切皮前,S组分别静脉注射舒芬太尼0.3μg/kg,F组分别静脉注射芬太尼3μg/kg。在脑电双频谱指数监测下采用丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉。记录围拔管期心率(HR)和平均动脉压(MAP)变化、清醒及拔管时间、苏醒期躁动评分(RS)和术后肛门排气时间。结果两组患者围拔管期HR和MAP、RS评分、清醒及拔管时间均无统计学差异(P>0.05);两组术后肛门排气时间亦无明显差异。结论 LC采用丙泊酚-雷米芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉辅以等效剂量芬太尼与舒芬太尼均可有效预防苏醒期躁动及术毕疼痛,术后肠功能恢复时间一致;但芬太尼的价格远低于舒芬太尼,应用芬太尼可以节约医疗费用。     

瑞芬太尼与芬太尼配伍用于小儿扁桃腺手术的临床观察

目的:观察瑞芬太尼与芬太尼配伍用于小儿扁桃腺手术麻醉的临床效果。方法:择期小儿扁桃腺手术患者40例,随机分为瑞芬太尼与芬太尼配伍组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组),每组20例,麻醉诱导插管后,R组用瑞芬太尼0.1μg/(kg.min)持续泵注,F组用芬太尼0.1μg/(kg.min)持续泵注,两组均间断吸入1%～1.5%异氟烷,并用肌松药阿曲库铵维持。结果:R组麻醉维持中循环稳定,苏醒期平稳迅速;F组麻醉维持中血压偏高,心率增快,苏醒期明显长于R组。结论:瑞芬太尼与芬太尼配伍用于小儿扁桃腺手术麻醉维持效果好,苏醒迅速。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.