Metabolic and behavioral predictors of weight gain in Hispanic children: the Viva la Familia Study

BACKGROUND: Despite the high prevalence of overweight among Hispanic children in the United States, definitive predictors of weight gain have not been identified in this population. OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to test sociodemographic, metabolic, and behavioral predictors of 1-y weight gains in a large cohort of Hispanic children studied longitudinally. DESIGN: Subjects (n = 879) were siblings from 319 Hispanic families enrolled in the Viva la Familia Study. Families were required to have at least one overweight child aged 4-19 y. One-year changes in weight and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were measured. Data were from parental interviews, birth certificates, multiple-pass 24-h dietary recalls, 3-d accelerometry, 24-h respiration calorimetry, measurements of eating in the absence of hunger, and measurement of fasting blood biochemistry indexes by radioimmunoassay. Generalized estimating equations and principal component analysis were applied. RESULTS: Weight gain increased with age (P = 0.001), peaking at approximately 10 y of age in girls and approximately 11 y of age in boys. Mean (+/-SD) weight gain was significantly higher in overweight (7.5 +/- 3.7 kg/y) than in nonoverweight (4.4 +/- 2.4 kg/y) children and in boys than in girls. When adjusted for age, age squared, sex, and Tanner stage, the final model indicated a child's body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) status, maternal BMI, energy expenditure (total energy expenditure, basal metabolic rate, and sleeping metabolic rate), and fasting blood biochemistry indexes (total triiodothyronine, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin) as independent, positive predictors of weight gain (P = 0.01-0.001). CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the metabolic and behavioral predictors of weight gain in Hispanic children will inform prevention and treatment efforts to address this serious public health problem in the United States.     

Viva la Familia Study: genetic and environmental contributions to childhood obesity and its comorbidities in the Hispanic population

BACKGROUND: Genetic and environmental contributions to childhood obesity are poorly delineated. OBJECTIVE: The Viva la Familia Study was designed to genetically map childhood obesity and its comorbidities in the Hispanic population. The objectives of this report were to describe the study design and to summarize genetic and environmental contributions to the phenotypic variation in obesity and risk factors for metabolic diseases in Hispanic children. DESIGN: The Viva la Familia cohort consisted of 1030 children from 319 families selected based on an overweight proband between the ages of 4 and 19 y. In-depth phenotyping to characterize the overweight children and their siblings included anthropometric and body-composition traits by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and assessments of diet by 24-h recalls, physical activity by accelerometry, and risk factors for metabolic diseases by standard biochemical methods. Univariate quantitative genetic analysis was used to partition phenotypic variance into additive genetic and environmental components by using the computer program SOLAR. RESULTS: Sex, age, and environmental covariates explained 1-91% of the phenotypic variance. Heritabilities of anthropometric indexes ranged from 0.24 to 0.75. Heritability coefficients for the body-composition traits ranged from 0.18 to 0.35. Diet and physical activity presented heritabilities of 0.32 to 0.69. Risk factors for metabolic diseases were heritable with coefficients ranging from 0.25 to 0.73. Significant genetic correlations between obesity traits and risk factors for metabolic diseases substantiated pleiotropy between traits. CONCLUSION: The Viva la Familia Study provides evidence of a strong genetic contribution to the high prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities in Hispanic children.     

Socioeconomic Status and Overweight: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study of Japanese Children and Adolescents

Background

Socioeconomic status (SES) as a determinant of obesity has received scant attention in Japan. This study examined the association between SES and overweight among Japanese children and adolescents.

Methods

Cross-sectional analyses of a representative sample of Japanese children (6–11 years: n = 397) and adolescents (12–18 years: n = 397) were performed, with measured heights and weights from the 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the 2010 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions. Overweight, including obesity, was defined by International Obesity Task Force cut-offs. SES indicators included household income, equivalent household expenditure, parental educational attainment, and parental occupational class.

Results

Overweight prevalence was 12.3% in children and 9.1% in adolescents. Adolescents living in middle-income households were more likely to be overweight than those living in high-income households (OR 2.26, 95% CI, 1.01–5.67) after adjustment for age, sex, and parental weight status. Similarly, adolescents living in households with low expenditure levels were more likely to be overweight than those living in households with high expenditure levels (OR 3.40, 95% CI, 1.20–9.60). In contrast, no significant association was observed among children.

Conclusions

Our results indicated that low household economic status was associated with being overweight, independent of parental weight status, among Japanese adolescents.Key words: socioeconomic status, overweight, children, adolescent, Japan     

Socioeconomic Status and Body Mass Index Among Hispanic Children of Immigrants and Children of Natives

Objectives. We examined how Hispanic parents'' income and education, combined with their nativity status, influenced the body mass index (BMI) of their children, compared with non-Hispanic White children and their parents.Methods. We used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–99 to estimate linear growth curve models of children''s initial BMI in kindergarten and change in BMI through fifth grade. Socioeconomic status was measured by logged household income and parental educational attainment (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, college graduate or higher).Results. Parental education was negatively associated with children''s BMI (baseline and growth) for non-Hispanic White children. Among Hispanic children, the association of parental education with growth in BMI was negative but much weaker. The weak effect of parental education was not explained by the presence of immigrants in the Hispanic population. Income was strongly negatively associated with children''s BMI in kindergarten among children of Hispanic and White natives, but positively associated among Hispanic immigrant families.Conclusions. The positive income–BMI association among Hispanic immigrant children might reflect cultural differences that immigrant parents carry with them from their countries of origin.In the United States and other more developed countries, lower socioeconomic status (SES)—particularly parental education—is often associated with overweight or obesity among children.^1,2 It is therefore puzzling that SES does not appear to have a consistent relationship with children''s health outcomes, such as overweight, among Hispanics. In a study of Mexican American adolescents, parental education was unrelated to obesity.³ In a study of Hispanic 3-year-olds, maternal education and household income were unrelated to obesity.⁴ In another study of younger children (aged 2–9 years), poverty was associated with overweight among Whites but not among Mexican Americans.⁵Several studies have speculated that the lack of a significant SES gradient for Hispanic health outcomes might be a result of the large proportion of immigrants in the US Hispanic community. If the SES gradient for immigrant Hispanics were different from those for US-born Hispanics and US-born non-Hispanic Whites, the immigrant pattern could weaken the results when all Hispanics are pooled together. However, little work on Hispanic children has examined SES and body mass index (BMI; defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) separately by the nativity status of the parents, even though 60% of Hispanic children in the United States have at least 1 immigrant parent.⁶ The SES gradient for the children of immigrants could differ from that for the children of natives because (1) parental education, a commonly used indicator of SES, may not have the same meaning for immigrants as for natives, especially if parents'' schooling took place outside the United States, and (2) cultural differences carried by immigrant parents from their countries of origin that associate social position with obesity may influence BMI among their children.⁷We hypothesized that the relationship between SES and overweight is positive for the children of immigrants, particularly when income is used as an indicator of SES. Parental education has typically been used as an indicator of SES even though income has been shown to be an independent correlate of health.⁸ Among immigrant families in particular, income provides a better indication of purchasing power than education because recently arrived immigrants are less able than natives to translate their educational attainment into earnings.^9,10 After subtracting the effects of educational attainment, we expected that higher-income immigrant families might be more likely to indulge their children with food than would native families with similar resources.To assess this hypothesis, we analyzed a nationally representative sample of non-Hispanic White children of natives, Hispanic children of immigrants, and Hispanic children of natives. The research used growth curve models to estimate the relationship between 2 indicators of SES—parental education and family income—and children''s BMI at baseline (kindergarten) and growth in BMI between kindergarten and fifth grade. We further assessed whether the relationship of BMI with education and income varied significantly by Hispanic origin and immigrant status.     

Nutritional Adequacy and Diet Quality in Colorectal Cancer Patients Postsurgery: A Pilot Study

Recent evidence has shown that an unhealthy diet is associated with a higher risk of tumor recurrence, metastasis, and death among patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The aims of this study were to assess nutritional adequacy and diet quality in a group of CRC patients postsurgery and to identify possible associations between dietary and nutritional aspects and environmental factors and weight status. This was an observational study conducted on a random sample of 74 patients, aged 50–69 years. Dietary intake was evaluated utilizing a validated frequency questionnaire, and diet quality was evaluated utilizing the Healthy Eating Index for Spanish Diet and the MedDietScore. Data regarding socioeconomic, demographic, lifestyles, dietary supplements use, and body mass index were collected. Subjects followed a diet characterized by a low carbohydrate intake (94% of the cases), excessive protein (48%), high fat intake (67%), and some micronutrient deficiencies. The inadequacy of some nutrients was associated with male gender, overweight/obesity, smoking, and low educational level; and low adherence to the MedDiet was identified in those with a low educational level (adjusted odds ratio = 4.16, P < 0.05). Therefore, such patients should be an important target group when applying educational programs and giving individualized nutritional advice to improve their quality of life.     

Maternal Employment and Overweight Among Hispanic Children of Immigrants and Children of Natives

This research examines the relationship between maternal employment and child overweight among fifth grade Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children. Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten (ECLS-K) cohort fifth grade sample (N = 4,360) were analyzed. OLS regression models were estimated predicting percentile BMI as a function of maternal employment, ethnicity, parental nativity status, income, and the interactions of employment, ethnicity/nativity, and income. Among Hispanic children of immigrants, maternal employment is associated with lower percentile BMI and this association strengthens at higher levels of income. Among Hispanic children of natives and non-Hispanic whites, maternal employment is beneficial (i.e. associated with lower percentile BMI) among low-income children but detrimental among high-income children, but this pattern is significantly greater in strength for Hispanics than non-Hispanic whites. Thus, maternal employment is associated with worse health outcomes only in the case of Hispanic children of natives, and maternal employment is associated with the best outcomes for Hispanic children of mothers from high-income families. We speculate that among children of immigrants, maternal employment may signify and/or accelerate assimilation towards middle- or upper-class American values of healthy weight and body size. Diet, meal regularity and supervision, and childcare did not mediate the relationship between maternal employment and overweight.

Increased Mortality Among Hispanic Testis Cancer Patients Independent of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status: A SEER Study

Testis cancer-specific survival (CSS) varies by Hispanic ethnicity. Our goal was to assess whether neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) accounts for elevated testis CSS among Hispanic patients. We queried the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for Hispanic (HW) and Non-Hispanic white (NHW) patients. Multivariate Cox regression analyses evaluated Hispanic ethnicity’s impact on tCSS while adjusting for neighborhood socioeconomic status (education and income levels). HWs constituted 14.3% of the 26,258 patients in the cohort. Neighborhood SES factors such as county income (P < 0.001) and education level (P < 0.001) were significant predictors of testis cancer-specific survival (tCSS). Controlling for SES and other variables, Hispanic ethnicity remained a significant predictor of tCSS. Compared to NHWs, HWs experienced a 41% greater cancer-specific mortality (HR: 1.406, 95% CI: 1.178–1.678, P < 0.001). The mechanism underlying the increased testis cancer mortality experienced by Hispanic patients remains unknown.     

Impact of Parental Socioeconomic Status on Childhood and Adolescent Overweight and Underweight in Korea

Background

The prevalence of overweight and underweight is steadily increasing among children and adolescents. To explore the relationship between parental socioeconomic status and body mass index, we examined levels of overweight and underweight among representative samples of children and adolescents in South Korea.

Methods

We analyzed data from the 2009 Korean Survey on the Obesity of Youth and Children, conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute. The sample response rate for this survey was 93.9%. After excluding 745 subjects who had missing information on age, height, or weight, 9411 subjects were included. To measure parental socioeconomic status, 4 categories were assessed by using a structured questionnaire: subjective economic status, parental education level, parental occupational status, and family structure. We used the chi-squared test in univariable analysis and multinomial logistic regression in multivariable analysis.

Results

Multinomial logistic regression analysis identified sex, education level, parental interest in weight management, and parental body shapes as statistically significant characteristics affecting overweight in children, and sex, place of residence, parental interest in weight management, and paternal and maternal body shapes as statistically significant characteristics affecting underweight (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Underweight and overweight coexist among adolescent Korean males of low socioeconomic status, which indicates that these conditions can coexist in developed countries. Appropriate interventions to address both overweight and underweight in adolescents are required.Key words: childhood and adolescent overweight and underweight, Korea, parental factors, risk factor, socioeconomic status     

Stress and the City: Housing Stressors are Associated with Respiratory Health among Low Socioeconomic Status Chicago Children

Asthma disproportionately affects non-whites in urban areas and those of low socioeconomic status, yet asthma's social patterning is not well-explained by known risk factors. We hypothesized that disadvantaged urban populations experience acute and chronic housing stressors which produce psychological stress and impact health through biological and behavioral pathways. We examined eight outcomes: six child respiratory outcomes as well as parent and child general health, using data from 682 low-income, Chicago parents of diagnosed and undiagnosed asthmatic children. We created a continuous exposure, representing material, social and emotional dimensions of housing stressors, weighted by their parent-reported difficulty. We compared the 75th to the 25th quartile of exposure in adjusted binomial and negative binomial regression models. Higher risks and rates of poor health were associated with higher housing stressors for six of eight outcomes. The risk difference (RD) for poor/fair general health was larger for children [RD = 6.28 (95% CI 1.22, 11.35)] than for parents [RD = 3.88 (95% CI −1.87, 9.63)]. The incidence rate difference (IRD) for exercise intolerance was nearly one extra day per 2 weeks for the higher exposure group [IRD = 0.88 (95% CI 0.41, 1.35)]; nearly one-third extra day per 2 weeks for waking at night [IRD = 0.32 (95% CI 0.01, 0.63)]; and nearly one-third extra day per 6 months for unplanned medical visits [IRD = 0.30 (95% CI 0.059, 0.54)]. Results contribute to the conceptualization of urban stress as a “social pollutant” and to the hypothesized role of stress in health disparities. Interventions to improve asthma outcomes must address individuals' reactions to stress while we seek structural solutions to residential stressors and health inequities.     

Peer Reviewed: Low Awareness of Overweight Status Among Parents of Preschool-Aged Children,Minnesota, 2004-2005

Introduction

Many studies have found that parents of overweight children do not perceive their child to be overweight. Little is known, however, about the extent to which such misperceptions exist among parents of preschool-aged children.

Methods

We analyzed data that were collected in 2004-2005 from parents of 593 preschool-aged children in 20 child care centers in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, metropolitan area. Parents were asked how they would classify their preschooler''s weight, and children''s height and weight were measured.

Results

Of the predominantly white, educated sample, most parents (90.7%) of overweight preschoolers classified their child as normal weight. An even higher percentage (94.7%) of children at risk for overweight were classified as normal weight by their parents. Most parents of normal-weight children classified their child''s weight as average. However, 16.0% classified their normal-weight child as underweight or very underweight.

Conclusion

Results indicate that parents are unlikely to recognize childhood overweight among preschool-aged children, which is concerning because parents of overweight children may be unlikely to engage in obesity prevention efforts for their child if they do not recognize their child''s risk status. A notable proportion of parents of normal-weight children perceived their child to be underweight, which suggests that parents of normal-weight children may be more concerned with undernutrition than overnutrition.     

浙江省农村贫困地区学龄儿童膳食营养状况

目的了解浙江省农村贫困地区学龄儿童膳食营养状况,为有针对性地开展营养干预提供依据。方法采用3d24h回顾法,调查浙江省1196名贫困学龄儿童的膳食摄入情况,并测量身高、体重。结果与推荐摄入量相比,学龄儿童膳食能量、碳水化合物、维生素C、钙、锌摄入偏低;奶类和水果的消费率及摄入量低,蔬菜摄入量低,豆类消费率低。结论应加强对农村贫困地区教师、家长以及学生的营养教育,开展营养干预,以保证儿童健康成长。     

唐山市学龄儿童膳食营养状况评价

目的 探讨DRIs在评价学龄儿童膳食营养现状中的应用,为进一步采取膳食干预措施提供依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,在唐山市2所小学选取各年级小学生634名,采用5 d膳食调查和食物摄取频率调查结合的方法进行调查.对结果用DRIs进行评价.结果 学龄儿童脂肪能量来源较高,碳水化合物能量来源偏低;晚餐能量偏低,零食供能约占20%.烟酸、硒摄入充足的占85%以上;蛋白质摄人充足的占50%,但来源较好.视黄醇、核黄素、抗坏血酸、硫胺素和锌摄入不足的分别占34%,31%,21%,15%和59%.处于不足和充足之间的分别占14%,15%,27%,28%和56%.钙平均摄入量远低于AI,有30.9%的儿童钙摄人量低于AI的半数;79.7%的儿童总铁摄入量达到了AI,但来源较差.结论 应合理解释膳食摄人资料,积极改善学龄儿童的膳食结构.     

Diet Quality Is an Indicator of Disease Risk Factors in Hispanic College Freshmen

Background

No studies have assessed the relationship between diet quality, using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), and adiposity, physical activity, and metabolic disease risk factors in a Hispanic college population.

The Relationship of Socioeconomic and Behavioral Risk Factors With Trends of Overweight in Korea

Objectives:

Previous studies have shown that overweight (including obesity) has increased significantly in Korea in recent decades. However, it remains unclear whether this change has been uniform among all Koreans and to what extent socioeconomic and behavioral factors have contributed to this increase.

Methods:

Changes in overweight were estimated using data from the 1998, 2001, 2005, 2007-2009, and 2010-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=55 761).

Results:

Overweight increased significantly among men but not among women between 1998 and 2012. Changes in socioeconomic and behavioral factors over the time period were not associated with overall trends for both men and women. However, we found significant differences in the prevalence of overweight relative to key risk factors. For men, overweight increased at a significantly greater rate among the non-exercising (predicted probability [PP] from 0.23 to 0.32] and high-calorie (PP from 0.18 to 0.37) groups compared to their active and lower-calorie counterparts, respectively. For women, overweight increased only among the non-exercising (PP from 0.27 to 0.28) and low-income (PP from 0.31 to 0.36) groups during this period.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that programs aimed at reducing overweight should target Korean men and women in specific socioeconomic and behavioral risk groups differentially.     

The Effect of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status on Education and Health Outcomes for Children Living in Social Housing

Objectives. We explored differences in health and education outcomes between children living in social housing and not, and effects of social housing’s neighborhood socioeconomic status.Methods. In this cohort study, we used the population-based repository of administrative data at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy. We included children aged 0 to 19 years in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in fiscal years 2006–2007 to 2008–2009 (n = 13 238 social housing; n = 174 017 others). We examined 5 outcomes: age-2 complete immunization, a school-readiness measure, adolescent pregnancy (ages 15–19 years), grade-9 completion, and high-school completion. Logistic regression and generalized estimating equation modeling generated rates. We derived neighborhood income quintiles (Q1 lowest, Q5 highest) from average household income census data.Results. Children in social housing fared worse than comparative children within each neighborhood income quintile. When we compared children in social housing by quintile, preschool indicators (immunization and school readiness) were similar, but adolescent outcomes (grade-9 and high-school completion, adolescent pregnancy) were better in Q3 to Q5.Conclusions. Children in social housing had poorer health and education outcomes than all others, but living in social housing in wealthier areas was associated with better adolescent outcomes.Adequate housing is a critical determinant of health. Social housing (also known as public housing) is an important aspect of public policy, the purpose being to provide quality housing at affordable rents to individuals and families who could not otherwise afford this.In the province of Manitoba, Canada, social housing residents pay approximately one quarter of their income for rent. In 2009, there were approximately 13 000 social housing units, accommodating 31 000 Manitobans, nearly 50% of whom were younger than 20 years.1 Because children constitute almost half the residents in social housing, it is important to investigate children’s health and education outcomes when one is exploring the impact of social housing. Is living in social housing associated with differential outcomes compared with not living in social housing? Does placement of the social housing unit itself, in wealthier or poorer neighborhoods, have an additional effect? A study of the provincial capital city, Winnipeg, is an ideal setting to answer these questions. Social housing units are distributed throughout Winnipeg’s neighborhoods ranging from low to high socioeconomic status (SES) based on average household income (Figure 1).Open in a separate windowFIGURE 1—Placement of social housing units in Winnipeg, by 72 Community Centre Areas and neighborhood income quintiles (2006 census data).Note. Neighborhood income quintile groupings of the Community Centre Areas are from lowest (Q1) to highest (Q5) income quintile.Many studies show associations between area-level SES and child health or education outcomes, such that the wealthier the area, the better the outcomes.2–6 Studies around the world have shown an independent effect of neighborhood SES on child and adolescent educational outcomes, even after they controlled for family, peer, and school effects.4,7–18However, some studies contradict this, finding nonsignificant or trivial effects of neighborhood.19–23 A review by Leventhal et al.8 reinforces the importance of neighborhood SES effect on adolescent development, with those living in higher socioeconomic areas showing more positive results in educational achievement and behavioral and emotional outcomes, and less risky sexual activity (including reductions in adolescent pregnancy). The authors describe conceptual models relating this advantage to institutional resources, norms, and collective efficacy of neighborhoods, and relationships. But they also identify a weakness in most studies to date—people have a choice where they live, so some low-SES families may choose to live in a higher-SES area because of motivation, which may also influence outcomes.The strength of our study is that we controlled for this effect by researching those living in social housing where choice is limited because of allocation methods and high occupancy rates; thus, although families are given choice as to neighborhood when filling out an application, Manitoba Housing may not be able to accommodate applicants with their first location of preference because of the size of the unit required. As well, population-based analyses possible by using administrative databases housed at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy allow for analyses of all children, not just those agreeing to primary data collection.There are mixed results in the literature concerning social housing and health or educational outcomes. The Moving to Opportunity study found limited effects in reading and mathematics scores 4 to 7 years after families were given the opportunity to move from social housing to private dwellings in a higher-SES area.24 One limitation was that few families moved to a high-SES area; rather, most families moved to a “less poor” area where the school’s ranking was similar to the school in the families’ area of origin. As well, during the 4 to 7 years following, most families resided in a substantially less affluent neighborhood compared with their first move in the Moving to Opportunity study, whereas control families often moved to a more affluent area from their original neighborhood. Other evaluations of Moving to Opportunity found lower psychological distress for female youths and better adolescent male achievement scores among the intervention group.25,26The earlier Gautreaux Study in 1976 found that when families in Chicago, Illinois, received vouchers to move from low- to higher-SES neighborhoods, children were 4 times less likely to drop out of high school.27,28 A more recent Chicago study by Burdick-Will et al., involving randomized allocation of housing vouchers, found a significant increase in mathematics and verbal skills when families relocated to higher-SES areas.5 Jacob studied the effect of offering private housing vouchers for those involved in a social housing demolition in Chicago, compared with those in the same complex whose social housing was not being demolished.29 They found no effect on educational outcomes of children, and concluded that social housing did not bestow an independent effect above and beyond neighborhood SES. However, the social housing residents mostly moved to similar-SES neighborhoods. All of these studies revolve around individual families leaving social housing and going into private housing by using voucher programs. None of the literature examined the effect of social housing itself, and the effect of surrounding neighborhood SES on those living in social housing.We examined the effect of living in social housing on health and educational outcomes of children. We specifically addressed the following:

• 1. Are there differences in the health and education outcomes of children living in social housing versus those who do not?
• 2. Is there an effect of area-level SES on health and education outcomes of children, both in social housing and not?
• 3. After adjustment for family poverty and other confounders, is there a relationship between placement of social housing in wealthier or poorer neighborhoods and the health and education outcomes of children living in social housing?

     

超重肥胖对儿童青少年生活质量的影响

目的了解超重肥胖对儿童青少年生活质量的影响,探讨改善超重肥胖儿童青少年生活质量的相关策略。方法分层整群抽取广州市区3所中小学1119名学生进行《儿童少年生活质量量表》的评定,同时按《全国学生体质健康监测检测细则》要求采集学生身体形态和体能素质数据;采用《中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查体重指数值分类标准》评定超重和肥胖。结果超重肥胖与非超重肥胖学生在自我满意、运动能力、其他3个维度上的差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05);超重肥胖男、女生自我概念维度得分差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其他各维度得分差异无统计学意义;超重肥胖中学生各维度得分均低于小学生,在亲子关系等8个维度得分差异均有统计学意义;生活质量得分低于常模的超重肥胖学生与生活质量正常的学生各维度得分的差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.01)。结论超重肥胖对中小学生、男女生生活质量的某些维度有一定的影响。干预时应采取有针对性策略。     

低出生体重学龄儿童智力发育状况研究

目的 了解6～12岁低出生体重(LBW)儿童智力发育状况,为采取相应的干预措施提供依据.方法 采用出生队列结合巢氏病例对照方法,按照1:1匹配原则,选取1994年6月-2000年6月在铜陵市妇幼保健院出生的单胎低出生体重儿童和足月正常出生体重(NBW)儿童各101名;采用问卷调查其人口统计学特征,运用中国韦氏智力量表(C-WICS)评价其智力商数(IQ).结果 6～12岁低出生体重儿童在学龄期的总智商低于正常出生体重儿童,两组分别为99.97±15.07,104.33±13.95,差异有统计学意义(P=0.038).LBW儿童操作智商低于NBW儿童,而在言语智商方面与NBW儿童差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).结论 对LBW儿童实施早期教育和智力开发与监测,将有利于加快LBW儿童的智力追赶发育.