Cerebral dysplastic vascular malformation: a developmental arrest

Carcinoma of the urinary bladder was staged both clinically and by CT in 32 patients before they underwent total cystectomy. Eleven of the patients had perivesical growth demonstrated at histopathological examination of the cystectomy specimen. This was diagnosed by CT in all 11 of these patients before cystectomy, but it was discovered by clinical staging in only four patients prior to cystectomy. Seven patients without histopathologically proved perivesical growth were considered to have perivesical spread as demonstrated by CT findings. Three of these patients had perivesical fibrosis that was misinterpreted as perivesical tumor growth, and in all seven patients the perivesical changes were adjacent to the area of present or previous changes in the bladder wall. CT is a valuable addition to clinical staging because it demonstrates perivesical tumor growth.     

Computed tomography of the urinary bladder shortly after radiation therapy for rectal carcinoma

Eighteen patients with rectal carcinoma were examined with computed tomography (CT), before and shortly after preoperative irradiation. Changes in the bladder that could be mistaken for tumor growth did not occur at CT. However, considerable individual variations were seen. Radiation therapy did not result in increased contrast enhancement of the bladder wall after irradiation. The bladder wall thickness increased somewhat during and after treatment and the bladder volume was reduced. Localized thickening with little contrast enhancement was seen in the anterior bladder wall in 3 patients. One case of irradiation cystitis was noted. Edema was seen in the perivesical fat, but could in no case be mistaken for tumor growth.     

Primary bladder carcinoma: evaluation with MR imaging

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in 23 patients (25 tumors) with proved bladder neoplasms. MR studies were retrospectively evaluated and compared with computed tomographic (CT) and pathologic findings. Bladder neoplasms, having a signal intensity intermediate between those of urine and perivesical fat, were best seen on T1-weighted and proton-density images. MR imaging was as accurate as technically well-performed CT studies in detecting extravesical tumor extension. MR could additionally be used to assess the integrity of the bladder wall. On T2-weighted images the normal bladder wall appeared as a thin, linear, low-intensity structure. The disruption of this low-intensity line was indicative of deep muscle invasion, whereas preservation of this low intensity line implied a more localized lesion. Although chemical shift artifacts might cause apparent disruption of the bladder wall, knowledge of this artifact coupled with additional imaging along different planes helps avoid misinterpretation of this artifact as deep muscle invasion.     

Primary malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder: report of three cases and review of the literature

We report three cases of a primary malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder. The radiological features revealed a sessile mass of the lateral wall for one case, a circumferential thickening in the second, and two separated masses of the bladder wall in the last case. Primary malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder is extremely rare. From a review of the literature, the clinical and radiological findings are discussed. In this paper we report the first case of urinary bladder lymphoma presented on CT as multiple masses. Received: 24 June 1999; Revised: 30 November 1999; Accepted: 25 January 1999     

CT features of bladder small cell carcinoma

Computed tomography (CT) features of six patients with pathologically proven bladder small cell carcinoma (SCC) were analyzed retrospectively. CT revealed these tumors as large, enhancing, broad-based polypoid intramural masses with or without cystic portions, extending to the perivesical area. Tumor calcification was found in one patient, and lymphadenopathy in four patients. The staging at the time of diagnosis was C in three patients, and D1 in another three patients. Follow-up CT showed brain metastasis in one patient, and liver metastasis in two patients.     

Contrast-enhanced computed tomography to show perivesical extension in bladder carcinoma

Fifty-two patients (53 lesions) with muscle invasive carcinoma (T2/T3) of the urinary bladder were examined with computed tomography (CT) before planned total cystectomy. The object of CT was to demonstrate perivesical growth. All patients were examined before and after intravenous injection of contrast medium. The stages obtained from the precontrast and postcontrast scans were compared with the histopathologic stage from the cystectomy specimen. CT staged correctly 35 of the 53 lesions in the precontrast series and 46 of the 53 lesions in the postcontrast series. The improved accuracy from contrast enhancement resulted primarily from fewer cases being overstaged. The use of intravenous contrast medium improved accuracy of CT in evaluation of perivesical tumor growth.     

Urachal carcinoma: CT findings

The computed tomographic (CT) appearance of urachal carcinoma in ten patients was studied and compared with the pathologic findings. Magnetic resonance images were available in one case. All tumors were mucinous adenocarcinomas; four were solid, three were cystic, and three were mixed. The tumor had a characteristic location along the expected midline course of the urachus directly behind the anterior abdominal wall. The main tumor mass was supravesical in eight patients. Seven tumors contained calcification. CT correctly depicted bladder wall involvement and supravesical extent of tumor in all cases. CT provided incorrect information about invasion of the perivesical fat in three patients and about bladder mucosal invasion in two patients.     

Nongynecologic bladder and perivesical ultrasound

Ultrasound is effective in evaluating pathologic entities in and around the urinary bladder. Abnormalities may be classified into 2 groups: lesions primarily affecting the bladder, including the bladder wall; and perivesical lesions, which secondarily affect the urinary tract. Intrinsic bladder diseases include inflammatory lesions, stones, and tumors, both primary and metastatic. Extrinsic perivesical abnormalities include lesions of the prostate, seminal vesicles, urethra, rectum, and perivesical soft tissues. Since the bladder is routinely visualized on pelvic ultrasonography, awareness and recognition of the ultrasonic appearance of disease in and around the urinary bladder can lead to more accurate diagnosis and detection of unsuspected disease.     

CT cystography in the evaluation of major bladder trauma.

Computed tomographic (CT) cystography has been advocated in lieu of conventional cystography in the initial work-up of patients with suspected urinary bladder trauma. CT cystography was applied to a classification scheme for bladder injury based on the degree of wall injury and anatomic location and demonstrated characteristic imaging features for each type of injury. In bladder contusion (type 1), findings are normal. In intraperitoneal rupture (type 2), CT cystography demonstrates intraperitoneal contrast material around bowel loops, between mesenteric folds, and in the paracolic gutters. Manifestations of interstitial injury (type 3) include intramural hemorrhage and submucosal extravasation of contrast material without transmural extension. In extraperitoneal rupture (type 4), the path of extravasated contrast material is variable: Extravasation is confined to the perivesical space in simple extraperitoneal ruptures, whereas in complex extraperitoneal ruptures, contrast material extends beyond the perivesical space and may dissect into a variety of fascial planes and spaces. Combined intra- and extraperitoneal rupture (type 5) usually demonstrates extravasation patterns that are typical for both types of injury. Familiarity with these CT cystographic features allows accurate classification of bladder injury and allows prompt, effective treatment with less radiation exposure than and without the added cost of conventional cystography.     

Eosinophilic cystitis in a 3-year-old boy

Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare in children; it also affects adults. Clinical manifestations are variable. The diagnosis can be confirmed by cystoscopy and biopsy, both rather invasive procedures, especially in younger patients. We report a 3-year-old boy with eosinophilic cystitis. The most important radiological finding was marked thickening of the bladder wall, documented on ultrasound, cystography and CT. The CT findings of eosinophilic cystitis have, to the best of our knowledge, not been reported before, In addition to ultrasound and cystography, CT clearly demonstrates extension of the inflammatory process into the perivesical tissues. Offprint requests to: M. H. Smet     

膀胱癌的CT分期与病理对照

目的 分析膀胱癌的CT表现，并与手术病理对照，提高膀胱癌的术前分期诊断水平。方法分析13例膀胱癌的CT表现及术前分期，并与手术病理结果对照。结果膀胱癌主要表现为膀胱壁局限性或弥漫性增厚，形成菜花样肿物向腔内突出，可向壁外生长侵犯盆腔组织器官及淋巴结转移，膀胱周围脂肪间隙模糊。膀胱癌的术前CT分期正确率为69．3％。结论螺旋CT扫描能显示膀胱癌的CT特征及向膀胱壁内、外生长情况，对术前分期有意义。     

Bladder cancer: analysis of multi-detector row helical CT enhancement pattern and accuracy in tumor detection and perivesical staging

PURPOSE: To evaluate the enhancement pattern of bladder cancer and the accuracy of multi-detector row helical computed tomography (CT) in the detection and staging of bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 20 patients, the attenuation value of bladder cancer was measured on dynamic contrast material-enhanced multiphasic CT images obtained with scanning delays of 40, 60, 80, and 100 seconds. In 67 patients, CT data were obtained with a 60-second scanning delay that covered the bladder (section thickness, 2.5 mm; beam pitch, 1.5) and a 180-second scanning delay that covered the abdomen (section thickness, 5 mm; beam pitch, 1.5). We prospectively evaluated CT images and compared findings at CT with findings at histologic examination. We evaluated cancer detection rate, positive predictive value of cancer detection, and sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of perivesical invasion. RESULTS: The attenuation value of bladder cancers was significantly higher on 60- (105 HU +/- 16) and 80-second (97 HU +/- 15) delayed CT images than on the other images (P <.05). The cancer detection rate and positive predictive value for cancer detection were 97% and 95%, respectively, in 67 patients and increased to 100% and 100%, respectively, in 44 patients with a time interval of 7 or more days between transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) and CT examination. Sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of perivesical invasion were 89% and 95%, respectively, in 67 patients and increased to 92% and 98%, respectively, in 44 patients with a time interval of 7 or more days between TURB and CT examination. CONCLUSION: Bladder cancer tends to show peak enhancement with the 60-second scanning delay. Multi-detector row helical CT is useful in the detection and staging of bladder cancer.     

MR staging of bladder carcinoma: correlation with pathologic findings

Forty patients with bladder carcinoma were examined preoperatively by means of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. In all patients, total cystectomy with enterocystoplasty and pelvic node dissection was performed. The surgical and pathologic findings were correlated with the MR findings. Extension through the deep muscle of the bladder wall was present in 20 of the 40 patients and was diagnosed with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 95%. Extension to perivesical fat was present in 18 of 40 patients and was diagnosed with a sensitivity of 66% and a specificity of 100%. Invasion of the adjacent organs was present in nine of 40 patients and was diagnosed with a sensitivity of 44% and a specificity of 96%. On the basis of the MR findings, the tumor was correctly staged, according to the TNM classification, in 24 of 40 (60%) patients, tumor extension was overestimated in three of 40 (7.5%) patients, and tumor extension was underestimated in 13 of 40 (32.5%) patients. MR imaging has been shown to be accurate in identification of macroscopic lymph node involvement and deep muscle involvement. It appears to be at least as useful as computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of perivesical fat involvement and to be superior to CT in the detection of invasion of adjacent organs. One limitation of MR imaging is in the evaluation of tumor extension into the periurethral glands.     

CT evaluation of bladder and prostate neoplasms

The role of computed tomography in the preoperative staging of bladder and prostate tumors is discussed and illustrated. The accuracy of judging perivesical tumor extent, various techniques of CT examination, and the clinical significance of evaluating local bladder extension are discussed. The CT evaluation of local periprostatic extension of tumor is examined in relationship to the type of planned therapy. A dynamic technique for lymphadenopathy evaluation is detailed. The accuracy of demonstrating lymphadenopathy by CT and its therapeutic impact on the surgical treatment of bladder and prostate malignancies are discussed.     

脐尿管肿瘤的螺旋CT表现及诊断价值

目的:探讨脐尿管肿瘤的螺旋CT表现特征及诊断价值。方法:对10例经手术病理证实的脐尿管肿瘤的CT、临床资料进行回顾分析。结果:10例中,脐尿管癌8例,良、恶性间质细胞瘤各1例。主要CT表现为膀胱脐尿管交界区的实性不规则软组织肿块,常浸润周围膀胱壁,少数肿块内可见钙化,增强后多强化明显。临床以血尿为主要表现。结论:CT不仅可对脐尿管肿瘤作出定位、定性诊断,而且能够明确肿瘤的范围及其与邻近组织结构的关系,对临床手术治疗有指导作用。     

直肠癌术后复发的CT诊断

目的　探讨直肠癌术后复发的CT诊断价值。方法　对 47例直肠癌术后患者行低张口服造影剂结合灌肠 (保留肛门者 )进行CT平扫和增强扫描 ,对局部改变进行分类 ,分析局部复发的CT征象。结果　 47例中 ,肿瘤复发 2 6例 ,其中骶前球形软组织块 13例 ,直肠壁不规则增厚 8例 ,骶前扁平软组织块 2例 ,低密度包块 3例。复发灶强化程度高于良性病变。结论　骶前强化明显的球形、不规则、不对称性软组织影或直肠壁不规则增厚是常见的复发表现。低张灌肠结合增强CT扫描有助于直肠癌术后复发的诊断。     

胸、腹部恶性神经鞘瘤的CT表现

目的回顾分析胸、腹部恶性神经鞘瘤的CT表现,以提高对本病的认识。方法胸部5例,腹部4例,手术7例,CT引导下经皮穿刺2例,均经病理证实。结果肿瘤位于纵隔5例,腹壁2例,腹膜后2例;孤立性肿块7例,弥漫性2例(位于纵隔);伴胸水4例,伴椎体成骨性转移1例。CT平扫:7例孤立性肿块,呈圆形或椭圆形,中心出现大面积低密度区,CT值5~20HU,6例包膜完整。2例弥漫性病变则呈均匀的密度。注入对比剂后,7例孤立性肿块实质部分及2例弥漫性病变出现不同程度强化。结论CT诊断胸腹部恶性神经鞘瘤孤立性肿块者,具有一定特点,但弥漫性肿块则无特点。     

Comparative study of MRI and x-ray computed tomography in the preoperative evaluation of rectal carcinoma

Twenty-one patients with middle and low rectal carcinomas have been operated by abdominoperineal resection (APR) in 11 patients, and low anterior resection (LAR) with coloanal anastomosis in 7 and colorectal anastomosis in 3. The distance of the lower margin of the tumor to insertion of the levator ani on the rectal wall was correctly evaluated by CT in 15 of 21 cases (71%) and by MR in 14 of 21 (67%) while digital examination correctly assessed the distance in 17 of 21 (81%). CT and MR were unable to assess extension through the rectal wall. No significant discordance was observed between CT and MR in assessing extension to the perivesical fat, adjacent organs, pelvic side wall or lymphnodes. According to the TNM classification, MR correctly staged 76% (16 of 21) of patients while CT correctly staged 71% (15 of 21).     

膀胱癌多层螺旋CT分期与手术病理对照

目的 分析膀胱癌多层螺旋CT表现及CT分期.资料与方法 总结分析44例经手术、病理证实的膀胱癌的多层螺旋CT表现.结果 44例均为移行上皮细胞癌,膀胱癌的多层螺旋CT表现为膀胱壁弥漫性均匀增厚1例,单发结节状肿块22例,多发菜花状肿块21例,病灶呈轻至中度强化,可向腔内或膀胱壁外生长,累及膀胱周围脂肪层及相邻器官和淋巴结转移;33例为T1和T2期的患者24例基底强化线完整,11例为T3和T4期的患者中只有1例基底强化线完整.与病理分期对照,CT分期的准确率达68.2%.结论 多层螺旋CT薄层增强扫描能够显示膀胱癌的特征,可提高膀胱癌的CT分期准确率.     

Cross-sectional imaging with CT and/or MRI of pediatric chest tumors

The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of the spectrum of pediatric chest masses, to present the results of cross-sectional imaging with CT and/or MRI, and to define diagnostic criteria to limit differential diagnosis. Seventy-eight children with thoracic mass lesions were retrospectively evaluated using CT (72 patients) and/or MR imaging (12 patients). All masses were evaluated for tissue characteristics (attenuation values or signal intensity, enhancement, and calcification) and were differentiated according to age, gender, location, and etiology. Twenty-eight of 38 (74 %) mediastinal masses were malignant (neuroblastoma, malignant lymphoma). Thirty of 38 (79 %) pulmonary masses were metastatic in origin, all with an already known primary tumor (osteosarcoma, Wilms tumor). With one exception, all remaining pulmonary lesions were benign. Seventeen of 21 (81 %) chest wall lesions were malignant (Ewing sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor). The majority of mediastinal and chest wall tumors in children is malignant. Lung lesions are usually benign, unless a known extrapulmonary tumor suggests pulmonary metastases. Cross-sectional imaging with CT and/or MRI allows narrowing of the differential diagnosis of pediatric chest masses substantially by defining the origin and tissue characteristics. Magnetic resonance imaging is preferred for posterior mediastinal lesions, whereas CT should be used for pulmonary lesions. For the residual locations both modalities are complementary. Received 7 March 1997; Revision received 9 September 1997; Accepted 14 November 1997