Subgingival temperature: relation to gingival crevicular fluid enzymes, cytokines, and subgingival plaque micro-organisms

Abstract There have been no reports on the relationship of subgingival temperature to specific gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) components. Therefore, the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether there was any relationship between subgingival temperature and GCF levels of neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), beta-glucuronidase (BG), interleukin-1 α (IL-l), and interferon α (IFN). Furthermore, another objective was to confirm an association of subgingival temperature with clinical parameters and specific subgingival plaque micro-organisms as has been reported earlier. 27 human subjects each having healthy (n=50), gingivitis (n=59) and periodontitis (n=53) sites were evaluated. The plaque index (PI), subgingival temperature, probing depth, attachment loss, bleeding index and gingival index were measured. GCF was sampled following the measurement of the PI and removal of the supragingival plaque. GCF samples were assayed for the enzymes NE, BG, MPO and the cytokines IFN-α and IL-1 α. A sterile Gracey curette was utilized at each sampled site to collect subgingival plaque. The plaque samples were evaluated using an immuno-assay. Subgingival temperature was found to directly correlate with all clinical parameters (p<0.001). Significant, albeit not large, correlations were found between subgingival temperature and NE (r= 0.35, p<0.001), MPO (r= 0.26, p<0.001)and BG (r= 0.23, p<0.01). Temperature was found to correlate positively with E. corrodens (r= 0.33, p<0.02) and F. nucleatum (r= 0.25, p<0.05) but not with P. intermedia (r= 0.02, p= 0.9), P. gingivalis (r= 0, 20, p=0.1) and A. actinomycetemcomitans (r=0.01, p0.9). In conclusion, subgingival temperature is correlated with the GCF enzymes, NE, MPO and BG as well as the clinical parameters and specific plaque micro-organisms associated with periodontal disease.     

Specificity and levels of oral and systemic antibodies to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Abstract Salivary and gingival crevicular fluid antibodies and systemic antibodies were analysed for levels and specificity against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans components. The major reactivity of salivary and serum IgA1 and IgA2 antibodies to the periodontal pathogen A. actinomycetemcomitans was against bands between 14 and 83 kD for IgA1 and bands between 14 and 68 kD for IgA2 in Western blot. In addition to specific binding, there was also a hitherto unrecognized Fc-mediated binding of IgG antibodies to an A. actinomycetemcomitans component around 50 kD. Serum IgG antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin displayed the highest median value and only 1 individual showed salivary IgM antibodies in ELISA. Elevated levels of gingival crevicular fluid lgA2 antibodies indicated a local production of IgA from periodontal tissues. Using synthetic peptides, several distinct epitopes on the leukotoxin were recognized by both salivary and serum IgA antibodies.     

Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 1 (sTREM‐1) in Gingival Crevicular Fluid: Association With Clinical and Microbiologic Parameters

Background: Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM‐1) belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is involved in amplification of the inflammatory response to bacterial infection. This cross‐sectional study aims to investigate the levels of sTREM‐1 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of individuals without periodontitis and with chronic periodontitis (CP) or generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) and their association with the levels of key periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque. Methods: GCF and subgingival plaque samples were obtained from healthy sites of participants without periodontitis (n = 20) and periodontitis sites of patients with CP (n = 22) and GAgP (n = 20). sTREM‐1 levels in GCF were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans levels in subgingival plaque were analyzed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Results: sTREM‐1 levels in GCF were higher in CP and GAgP than healthy sites by 3.6‐ and 4.4‐fold, respectively, with no significant differences between the two forms of periodontitis. Moreover, sTREM‐1 levels in GCF were positively correlated with site‐specific clinical periodontal parameters and levels of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia, but not A. actinomycetemcomitans, in subgingival plaque. Conclusion: Increased GCF levels of sTREM‐1 at diseased sites and their positive correlation with clinical and microbiologic parameters strengthen the association of this inflammatory marker with periodontitis.     

Azithromycin concentrations in blood and gingival crevicular fluid after systemic administration

Background: Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that is active against several periodontal pathogens. Macrolides are taken up and concentrated inside gingival fibroblasts, which could influence their pharmacokinetics. This study tests the hypothesis that steady‐state levels of azithromycin are higher and more sustained in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) than in serum. Methods: Four healthy patients received an initial dose of 500‐mg azithromycin followed by 250‐mg doses on each of the next 2 days. Serum and GCF samples were obtained 2 hours after the last dose on day 2, and on days 4 and 7. GCF samples were collected from maxillary posterior sites with paper strips. The strips were pooled and eluted with high‐purity water. After extraction, the azithromycin content of the serum samples and GCF eluates was determined with an agar diffusion bioassay. Results: On days 2, 4, and 7, the concentrations of azithromycin in blood serum were 0.22 ± 0.02, 0.08 ± 0.02, and 0.04 ± 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. The concentrations in GCF were 8.82 ± 1.25, 7.90 ± 1.72, and 7.38 ± 1.15 μg/mL, respectively. Mean GCF levels were significantly higher than mean serum levels (P ≤0.02; paired t test). Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that the pharmacokinetic profiles of azithromycin are different in GCF and serum. At steady state, azithromycin concentrations in GCF were higher and more sustained than those in serum. Based on previous studies, the levels observed in GCF were above the minimal inhibitory concentration for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia.     

Attachment loss and serum antibody levels against autologous and reference strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in untreated localized juvenile periodontitis patients

Abstract Immunological data have been suggested to be a potential tool in the diagnosis, classification and monitoring of periodontal diseases. However, the role of circulating antibodies in periodontal patients is poorly understood. Patients suffering from localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) are often reported to show high titers of serum IgG antibodies against Aetinobaeillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcotnitans), but several affected patients do not. Most studies use well-known reference strains of the bacterium for testing against the patients' sera. The aim of the present investigation was to study the relationship between serum IgG antibody levels to autologous A. actinomycetemcomitans strains and clinical attachment loss (CAL). In addition, we wanted to assess the patients’serum titers against 4 well-known reference strains of the bacterium as well as their general potential immunoglobulin response. Intravenous blood samples were taken from 23 LJP patients and 10 healthy individuals, and autologous A. actinomycetemcomitans strains were cultured from 18 of the L.JP patients. CAL was measured at 4 different sites around ail present teeth and assessed as a % of teeth with at least 1 site moderately ≥2<5 mm) or severely (≥5 mm) involved. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to evaluate the serum titers of IgG antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans antigens. No significant correlation was found between serum IgG antibody titers to autologous strains and CAL. However, there was a trend that low responders had more moderately affected teeth than had high responders and patients with undetectable A. actinomycetemcomitans levels, which is in agreement with a hypothetically protective role of the antibodies. The total counts of immunoglobulin assessed in all participants showed that the predominant class was IgG and the reference group displayed significantly less (p<0.05) IgG and IgG1 counts than the LJP patients. Both the reaction pattern against reference and autologous strains varied widely. We conclude that the specific antibody response against A. actinomycetemcomitans shows a weak correlation to clinical attachment levels in LJP patients.     

Levels of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans,Porphyromonas gingivalis,inflammatory cytokines and species‐specific immunoglobulin G in generalized aggressive and chronic periodontitis

Casarin RCV, Del Peloso Ribeiro É, Mariano FS, Nociti FH Jr, Casati MZ, Gonçalves RB. Levels of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, inflammatory cytokines and species‐specific immunoglobulin G in generalized aggressive and chronic periodontitis. J Periodont Res 2010; 45: 635–642. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: Aggressive periodontitis pathogenesis still is not completely understood in the literature regarding the relationship between microbial and inflammatory aspects. So this study aimed to compare microbial and inflammatory patterns in the gingival crevicular fluid of generalized aggressive and chronic periodontitis patients. Material and Methods:  Forty aggressive and 28 chronic periodontitis patients were selected. Biofilm and gingival crevicular fluid were collected from a deep pocket (periodontal probing depth >7 mm) and a moderate pocket (periodontal probing depth = 5 mm) of each patient, and microbiological and immunoenzymatic assays were performed. Real‐time PCR was used to determine quantities of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to determine gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin‐1β, interferon‐γ, prostaglandin E₂ and interleukin‐10. In addition, immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels against A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide were also determined by ELISA. Analysis of variance/Tukey test, Mann–Whitney U‐test and the Pearson correlation test were used to determine differences and correlations between variables analysed (α = 5%). Results:  Patients suffering from generalized aggressive periodontitis had their mouth colonized by higher amounts of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis than chronic periodontitis patients. Conversely, the gingival crevicular fluid levels of IgG against both pathogens were statistically inferior in aggressive periodontitis patients (p < 0.05). With regard to gingival crevicular fluid levels of cytokines, aggressive periodontitis patients presented reduced levels of interleukin‐10 (p < 0.05). Conclusion:  In comparison to chronic periodontitis, generalized aggressive periodontitis patients have an imbalance in the host response, with reduced levels of interleukin‐10 and IgG, and increased periodontal pathogens.     

The recovery efficiency of various materials for sampling enzymes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes from gingival crevices

Abstract The present investigation was designed to assess the effects of strips made of different materials on the recovery of enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) (Experiment 1), and to examine a possible relationship between lysosomal enzyme activities and number of crevicular polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, GCF was collected with capillaries from 14 patients with periodontal disease, and applied on various test strips in microcentrifuge tubes or directly into tubes (controls). Strips were then shaken and centrifuged to elute GCF enzymes. The supernate was used for determinations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), β-glucuronidase (BG) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. The % recoveries were calculated as relative percentages to controls. When using saline as eluent, 90% or more ALP, BG and AST were found to be recovered from strips of durapore and papers. More than 35% of ALP and BG was found to remain on paper points. However, the % recoveries from paper points were improved using eluent with 0.1% (w/v) cetyl pyridinium chloride. In Experiment 2, 54 GCF samples were collected from 3 periodontitis patients by using durapore strips, in order to measure both PMN numbers and BG activities in the same samples. The 2 parameters showed strong and positive correlation with 0.847 (p<0.001) of the Pearson's correlation coefficient. These findings suggest that durapore is a useful material not only for counting PMNs but also for measuring activities of GCF enzymes. Elevation of BG activities in GCF can be due to increasing numbers of PMNs.     

Influence of serum on interaction of Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Y4 with an epithelial cell line

Guentsch A, Rönnebeck M, Puklo M, Preshaw PM, Pfister W, Eick S. Influence of serum on interaction of Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Y4 with an epithelial cell line. J Periodont Res 2009; doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0765.2009.01224.x. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of serum on the interaction of periodontal pathogens with epithelial cells using an epithelial cell line (KB cells). This is important because serum is a key component of gingival crevicular fluid and may influence inflammatory responses in epithelial cells exposed to periodontal pathogens. Material and Methods: Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Y4 were co‐cultured with KB cells either with or without the addition of up to 10% human serum or 50 mg/mL human serum albumin. The numbers of free‐floating, adherent and intracellular bacteria were determined up to 18 h after exposure of the epithelial cells to the pathogens. Additionally, the concentrations of interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8 produced by the epithelial cells in response to exposure to the bacteria were determined. Results: Serum and human serum albumin reduced the number of internalized A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 organisms in the epithelial cells, increased the levels of IL‐6 and IL‐8 in the supernatants of infected cells (those with internalized A. actinomycetemcomitans) and influenced non‐infected epithelial cells. Increased IL‐6 and IL‐8 concentrations were also detected in the supernatants of KB cells infected with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. Interleukin‐6 and IL‐8 were detectable after addition of serum, probably as a result of inhibition of the activity of P. gingivalis cysteine proteinases by serum. Conclusion: Serum promotes the release of the cytokines IL‐6 and IL‐8 by epithelial cells. This mechanism is influenced by periodontal pathogens and may maintain clinical periodontal inflammation.     

Biofilm Lysine Decarboxylase,a New Therapeutic Target for Periodontal Inflammation

Background: Lysine, a nutritionally essential amino acid, enters the oral cavity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). During oral hygiene restriction (OHR), lysine decarboxylase (LDC) in dento‐gingival biofilms converts lysine to cadaverine. Lysine depletion impairs the dental epithelial barrier to bacterial proinflammatory products. Antibodies to LDC from Eikenella corrodens (Ecor‐LDC) inhibit LDC activity and retard gingival inflammation in beagle dogs. Whether E. corrodens is the major source of LDC in dental biofilms and whether the lysine analog tranexamic acid (TA) inhibits LDC activity, biofilm accumulation, and GCF exudation in a human gingivitis model were examined. Methods: Antibodies raised in goats to LDC‐rich extracts from E. corrodens cell surfaces were used to inhibit Ecor‐LDC and detect it in biofilm extracts using Western blots. Ecor‐LDC activity was measured at pH 4.0 to 11.0 and its TA dissociation constant (Ki) at pH 7.0. Young adults used a 5% or 10% TA mouthwash three times daily during OHR for 1 week. Results: Ecor‐LDC antibodies and TA inhibited biofilm LDC. Ki of TA for Ecor‐LDC was 940 μM. TA reduced plaque index (PI) by downshifting the PI correlation with biofilm lysine content after OHR without TA. GCF was correspondingly suppressed. However, greater TA retention in saliva partially relieved GCF suppression but not biofilm lysine depletion. Conclusions: TA slightly inhibits LDC but strongly reduces biofilm by inhibiting bacterial lysine uptake. Unfortunately, TA may impair dental epithelial attachments by also inhibiting lysine transporter uptake. Ecor‐LDC inhibitors other than lysine analogs may maintain sufficient lysine levels and attachment integrity to prevent periodontal inflammation.     

牙周治疗前后血清抗体滴度及亲和性的变化

目的 观察牙周治疗前后抗牙龈卟啉菌（Ｐｇ）抗体滴度及亲和性的变化,探讨其在牙周炎致病机制中的作用。方法 采用ＥＬＩＳＡ法,检测１７例牙周炎患者治疗前及治疗后１个月及６名健康对照者的血清抗Ｐｇ３８１ＩｇＧ抗体滴度及亲和性。结果 牙周炎组治疗前抗体滴度高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．００１）,抗体滴度与探诊深度有负相关趋势,治疗后滴度显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）;亲和性与对照组间差异无显著性,治疗后也无显著性差异。     

Clinical periodontal and microbiologic parameters in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Background: A limited number of studies suggest a prevalence of periodontal pathogens in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, results are inconsistent. The aim of this study is to investigate clinical periodontal and microbiologic parameters in patients with RA. Methods: Sixty‐six patients with RA, aged 49.5 ± 8.4 years, participated in the study. The periodontal classification was assessed with the periodontal screening index (PSR/PSI) allocated to the following parameters: 1) healthy; 2) gingivitis (PSR/PSI score 0 to 2, maximum one sextant score; 3) moderate periodontitis (>1 sextant PSR/PSI score 3, maximum one sextant score; or, 4) severe periodontitis (>1 sextant PSR/PSI score 4). Pool samples were taken for microbiologic (polymerase chain reaction) analysis for the presence of 11 periodontal pathogens. Statistical analysis was by non‐parametric analysis of covariance. Results: No patients were periodontally healthy: 24 patients were classified as having gingivitis; 18 patients had moderate periodontitis; 23 patients had severe periodontitis; and one patient was toothless. For most patients, Fusobacterium nucleatum (98%), Eikenella corrodens (91%), and Parvimonas micra (previously Peptostreptococcus micros; 88%) were above the detection threshold. Strong periodontal pathogens were less frequently detected: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, 16%); Porphyromonas gingivalis (58%); and Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis, 78%). Statistical analysis showed no significant influence of rheumatic factor (P = 0.33) on periodontal classification and on microbiologic parameters (P >0.05). Only smoking showed a significant influence (P = 0.0004) on the periodontal classification and in the case of E. corrodens (P = 0.02). Conclusions: Most patients with RA in this study showed moderate‐to‐severe periodontitis and the presence of periodontal pathogens. No association was found between rheumatic factor on periodontal classification and microbiologic parameters.     

BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine–Induced Immune Response in Oral Fluids and Serum

ObjectivesThe COVID-19 vaccine is currently being administered worldwide to address the ongoing pandemic. Although these vaccines have proven effective in preventing severe disease, the level of immunity required to prevent respiratory mucosal infection remains less well understood. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a noninvasive screening strategy such as oral fluid to monitor secreted antibodies longitudinally as potential surrogates of mucosal immunity.MethodsWe evaluated the anti-spike protein antibodies in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva and compared them to immune responses in the blood of 50 healthy health care workers following 2 doses of intramuscular Pfizer/BioNTech-BNT162b2 vaccine.ResultsThe antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike and subdomain proteins (RBD, S1, S2, and NTD) were significantly higher in serum than oral fluids but showed a greater detection rate and higher median titres in GCF than saliva. For all tested SARS-CoV-2 antigens, IgG in GCF (as opposed to saliva) showed a more significant and stronger correlation with IgG in serum. Serum-neutralising antibodies (Nab) titres also displayed a significant and stronger correlation with anti-spike protein and their subdomains in GCF than saliva. Interestingly, the time post–second dose of vaccine and sex had a similar influence on IgG in serum and GCF. However, interferon (IFN)-γ–producing T-cell responses showed no association with SARS-Cov-2 IgG antibodies in serum, GCF, or saliva and neutralisation antibodies in serum. The correlation matrix of all measured parameters grouped serum and GCF IgG parameters separately from salivary IgG parameters indicating that GCF better represents the humoural response in serum than saliva.ConclusionsWithin limitations, we propose that GCF could be a less invasive alternative to serum and more appropriate than saliva to detect antibody responses by current COVID-19 vaccines if the GCF collection procedure could be standardised. Further research is needed to investigate the suitability of GCF for community immune surveillance for vaccines.     

Humoral immune response to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin

Brage M, Holmlund A, Johansson A. Humoral immune response toAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 170–175. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: Periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition caused by bacterial infections that result in loss of the tooth supporting tissue. The periodontal pathogens produce virulence factors with capacity to affect the host immune response. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a periodontal pathogen that produces a leukotoxin that specifically affects human leukocytes. The aims of the present study were to examine the presence and function of systemic antibodies to the leukotoxin. Material and Methods: One hundred and ninety‐seven middle‐aged (57 ± 5 years) Swedes with well‐documented periodontal status and medical factors related to cardiovascular diseases were studied. These data have been published previously. The serum samples were examined for the presence of leukotoxin antibodies by western blot and the capacity to neutralize leukotoxicity in an activity assay with leukotoxin and cultured leukemic cells. Results: The results showed a high prevalence (57%) of antibodies against A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin in the analyzed population. These antibodies were correlated with leukotoxin neutralizing capacity as well as with the ELISA titers of A. actinomycetemcomitans‐specific IgA and IgG. In addition, high levels of leukotoxin antibodies were correlated with increasing age, but not with periodontal disease parameters or cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusion: Systemic antibodies against A. actionmycetemcomitans leukotoxin were common in this adult Swedish population. These antibodies might contribute to limit the systemic effects of the infection.     

Comparison of gingival crevicular fluid sampling methods in patients with severe chronic periodontitis

Background: The analysis of samplings from periodontal pockets is important in the diagnosis and therapy of periodontitis. In this study, three different sampling techniques were compared to determine whether one method yielded samples suitable for the reproducible and simultaneous determination of bacterial load, cytokines, neutrophil elastase, and arginine‐specific gingipains (Rgps). Rgps are an important virulence factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis, the exact concentration of which in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) has not been quantified. Methods: GCF was sampled from four sites per patient (one sample per quadrant using two samples per method) in 36 patients with chronic periodontitis. One week later, the procedure was repeated with alternative methods. Variables determined were loads of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) and P. gingivalis, levels of interleukin‐6 and ‐8, activity of neutrophil elastase, and level of Rgps. Results: The detected cytokine levels were higher using paper strips compared to paper points. Bacteria were found in similar loads from paper strips and paper points. Rgps were only detectable in high quantities by washing the periodontal pocket. The level of Rgps correlated with the load of P. gingivalis. Conclusions: The use of paper strips was suitable for the simultaneous determination of microbial and immunologic parameters. Obtaining GCF by washing can be useful for special purposes. The gingipain concentration in periodontal pockets was directly determined to be ≤1.5 μM. This value indicated that most of the substrates of these proteases by in vitro assays identified until now can be easily degraded in P. gingivalis–infected sites.     

Correlation analysis for clinical and gingival crevicular fluid parameters at anatomically related gingival sites

This study was designed to evaluate the relationship of certain clinical and biochemical measures of periodontal pathology at anatomically related gingival sites. The maxillary first molar--second bicuspid region was studied in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. The mesiobuccal site on the first molar was compared to the mesiopalatal and direct buccal sites on the molar and the distobuccal site on the second bicuspid. Probing depth, attachment level, gingival index, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume, and GCF levels of the lysosomal enzyme B-glucuronidase (BG), the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase, IgG and the protease-inhibitor alpha-2-macroglobulin were studied. For the 3 anatomical pairs that were analyzed, the correlation coefficients for the GCF constituents were generally higher than the correlations for the clinical parameters. The mean correlations for the GCF constituents were higher for the periodontitis patients as compared to the gingivitis patients. For the periodontitis patients, BG activity was correlated at adjacent proximal sites, approached significance at adjacent papillary sites, but was not significantly correlated at adjacent facial-proximal sites. This data suggests that sampling of BG activity from a mesiobuccal site provides information about the anterior papillary unit. In contrast, IgG in GCF collected from the mesiobuccal site on the first molar was significantly correlated with the total IgG in the 3 other sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Microbiological features of Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome periodontitis

Abstract. Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome patients exhibit hyperkeratosis palmoplantaris and severe periodontitis. The syndrome is an autosomal recessive trait, but the mechanism of periodontal destruction is not known. This report presents the clinical and microbiological features of an 11-year old girl with Papillon-Lefěvre syndrome. Clinical examination included conventional periodontal measurements and radiographic analysis. In samples from 3 deep periodontal lesions, the occurrence of major suspected periodontopathic bacteria was determined by selective and non-selective culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification, and the presence of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr type 1 virus by a nested-PCR detection method. 10 of 22 available teeth demonstrated severe periodontal breakdown. Major cultivable bacteria included Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (3.4% of total isolates), Prevotella nigrescens (16.4%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (14.3%) and Peptostreptococcus micros (10.6%). A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. nigrescens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Eikenella corrodens were identified by PCR analysis. The patient's non-affected parents and older brother revealed several periodontal pathogens but not A. actinomycetemcomitans. The viral examination demonstrated cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr type 1 virus in the subgingival sample of the Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome patient. The father and brother yielded subgingival cytomegalovirus but not Epstein-Barr type 1 virus. We hypothesize that human herpesviruses in concert with A. actinomycetemcomitans play important rǒles in the development of Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome periodontitis.     

Antibody responses to suspected periodontal pathogens in elderly subjects with periodontal disease

Abstract Little is known about the relationship of aging to periodontal disease. The immune response undergoes aging-related changes resulting in loss of functional capacity. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between levels of serum IgG antibodies against suspected periodontal pathogenic microorganisms to the presence or absence of periodontal disease in an elderly (65-75 yrs) population. From this study, we obtained information concerning: (1) the ability to differentiate elderly individuals without disease from those with disease by their levels of antibodies against periodontal pathogens and (2) which periodontal pathogen(s) triggered those responses. IgG anti- Porphyromonas gingivalis (strains W83 and 381) levels in the serum of elderly patients with severe periodontal disease were the only antibody responses measured which were elevated compared to the elderly control group of subjects with no periodontal disease. Anti- Prevoiella intermedia IgG levels in both elderly patient groups were depressed compared to anti- P. intermedia levels in the young normal control subjects. Serum IgG antibody levels to six other plaque microorganisms did not differentiate between diseased and normal, elderly or young subjects. This data suggested that P. gingtvalis was associated with periodontal disease in this elderly group of individuals and that those elderly individuals were able to respond with a normal IgG immune response.     

Detection of Eikenella corrodens and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in vitro and in subgingival plaque

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to identify 2 putative penodontal pathogens: Eikenella corrodens and Actinobacillus actinoinycetemcoiniiuns by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in vilro and in subgingival plaque. On the basis of published sequences coding for 16S rRNA two primer pairs were designed which amplify a 410 bp sequence from E. corrodens DNA and a 547 bp fragment from A. actinomycetemcomitans DNA. respectively. As few as 50 cells could be detected from pure bacterial cultures. Each of the two primer pairs was found to be specific in that it did not give any amplification product neither with cell lysates from the respective alternative bacterium nor with lysates obtained from other putative periodontal pathogens and other bacteria. The PCR method developed turned out to be a simple, rapid and reliable diagnostic tool for the detection of the target microorganisms in clinical samples.     

Crevicular IgG antibodies and recovery of Streptococcus mutans implanted by mouthrinsing

After challenge with a streptomycin-resistant strain of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans ), a tendency to higher recovery of S. mutans was found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from surfaces with a low IgG antibody activity against S. mutans than in GCF from surfaces with a high antibody activity. This suggests that antibodies in GCF may interfere with the establishment of S. mutans on gingival tooth surfaces. In GCF collected from some sites, considerably higher IgG antibody activity was observed than in homologous serum, indicating that part of the IgG response to S. mutans was locally derived.     

Crevicular IgG antibodies and recovery of Streptococcus mutans implanted by mouthrinsing.

After challenge with a streptomycin-resistant strain of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), a tendency to higher recovery of S. mutans was found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from surfaces with a low IgG antibody activity against S. mutans than in GCF from surfaces with a high antibody activity. This suggests that antibodies in GCF may interfere with the establishment of S. mutans on gingival tooth surfaces. In GCF collected from some sites, considerably higher IgG antibody activity was observed than in homologous serum, indicating that part of the IgG response to S. mutans was locally derived.