乳腺癌中的嘧啶核苷磷酸化酶及血管内皮细胞生长因子

乳腺癌是我国女性常见的一种恶性肿瘤，研究乳腺癌中嘧啶核苷磷酸化酶与血管内皮细胞生长因子在乳腺癌血管生成中的作用及意义，阐明乳腺癌的增生、发展与嘧啶核苷磷酸化酶与血管内皮细胞生长因子在乳腺癌血管生成中的作用及意义，阐明乳腺癌的增生、发展与嘧啶核苷磷酸化酶和血管内皮细胞生长因子的关系。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子mRNA在门脉高压脾脏中的表达

目的 了解血管内皮细胞生长因子mRNA在门脉高压脾脏中的表达。方法 逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测20例门脉高压小鼠脾脏VEGFmRNA表达。结果 有18例巨脾组织表达VEGF mRNA,表达率为90％;2例无表达。对照组为零。两组间有显著差异(p<0.01).结论 VEGF在门脉高压所致的脾肿大中起重要作用,通过诱导内皮细胞通透性和内皮细胞的增生,促进脾脏的肿大。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子及临床应用策略

血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF)是一种特异作用于血管内皮细胞的多功能细胞因子 ,它能引起血管通透性增加 ,引起细胞外基质成分改变 ,诱导血管形成。在炎症、创伤愈合、心脏缺血、动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病性视网膜病变及肿瘤形成等与血管生成和病变有关的诸多病理过程中起重要作用。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子在心梗模型治疗中的形态学观察

目的:探讨VEGF在实验性心肌梗塞中促血管生成的形态学依据和作用机理。方法:结扎30只家兔左冠状动脉的前降支,造成实验性心肌梗塞。15支兔作为实验组,在梗塞区内注射VEGF;其余15只兔作为对照组,仅作前降支单纯性结扎。两组动物分别于结扎后1,2,4周处死,利用组织切片染色法,观察梗塞区血管的生成与重建及相关的病理学变化。结果:实验组梗塞区内,可见许多呈岛状存活的心肌组织,对照组则极为少见。术后2周为血管形成的高峰期,实验组梗塞区内新生血管的数量和密度明显高于对照组,两组具有极为显著性差异(血管密度实验组为24.19±0.77条/4×10倍,对照组为1.01±0.21条/4×10倍)。结论:VEGF对急性实验性心肌梗塞后的血管形成及心肌组织存活具有明显的促进作用。     

转化生长因子β1及血管内皮细胞因子在颈椎病椎体软骨终板中的表达变化

目的：研究TGF-β1、VEGF在终板软骨细胞中的表达，探讨椎间盘退变的发病机理。方法：应用免疫组化SP染色法检测TGF-β1、VEGF在15例颈椎病及13例正常椎体软骨终板中的表达，并对其阳性表达结果进行比较。结果：TGF-β1在正常终板软骨细胞表达的阳性细胞数为39．0％±1．96％，与颈椎病终板软骨细胞表达的阳性细胞数28．2％±2．18％相比，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。VEGF在正常的终板软骨细胞表达的阳性细胞数为22．2％±2．13％，与颈椎病终板软骨细胞表达阳性细胞数14．3％±1．68％相比，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：TGF-β1和VEGF共同参与了椎间盘退变的形成和发展，在椎间盘退变的发病中可能起重要的作用。调节细胞因子（TGF-β1、VEGF）在终板软骨细胞中的表达，可能为椎间盘退变的治疗提供一种新的途径。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子受体KDR胞外配基结合区单抗对内皮细胞增殖及血管形成的抑制

目的　研制能封闭血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)受体KDR的单克隆抗体 (McAb) ,探讨其抑制VEGF诱导的体内外活性。方法　以原核表达的KDRⅠ～Ⅳ区融合蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,用杂交瘤技术制备抗KDRⅠ～Ⅳ的McAb ,并用免疫双扩、ELISA和Western免疫印迹鉴定其亚类和抗原结合特异性 ,用VEGF刺激内皮细胞增殖及鸡胚血管形成实验检测该抗体的中和活性。结果　通过筛选和鉴定获得了 2株KDRⅠ～Ⅳ区McAbs(3G9、1E4) ,其分泌抗体亚类分别为IgG1和IgM。 2株McAb均能明显抑制VEGF诱导的内皮细胞 (EC)增殖 ,经纯化的McAb 3G9能明显抑制经VEGF刺激的鸡胚血管形成。结论　KDRⅠ～Ⅳ区McAb可能通过封闭内源性KDR而抑制VEGF活性 ,McAb 3G9具有潜在治疗肿瘤的应用前景。     

乳腺癌组织中VEGF的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨乳腺癌组织中血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的表达及其临床病理意义。方法：采用快捷免疫组化MaxVisionTM法，对68例乳腺癌组织和22例乳腺良性病变组织中VEGF的表达进行检测，结合临床及病理形态学资料进行统计分析。结果：VEGF的阳性表达率为乳腺癌42．6，乳腺良性病变组织中为5．02，两者比较，差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。VEGF的表达与乳腺癌患者年龄、肿瘤大小及组织学分型无关，而与乳腺癌组织学分级、临床分期和腋窝淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）。结论：VEGF可能与乳腺癌的进展、转移及预后有关，作为独立的指标对判定预后和制定治疗方案具有参考意义。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子及其受体2在慢性砷染毒大鼠睾丸中的表达及其意义*

目的：研究血管内皮细胞生长因子（ VEGF）及其受体2（ VEGFR2）在慢性砷中毒大鼠睾丸中的表达及意义。 方法：健康清洁级雄性SD大鼠随机分为高、中、低剂量砷染毒组和对照（ 蒸馏水）组,采用经口自由饮用方式 进行染毒,连续染毒6 个月。H-E 染色观察睾丸一般形态学变化,免疫荧光化学法对睾丸组织VEGF 和VEGFR2 的表达进行定位,采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测睾丸组织VEGF 和VEGFR2 的mRNA表达变化,流式细胞术观 察精子的凋亡率。结果：与对照组比较,中、高剂量砷组大鼠体质量明显降低,睾丸组织质量也明显降低,而低 剂量砷组大鼠体质量、睾丸质量、睾丸脏器系数差异无统计学意义。对照组睾丸结构正常,染砷组大鼠睾丸组织 上皮结构疏松,层次排列紊乱,层次逐渐减少,精原细胞出现空泡样改变,睾丸间质充血、渗出等,尤其中、高 剂量砷组有较明显的变化。与对照组比较,各染毒组VEGF 和VEGFR2 的mRNA表达水平均较低,砷染毒组大鼠 精子凋亡率较高,差异均有统计学意义。结论：慢性砷中毒时,VEGF 可能通过旁分泌- 自分泌的方式参与调控 大鼠睾丸的功能,VEGF 及其受体2 在砷中毒大鼠精子发生和发育过程中起重要作用。     

血清学及胎盘上血管内皮细胞生长因子表达与子痫前期的相关性

目的研究子痫前期患者血清和胎盘组织中VEGF的表达情况。方法血清VEGF测定采ELISA法,采用SP免疫组化法检测VEGF石蜡包埋的胎盘组织,切片,HE染色,光镜观察。将制好切片置显微镜下观察。结果判定：每张切片至少观察10个高倍视野,观测胎盘绒毛滋养细胞及间质细胞VEGF的表达。结果子痫前期患者血清和胎盘组织中VEGF的表达均明显的低于对照组（P〈0.05）,且与疾病的严重程度相一致。结论 VEGF可能通过直接或者间接途径影响滋养细胞的侵袭能力,参与子痫前期的发生发展,研究VEGF可能为子痫前期的早期诊断和治疗提供新的方法。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子与实体肿瘤

血管内皮细胞生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ）具有选择性促血管内皮细胞生长和增强血管渗透性的作用，在多种实体肿瘤中有高水平合成，并与肿瘤的分级和转移相关，ＶＥＧＦ受体主要表达于血管内皮细胞，通过干预ＶＥＧＦ及其受体抑制肿瘤血管形成是阻遏肿瘤生长和转移的重要策略     

Vascular endothelial growth factor in tumor tissue and blood serum from patients with breast cancer

Enzyme immunoassay showed that the content of free vascular endothelial growth factor increases in tumor cytosols and blood serum from patients with breast cancer. A positive correlation was found between the contents of vascular endothelial growth factor in tumor cytosols and blood serum. After removal of the tumor the content of vascular endothelial growth factor decreased only in 49% patients. It should be emphasized that changes in these parameters did not depend on their initial values.     

血管内皮生长因子C在人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231中的表达

目的：研究血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)在人乳腺癌细胞中的体外表达情况，探讨其在肿瘤发生、发展中的作用。方法：运用半定量RT—PCR和免疫组织化学的方法分别检测了VEGF-CmRNA和VEGF-C在人乳腺癌细胞株MDA—MB-231中的表达。结果：半定量RT-CR检测到VEGF-CmRNA以较高水平表达，免疫组化结果显示MDA—MB-231细胞的胞浆中有棕黄色阳性颗粒，而阴性对照细胞的胞浆中则均无阳性颗粒。结论：人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231细胞在体外能够转录VEGF—CmRNA并翻译合成相应的蛋白。     

Role of vascular endothelial growth factor during breast cancer

We review the results of experimental and clinical observations on neoangiogenesis in patients with breast cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important positive regulator of this process. Experiments showed the possibility of using various direct and indirect antiangiogenic means in the therapy of breast cancer, but clinical efficiency of these methods was not proved. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor can serve as a prognostic criterion in breast cancer. Antiangiogenic preparations should not be used as monotherapy, but as the treatment complementary to standard therapy.     

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2 in invasive breast carcinoma: prognostic significance and relationship with markers for aggressiveness

Dhakal H P, Naume B, Synnestvedt M, Borgen E, Kaaresen R, Schlichting E, Wiedswang G, Bassarova A, Holm R, Giercksky K‐E & Nesland J M
(2012) Histopathology  61, 350–364 Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2 in invasive breast carcinoma: prognostic significance and relationship with markers for aggressiveness Aims: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR‐1) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR‐2) play a role in breast cancer growth and angiogenesis. We examined the expression and relationship with clinical outcome and other prognostic factors. Methods and results: Tumour sections from 468 breast cancer patients were immunostained for VEGF, VEGFR‐1, and VEGFR‐2, and their relationships with tumour vascularity, disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) in bone marrow and other clinicopathological parameters were evaluated. VEGF, VEGFR‐1 and VEGFR‐2 immunoreactivities were observed in invasive breast carcinoma cells. VEGF expression was significantly associated with VEGFR‐1 and VEGFR‐2 expression (P < 0.001). High‐level cytoplasmic expression of VEGFR‐1 was associated with significantly reduced distant disease‐free survival (DDFS) (P = 0.017, log‐rank) and breast cancer‐specific survival (BCSS) (P = 0.005, log‐rank) for all patients, and for node‐negative patients without systemic treatment (DDFS, P = 0.03, log‐rank; BCSS, P = 0.009, log‐rank). VEGFR‐1 expression was significantly associated with histopathological markers of aggressiveness (P < 0.05). Significantly reduced survival was observed in DTC‐positive patients as compared with DTC‐negative patients in the combined moderate/high VEGFR‐1 group (P < 0.001 for DDFS and BCSS), and the same was true for DDFS in the moderate VEGFR‐2 group (P = 0.006). Conclusions: High‐level expression of VEGFR‐1 indicates reduced survival. Higher‐level expression of VEGFR‐1 or VEGFR‐2 in primary breast carcinomas combined with the presence of DTC selects a prognostically unfavourable patient group.     

甲状腺癌组织中VEGF和VEGF-C的表达及意义

目的　探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、VEGF- C在甲状腺癌中的表达及其意义。方法　应用免疫组化S P法检测44例甲状腺癌中VEGF、VEGF C的表达情况,并以17例癌旁正常甲状腺组织作对照。结果　VEGF、VEGF- C在甲状腺癌中呈高水平表达(88. 6%、81. 8% )。VEGF表达随癌组织分化程度的减低而增高, 9例死亡病例均为阳性表达;VEGF- C表达随癌组织分化程度的减低而减低,乳头状癌阳性表达(88 .9% )高于其它类型,VEGF- C阳性率在有淋巴结转移组(92. 0% )明显高于无淋巴结转移组(68. 4% ) (P<0. 05)。9例死亡病例中7例为阳性表达,且7例同时VEGF呈阳性表达。结论　VEGF、VEGF- C表达与甲状腺癌病理分型及预后可能有一定关系,VEGF- C与甲状腺癌淋巴结转移密切相关。     

血管内皮生长因子及其受体在子宫内膜异位症中的表达和意义

目的:研究血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)及其受体(Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor1,VEGFR1)在子宫内膜异位症(内异症)患者子宫在位内膜、异位内膜及正常对照组内膜组织中的表达,探讨其在子宫内膜异位症中的作用机制.方法:采用免疫组织化学及Western blot方法检测34例异位症患者在位内膜、异位内膜(内异症组)及34例正常内膜(对照组)组织中VEGF及其受体VEGFR1蛋白的定位及表达.结果:异症组在位及异位子宫内膜组织腺上皮细胞及间质细胞中均有VEGF及VEGFR1蛋白表达,且均高于同期对照组内膜,差异有统计学意义;对照组分泌期内膜VEGF及VEGFR1蛋白表达高于增生期,呈现周期性变化,而内异症组在位及异位内膜VEGF及VEGFR1蛋白表达失去周期性变化,分泌期与增生期均高表达,差异无统计学意义.Western blot检测结果与免疫组化结果一致.结论:内异症患者在位及异位内膜组织中VEGF、VEGFR1蛋白高表达可能与内异症的发生发展有关.     

乙酰肝素酶、肝细胞生长因子和血管内皮生长因子在非小细胞肺癌组织中的表达及其相关性

目的:研究乙酰肝素酶(HPA)、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)组织中的表达及其与临床特征之间的关系;并分析三者表达的相关性。方法:采用免疫组织化学检测45例非小细胞肺癌组织及10例正常组织中HPA、HGF及VEGF的表达水平。结果:非小细胞肺癌组织中HPA、VEGF的表达与正常组织表达、TNM分期有关。HGF的表达与正常组织的表达有关。三者中任意两者间在非小细胞肺癌组织中的表达均呈正相关性。结论:HPA、HGF与VEGF参与了非小细胞肺癌的发生、发展、浸润与转移;在非小细胞肺癌的发展过程中,三者之间可能存在协同作用。     

Pathological significance of vascular endothelial growth factor A isoform expression in human cancer

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a highly specific factor for vascular endothelial cells. Five VEGF-A isoforms (splice variants 121, 145, 165, 189 and 206) are generated as a result of alternative splicing from a single VEGF-A gene. These differ in their molecular weights and in biological properties such as their ability to bind to cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Deregulated VEGF-A expression contributes to the development of solid tumors by promoting tumor angiogenesis. More specifically, VEGF-A189 expression is related to angiogenesis and prognosis in certain human solid tumors. VEGF-A189 expression is also related to the xenotransplantability of human cancers into immunodeficient mice in vivo. Consequently, inhibition of VEGF-A or VEGF-A189 signaling regulates the development and metastasis of a variety of tumors. This review focuses on recent studies of the mechanisms by which VEGF-A regulates angiogenesis in the cancer stroma and on our recent findings concerning the potential mechanisms of VEGF-A189 expression on tumor growth and metastasis.     

Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis

Introduction

The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in osteoporosis has not yet been clearly established. Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important part of bone formation. In the literature, although the effects of VEGF on bone metabolism were investigated by different studies, there are very rare studies analysing the association between osteoporosis and VEGF. In the present study, our objective was to investigate serum VEGF concentrations in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) and the correlation of serum VEGF levels and bone mineral density (BMD).

Material and methods

This study was performed on 35 PMO patients, and 30 age-matched healthy controls. Serum VEGF concentrations were measured using a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique according to the manufacturer''s instructions. Bone mineral density values were determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).

Results

Serum VEGF concentrations were statistically significantly lower in PMO patients than in controls (150 ±65 pg/ml, 260 ±135 pg/ml respectively; p = 0.005). A positive correlation was found between serum VEGF concentrations and BMD values (r = 0.63, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations were decreased in PMO patients and VEGF may play an important role in bone health.     

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and its receptor in invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast

Invasion to lymphatic vessels and metastasis to lymph nodes are frequent complications in invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) of human breast cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and its receptor, VEGFR-3 have been implicated as the important factors in the formation of lymphatic vessels and recent experimental evidence strongly suggests that lymphangiogenesis in tumor promotes lymphatic metastasis. To clarify the mechanism of its occurrence, the expression of VEGF-C, VEGFR-3 and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was examined in 40 cases of IMPC (pure and mixed type) and in 40 cases of pseudo-IMPC. Cytoplasmic expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 were more frequent in tumor cells of IMPC compared to those of pseudo-IMPC. A significant positive correlation was found between the expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in both IMPC and pseudo-IMPC. The expression of VEGF-C was also significantly associated with higher peritumoral LVD, lymphatic invasion and number of lymph node metastasis in IMPC. These findings suggest that VEGF-C promotes the proliferation of peritumoral lymphatic vessels and that lymphatic invasion and metastasis to lymph nodes are frequently induced in IMPC of breast.