面部皮肤缺损几何分解后局部皮瓣修复

目的：介绍面部皮肤缺损几何分解后联合多个或多种局部皮瓣修复的经验与体会。方法：在修复面部较大范围、形状不规则或跨越面部不同美容分区的皮肤软组织缺损时,根据创面的大小、形状、部位及周围皮肤松动情况,将创面进行几何分解成2个或2个以上的规则形状的缺损,分别以相应的局部皮瓣联合修复创面。结果：对64例患者进行手术,术后创面均Ⅰ期愈合,皮瓣成活良好。47例获随访3～12个月,修复皮瓣与周围皮肤组织的色泽、质地相近,切口瘢痕平软且较隐蔽,面部轮廓无明显牵拉影响。结论：采用将面部创面几何分解后联合多个或多种局部皮瓣修复的方法,可以获得满意的面部形态和美容修复效果。     

Suspension Sutures in Facial Reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Suspension, pexing, or tacking sutures were used in facial cosmetic surgery and have recently been used in facial reconstruction. OBJECTIVE: Suspension sutures are used to fix the closure line at the junction of cosmetic units, to prevent distortion of free margins secondary to wound contraction (e.g., ectropion or eclabium), to reform a fold that would be obliterated by the motion of tissue, and to prevent tenting across concavities. Although suspension sutures may help to reduce the spreading of scars in wounds closed under tension, they do not prevent some spreading. METHOD: The suturing technique requires a stable structure for attachment of the suspension sutures and lax tissue to advance into the wound. On the face, a stable base exists under junctions of cosmetic units along the orbital rim, zygomatic arch, nasal vestibule, and mental crease of the chin. When the deep roll of the needle includes superficial musculoaponeurotic system with the first segment or the pulling arm of the suspension suture, tissue advancement is obtained. The second or anchoring segment is placed with the needle encompassing a very tight arc traveling in a U-shaped pass into the fascia extending to the periosteum. CONCLUSION: Suspension sutures enable linear closures, prevent distortion of free margins, prevent tenting across concavities, and fix the closure line at the junction of cosmetic units. By redirecting tension, suspension sutures mold surface contours to mimic the natural folds and curves of the face. Judicious use of suspension sutures permits simpler aesthetic reconstructive procedures than might be achieved without their use. Suspension sutures used in this manner help to apply the theoretical concepts of facial reconstruction using facial cosmetic units by performing segmental facial reconstruction.     

局部皮瓣在口唇组织缺损修复中的应用

目的介绍口唇周围局部皮瓣在口唇部组织缺损修复中的应用,提供口唇部组织缺损性创面的修复方案。方法对2003年来我科用局部皮瓣修复的56例口唇组织缺损患者进行回顾性分析。56例患者缺损大小不一,分别采用交唇皮瓣、局部旋转、推进皮瓣等修复。结果 56例口唇组织缺损患者经不同局部皮瓣转移修复后,皮瓣全部成活,局部组织器官无明显变形,瘢痕不明显,效果满意。结论用局部皮瓣修复口唇组织缺损性创面,血供可靠、操作简单、继发畸形和瘢痕不明显,修复效果满意。     

皮下组织蒂岛状皮瓣在面部皮肤缺损修复中的应用

目的介绍皮下组织蒂岛状皮瓣在面部皮肤缺损中的应用。方法以面部皮下组织作为皮瓣的供血蒂,转移皮瓣修复面部缺损。皮瓣面积为1.0cm×1.0cm至3.0cm×4.0cm。结果本组25例患者,切口均Ⅰ期愈合,皮瓣全部成活,术后面部形态满意,术区平整,无"猫耳"畸形,切口瘢痕不明显。结论皮下组织蒂岛状皮瓣修复面部皮肤缺损可以达到良好的美学效果。     

The Use of Combined Nasolabial V-Y Advancement and Glabellar Flaps for Large Medial Canthal Defects

BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of the medial canthal area presents many challenges for surgeons. It has many functional and cosmetic peculiarities. The combined use of glabellar and nasolabial V-Y advancement flaps is an effective method for repairing large medial canthal defects. OBJECTIVE: To describe and illustrate a technique to repair medial canthal defects. METHODS: Our experience with combined usage of nasolabial V-Y flap and glabellar flaps for medial canthal closure after tumor resection in 23 patients is reported. RESULTS: All resections and reconstructive procedures were performed under local anesthesia. All patients were treated without any complications such as flap loss, wound dehiscence, lymphedema, or ectropion. Fine results were achieved from both the functional and aesthetic point of view. CONCLUSION: This combination has many advantages over skin grafts and other local flaps. It is easy to design, reliable, and offers good cosmetic results. This combination is recommended to plastic surgeons as a safe and effective procedure for reconstruction of medial the canthal area.     

Suspension Sutures Aid Facial Reconstruction

Background.  Suspension, pexing or tacking sutures, which have a long history of use in facial cosmetic surgery, have only recently begun use in reconstruction.
Objective.  In this study, the suspension suture was used to fix the closure line at the junction of cosmetic units, to prevent distortion of free margins secondary to wound contraction, eg, ectropion or eclabium, to prevent tenting across concavities, and to prevent scar spreading of wounds closed under tension. The acute complications and long-term effectiveness of this suturing technique in achieving the 4 desired results were evaluated.
Methods.  During a 10-year period, 136 cases of surgical defects of the face created by the removal of nonmelanoma skin cancer by Mohs micrographic surgery were repaired using absorbable suspension sutures. The wounds were evaluated initially for acute complications of hemorrhage, infection, dehiscence, and necrosis; and later over 3 years for chronic sequela of hypertrophic scar, spread scar, contraction deformities such as distortion of free margins, and pigmentary changes.
Results.  Suspension sutures were used in 60 cases of primary layered closure and 76 flaps of the face. Suspension sutures allowed primary closure of defects that would have required flaps in 72% of the cases and prevented distortion of free margins. There were more acute and long-term complications related to excess tension with primary closure than with flaps. Suspension sutures fixed the closure line at the junction of cosmetic units, prevented tenting across concavities, and both features were maintained over the duration of the study.
Conclusion.  Suspension sutures aided in obtaining linear closures, prevented distortion of free margins, prevented tenting across concavities, and fixed the closure line at the junction of cosmetic units; however, they did not prevent spread scars.     

Advancement Flaps: A Basic Theme with Many Variations

Background. The advancement flap involves the linear advancement of tissue in one direction. Despite its straightforwardness and simple concept, it can be used to close a variety of defects, ranging from small defects on the scalp or extremities to large, complicated defects involving cosmetic units on the face.
Objectives. To provide a basic and useful review for the indications, advantages, disadvantages, and techniques for the use of advancement flaps in the reconstruction of defects in dermatologic surgery.
Materials and Methods. We performed a literature search for articles discussing advancement flaps and compiled a brief review of our findings.
Results. The movement of the advancement flap must be balanced by the blood supply of the flap. The excision of Burow's triangles along various aspects of the advancement flap can increase movement and improve cosmesis of the flap. The types of advancement flaps discussed include the single advancement flap, double advancement flap, A-T flap (O-T flap), Burow's triangle flap (Burow's wedge flap), crescenteric advancement flap, island pedicle flap (V-Y flap), helical rim advancement flap, and facelift flap.
Conclusion. Advancement flaps are versatile and useful basic flaps for repairing defects.     

Repair of Large Defects in the Forehead Using a Median Forehead Rotation Flap and Advancement Lateral U-Shaped Flap

BACKGROUND: The forehead is a large and highly expressive and dynamic cosmetic unit. Most forehead defects that cannot be closed primarily are reconstructed with laterally based advancement flaps. OBJECTIVE: A combination of median forehead rotation flap and advancement lateral U-shaped flap for repair of medium- to-large-size defects in paramedian and lateral forehead is described. METHODS: Technically, the design of median forehead rotation flap based on supratrochlear vessels used here is similar to the median forehead transposition flap used to reconstruct large defects of the nasal dorsum. The length and the movement of the flap are much smaller in this case. Approximately 2/3 of the closure of the defect is achieved by displacing the median forehead flap while the remaining 1/3 corresponds to the advancement of the lateral U-shaped flap. RESULTS: The flaps are simple to perform, have minimal complications, and have good cosmetic results. A representative case is presented with photographs. CONCLUSION: For selected medium- to large-size horizontal defects in the paramedian and the lateral forehead, the combination of a median forehead rotation flap and an advancement lateral U-shaped flap offers a simple, visually pleasing repair that preserves the forehead architecture.     

Subcutaneous island pedicle flap: variations and versatility for facial reconstruction

PURPOSE: Reconstruction of facial skin defects may be a clinical challenge in respect to esthetic considerations, and the V-Y advancement island pedicle flap has been a versatile and reliable method. Besides the V-Y flap, this article is to introduce the variations of subcutaneous island pedicle flaps and their versatility for facial reconstruction. METHODS: From August 1994 to August 2005, 179 cases of medium-sized facial skin defects within 1 cosmetic unit were reconstructed with the variations of island pedicle flaps, and the length and width of the defects following removal of lesion ranged from 1.2 cm x 0.8 cm to 6.2 cm x 5.4 cm. RESULTS: Ninety-nine facial defects all over the face were reconstructed with the V-Y flaps, and the traditional and modified transposition island pedicle flaps were used to reconstruct 80 cases of relatively larger width of defects in the nose, lip, and upper cheek, especially in the young patients. Through careful planning and implementation, all flaps survived with primary healing postoperatively. With a follow-up from 6 to 30 months, well-concealed, soft, flat scars, together with good matching of the recipient sites and the flaps, were recorded. Patients and surgeons judged final overall outcome as excellent or good in 94.4% and 92.2% of evaluated patients, respectively. The main complications included visible trapdoor deformation in 9 patients, bulky flap pedicle in 8 patients, and low-grade ectropion of lower eyelid in a young boy, which all were readily revised at the second stage. Temporary alteration of sensation in the flap skin was another possible complication but usually improved with time. CONCLUSIONS: Variations of subcutaneous island pedicle flaps can be designed and may be versatile and reliable methods for esthetic reconstruction of medium-sized facial defects.     

A Case of Postmastectomy Defect Reconstructed Using a Laterothoracic Bilaterally Pedicled V-Y Advancement Flap

BACKGROUND: The reconstruction of major defects of the trunk is generally achieved by means of pedicled or free musculocutaneous flaps, but for less extensive defects, local flaps or skin grafts are currently used. The bilaterally pedicled V-Y advancement flap differs from the traditional V-Y advancement flap and was described for soft tissue reconstruction in the face. In our unit, the bilaterally pedicled V-Y advancement flap is the most used local flap for face reconstruction, and our aim was to use it in a different location. METHODS: In this case report we present a postmastectomy defect reconstructed with good results using the bilaterally pedicled V-Y advancement flap. RESULTS: The flap healed without further problems, and a good aesthetic result was obtained. CONCLUSION: The bilaterally pedicled V-Y advancement flap is reliable and easy to harvest, and not only for face reconstruction. Its versatility and plasticity allow its use for the reconstruction of many defects at varying locations.     

Adjacent-Tissue Skin Grafts for Reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Large defects not easily repaired with local flaps and defects near anatomic free margins or crossing anatomic units present unique challenges for reconstruction. Cosmetic results of full-thickness skin grafts may appear unsatisfactory owing to differences in color, texture, and thickness between donor and recipient sites. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to describe a skin-graft reconstructive method that better approximates skin characteristics between donor and recipient sites while following other criteria to improve the final aesthetic and functional result. METHODS: Careful evaluation of the tissue surrounding a surgical defect determines tissue laxity available for skin grafting and whether the defect crosses anatomic units or may distort anatomic free margins or landmarks. Through partial closure of the large surgical defect, preferably within cosmetic units, a tricone is created large enough to graft the remaining wound. RESULTS: Creating smaller wounds within cosmetic units or subunits, there is less chance of distortion of nearby anatomic free margins or landmarks. Skin grafting is accomplished with tissue of similar color, texture, and thickness CONCLUSION: Adjacent-tissue skin grafts provide a suitable reconstruction option for surgical defects too large for simpler repair or defects crossing cosmetic units or near free margins. This procedure permits repair with a full-thickness skin graft of more similar skin characteristics to the recipient site.     

颞部及耳前SMAS蒂皮瓣在眼周皮肤缺损修复中的应用

目的：探讨颞部及耳前表浅肌肉筋膜（SMAS）蒂皮瓣在眼周皮肤软组织缺损修复中的应用。方法：根据眼周缺损皮肤形状及面积大小沿同侧颞部及耳前设计以SMAS为蒂的皮瓣,用于眼周皮肤软组织缺损的修复,最大皮瓣8.5cm×4.3cm。结果：8例眼周皮肤缺损病人应用同侧SMAS蒂皮瓣修复创面,术后皮瓣全部成活,经6个月～2年随访,发现皮瓣与周围皮肤组织在色泽、质地、轮廓等方面较匹配,切口瘢痕平软而且较隐蔽。面部的轮廓及视觉效果良好,其形态及美学效果均满意。结论：颞部、耳前SMAS蒂皮瓣在设计上遵循了面部分区原则,而且血供丰富,手术简单易行,是较大面积眼周皮肤缺损创面修复的理想选择。     

Modified Purse-String Closure for Reconstruction of Moderate/Large Surgical Defects of the Face

Background.  Large surgical defects of the face can often be difficult to repair. Extensive adjacent tissue transfer may be necessary and may result in significant scars and possible flap compromise. Often there may be less donor tissue available than is necessary to achieve closure. The alternative is a split-thickness skin graft, which often has a poor cosmetic outcome with poor color match and contour irregularities.
Objective.  A novel approach to closing large surgical defects of the face is described. This relies on a combination of side-to-side bilateral advancement and circumferential tissue recruitment utilizing the purse-string suture.
Methods.  Report of illustrated cases.
Results.  A 3.5 × 5.5 cm preauricular cheek defect, which could not be closed primarily side-to-side, was successfully completely closed in a curvilinear fashion by implementing both side-to-side bilateral advancement and circumferential tissue recruitment. A 3.8 × 5.5 cm cheek defect and a 6.0 × 8.0 cm temple defect were significantly decreased by using the modified purse-string closure. Healing by second intention in these two cases provided an excellent cosmetic result.
Conclusion.  The use of the purse-string closure utilizing circumferential tissue recruitment in combination with side-to-side bilateral adjacent tissue transfer allows seemingly large facial defects to be closed or significantly reduced in size. Such closure is evident even in cases where poor skin laxity and size of the defect would not appear to allow this. The modified purse string closure can result in an excellent cosmetic outcome.     

Total mandibular reconstruction using four free flap transfers in a patient with large mandibular osteosarcoma

Mandibular reconstructions with composite defects are complex procedures that aim to achieve soft tissue closure, bony support and to restore facial contours. When large defects are present, multiple flaps may be required for optimal aesthetic and functional outcomes. Facial reconstruction using multiple flaps has been described. In 1993, Sanger et al. reported the use of three free flaps in a patient with osteoradionecrosis of the mandible. However, the feasibility of using more than three free flaps in a mandibular reconstruction remained to be determined. In this report, we describe the use of bilateral deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) iliac crest flaps and two radial forearm free flaps for the mandibular reconstruction in a 19-year-old male with radical excision of mandibular osteosarcoma and total mandibulectomy. Level of Evidence: Level V, therapeutic study.     

Rotation Flaps

Background. Rotation flaps are arcuate repairs that redistribute tension vectors and recruit adjacent and/or distant tissue laxity. Rotation allows for the closure of wounds that cannot be repaired along a single tension vector. A rich and evolving literature details the evolution of rotation as an elegant method of repair for surgical wounds.
Objective. The goal of this article is to understand the basic principles and proper execution of tissue rotation for the repair of facial operative wounds, with special attention given to the concept of pivotal restraint and with a step-by-step regional approach.
Methods and Materials. A review of the literature of dermatologic surgery, plastic surgery, and otolaryngology leads to a detailed understanding of rotation flap design and execution.
Results. Proper rotation flap design allows for the closure of large and complex wounds that will not close along one motion while minimizing tension vectors that affect adjacent free margins.
Conclusions. The concept and execution of rotation are integral to the practice of dermatologic surgery. Proper design and undermining are essential to create an adequately sized flap and to free pivotal restraint to facilitate wound closure. In many cases, the arc of a rotation flap may be hidden within a natural cosmetic boundary, allowing for an elegant and minimally visible reconstruction.     

应用多个扩张器修复面颈部瘢痕

目的 应用皮肤扩张术修复面颈部瘢痕。方法 １９９１年月～１９９５年１月应用多个扩张器置入面颈部正常皮肤下，扩张后修复面颈部瘢痕切除后创面１６例。采用的扩张器大小及数量根据瘢痕所在部位不同有所差别，修复面颈部１ｃｍ＾２创面需要扩张器容量５～６ｍｌ，同时切口线的设计应尽量在隐蔽处且顺皮纹，如息唇钩、下颌缘。面、颈部皮瓣的设计不同，面部多采用直接推进皮瓣修复，颈部多采用异位皮瓣修复。转移后皮瓣最好有一定     

Nasal alar reconstruction with an ear helix free flap

Reconstruction of full-thickness defects of the nasal alae has always been a challenge. Local flaps are commonly used but often result in facial scars and bulky alae that require secondary revisions. The structural similarities between the nasal alae and auricular helices have allowed the use of free helical composite grafts to repair small nasal defects of less than 2.0 cm. Recent delineation of vascular territories of the ear has allowed the use of vascularized helical free flaps in the repair of large alar defects. Successful reconstruction of a 3.2 cm x 3.0 cm full-thickness alar defect, with a chondrocutaneous microsurgical free flap from the root of the auricular helix, is presented. The reconstruction was satisfactory as to contour, symmetry, and color match over a one year follow-up.     

Transposition movement of V-Y flaps for facial reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: The V-Y advancement flap has been widely used for the reconstruction of cutaneous defects for decades; however, the movement of a V-Y flap is sometimes limited, allowing only for rotation or advancement movement. To overcome this limitation, the present study introduces a transposition movement of the V-Y flap and assesses its clinical outcome for facial reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A modified V-Y flap was designed with a single laterally based pedicle and transferred to the defect through a transposition movement. The transposition movement was demonstrated with photographs and the clinical outcome was described in six patients. RESULTS: This modified V-Y flap was reliable and robust, and could be moved easily with less tension. Meanwhile, the flap allowed for a primary closure of the defects along the nasolabial fold or preauricular crease. More importantly, all six patients achieved satisfactory functional and cosmetic outcomes in facial reconstruction. Temporary sensory alteration was common in the flap skin during the initial postoperative period, but improved as time passed and disappeared about 6 months later. CONCLUSION: This modified transposition V-Y flap may serve as an alternative option for aesthetic reconstruction of facial defects.     

Reconstruction of facial burn sequelae utilizing tissue expanders with embodiment injection site: case report

Although highly specialized burn centers have significantly reduced mortality rates following extensive total body surface area burns, survivors are often left with grotesque facial disfigurement. Hypertrophic scars and tissue defects are the most common cause of functional and aesthetic problems in the head and neck region. Plastic surgeons use full-thickness or split-thickness skin grafts, pedicled flaps, free flaps, transplantation of bone or cartilage and tissue expansion. The authors present a case of a patient who suffered from third-degree flame burns to the face. Prior skin grafting procedures left him with severe scar deformity of the face. The patient was treated utilizing multiple tissue expansion. Facial animation has retained and facial integrity has been aesthetically restored and, with the use of make-up, it is near normal in social settings at conversational distances. The tissue expansion technique is advantageous in facial reconstruction because it makes it possible to resurface even wider defects with neighboring skin, similar in colour and texture, and superior to skin obtained elsewhere.