依那普利对自发性高血压大鼠心肌ACE和ACE2表达的影响

 目的 观察自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneously hypertensive rats, SHR)心肌的血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE)和ACE2的表达,以及依那普利干预的影响。方法 将15只SHR随机分为2组：SHR对照组(n=7)和依那普利组(n=8),分别给以安慰剂、依那普利15mg.kg-1.d-1灌胃干预4周。干预结束后处死大鼠,分离左心室,行RT-PCR、western blot蛋白质免疫印迹检测。同步取10只WKY大鼠作为正常血压对照组。结果SHR心肌的ACE的mRNA和蛋白质的表达都显著高于)WKY组(1.68±0.34 vs 0.33±0.12, P＜0.05;1.21±0.14 vs 0.71±0.11, P＜0.05),而ACE2 的mRNA和蛋白质表达皆明显低于WKY组(0.50±0.15 vs 1.16±0.24, P＜0.05; 0.71±0.24 vs 1.22±0.14, P＜0.05)。依那普利明显降低ACE的mRNA和蛋白质表达(0.44±0.19 vs 1.68±0.34, P＜0.01; 0.87±0.13 vs 1.21±0.14, P＜0.05),提升ACE2的mRNA表达(1.77±0.49 vs 0.50±0.15, P＜0.05),对ACE2的蛋白表达无明显影响(0.42±0.22 vs 0.71±0.24, P＞0.05)。结论 SHR心肌ACE明显升高,ACE2显著降低,有利于血压上调。依那普利能降低ACE,提升ACE2,可能是血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ACEI)的降压机制之一。     

ACE/ACE2在AGT-REN双转基因高血压小鼠肾组织的表达变化及意义

目的: 观察血管紧张素原(AGT)-肾素(REN)双转基因高血压小鼠肾脏组织病理改变及血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)/血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)的表达变化,探讨ACE和ACE2在高血压肾损伤中的作用。方法: 实验分为4组,随机选择10月龄野生型、AGT转基因、REN转基因以及AGT-REN双转基因雄性C57小鼠各6只。每组动物颈动脉插管检测平均动脉压(MAP),1 h后处死小鼠;左侧肾脏置于10%中性甲醛固定,常规HE染色方法观察肾脏组织病理改变,免疫组化法观察肾脏ACE及ACE2的表达变化;右侧肾脏取出后放入蛋白裂解液中,提取蛋白,进行Western blotting实验,观察肾组织中ACE和ACE2蛋白表达。结果: 与野生型小鼠相比,AGT转基因小鼠MAP无明显变化(P>0.05),REN转基因小鼠MAP降低约15 mmHg(P<0.05);AGT-REN双转基因小鼠MAP明显升高约30 mmHg(P<0.05)。与野生型小鼠相比,AGT转基因和REN转基因小鼠肾组织未见明显病理改变,AGT-REN双转基因小鼠肾组织可见肾小动脉内膜及管壁显著增厚、管腔狭窄、纤维素样坏死、玻璃样变等典型恶性高血压肾损伤病理改变。免疫组化结果显示,与野生型小鼠相比,AGT转基因和REN转基因小鼠肾组织ACE和ACE2表达无明显差异(P>0.05),AGT-REN双转基因鼠肾组织ACE表达明显增高(P<0.05),而ACE2表达明显降低(P<0.05)。Western blotting结果显示:与野生型小鼠相比,AGT转基因鼠肾组织ACE和ACE2表达无明显变化;REN转基因鼠肾组织ACE表达无明显变化,ACE2表达稍降低(P<0.05);双转基因鼠肾组织ACE蛋白表达明显增强, ACE2蛋白表达水平显著降低,ACE/ACE2表达显著失衡。结论: AGT-REN双转基因可致小鼠恶性高血压,导致肾脏严重损伤;ACE/ACE2的表达失衡与血压改变密切相关,降低ACE或提高ACE2的表达可能对防治高血压具有重要意义。     

ACE2及其特殊功能

血管紧张素转换酶2(angiotensin-converting enzyme 2,ACE2)是新发现的与血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)相关的羧肽酶,在肾素-血管紧张素系统(rennin-angiotensin system,RAS)中ACE2可以使AngⅡ转换为Ang1-7,从而产生与血管紧张素Ⅱ相反的效应,同时ACE2还可使AngⅠ转换为Ang1-9 .研究发现:ACE2与高血压、SARS以及肾脏、生殖等系统的疾病有着密切的关系.     

脑内ACE2基因过表达对高血压前期大鼠血压进展和氧化应激的影响

目的:观察下丘脑室旁核内血管紧张素转换酶2(angiotension-converting enzyme 2,ACE2)基因过表达对高血压前期大鼠血压进展和中枢氧化应激的影响,并探讨ACE2基因中枢降压的分子机制.方法:ACE2基因以慢病毒为载体,载体上携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluore...     

小鼠止血带休克后肾组织ACE/ACE2表达变化及意义

目的: 通过观察小鼠止血带休克(TS)后,不同时点血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)和血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)在肾脏的表达变化与肾损伤程度的关系,探讨ACE/ACE2表达失衡在TS后肾损伤中的作用。方法: 复制小鼠TS模型,Western blotting测肢体缺血再灌注后12 h内肾组织ACE和ACE2蛋白的表达;利用化学比色方法测定血清和肾组织丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;制作肾病理切片,观察肾组织形态变化,并利用免疫组织化学方法观察ACE和ACE2的表达部位。结果: Western blotting结果显示,各时点与对照组比较,TS后ACE表达升高,ACE2表达降低;与对照组比较血清和肾MDA水平增高(P<0.05),SOD活性降低(P<0.05);HE病理切片显示,TS后各时点肾组织有充血、炎细胞浸润等不同程度损伤;免疫组化结果显示,ACE在肾小管上皮细胞胞浆表达,TS后表达明显增强;ACE2主要在肾小管上皮细胞管腔膜表达,TS后表达明显降低。结论: TS后肾组织ACE表达升高,ACE2表达降低,ACE/ACE2表达失衡可能与肾损伤有关。     

血清ACE2水平在冠心病发生发展中的变化

目的:通过检测血清血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)水平,分析ACE2与冠心病(CHD)不同病程之间的相关性,探讨其在CHD发生发展中的变化规律。方法:选取非CHD对照组样本85例,CHD样本174例,并按照冠状动脉狭窄严重程度分成轻度(50%)狭窄组(ls-CHD组)、中度(50%~75%)狭窄组(ms-CHD组)和严重(≥75%)狭窄组(ss-CHD组)。通过ELISA检测所有样本血清中ACE2水平,统计分析CHD不同病程下的ACE2水平,从而探讨血清ACE2水平与CHD发生发展间的关系。结果:ls-CHD、ms-CHD和ss-CHD组血清ACE2水平均高于非CHD组,并且随着冠状动脉狭窄严重程度的加深而上升。男性血清ACE2水平要比女性的高。单一性别内,ls-CHD、ms-CHD和ss-CHD组血清ACE2水平均高于非CHD组,并有显著性差异。回归分析发现性别、糖尿病、CHD与血清ACE2水平相关,并且性别和CHD是血清ACE2水平的独立影响因素。结论:男性血清ACE2水平高于女性;与非CHD患者相比,CHD患者血清ACE2水平升高;在CHD发生发展过程中,血清ACE2水平随CHD病情的恶化而持续升高。     

模拟高原缺氧不依赖肺动脉高压促进大鼠右心室ACE2的表达

目的： 研究模拟高原缺氧环境下大鼠心脏血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）的变化规律及调节因素,初步探讨ACE2与高原心脏病的关系。 方法： 在低氧环境（模拟海拔5 000 m高原、23 h/d）下饲养成年雄性 Sprague Dawley（SD）大鼠,并分为缺氧1、15、30 d组,设立平原对照组;检测各组大鼠右心室ACE2活性,同时测定右心室功能、重量指数以及肺动脉压力变化。在此基础上,我们观察了卡托普利、尼群地平灌胃对慢性缺氧30 d组大鼠右心室ACE2活性的影响。结果： 缺氧30 d 组右心室ACE2 mRNA、蛋白表达显著上调,ACE2活性明显增加,同时伴明显心室肥厚及心功能显著升高。另外,卡托普利、尼群地平虽然显著降低了肺动脉压力以及心脏功能,但对ACE2活性无显著影响。结论： 慢性高原缺氧环境促使心脏ACE2的表达与活性上调,提示ACE2可能与缺氧心脏结构功能变化有关;表达增加是缺氧环境中大鼠右心室ACE2活性升高的原因之一,而肺动脉高压可能并非是缺氧情况下ACE2活性变化的主要原因。     

氯沙坦逆转高血压大鼠阻力血管重塑的实验研究

目的:探讨氯沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)阻力血管重塑的影响。方法:将雄性SHR20只随机分为氯沙坦治疗组和SHR对照组。另选同系雄性WKY大鼠10只作为正常对照组。治疗组给予氯沙坦30mg/kg/天,溶于饮水灌胃治疗17周。颈动脉插管,心电血流动力学监护仪测定动脉收缩压,应用计算机图像分析,计算血管壁腔面积比,用光镜和透射电镜观察SHR肠系膜动脉三级分支结构的变化;血浆放免法测肾素活性和血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)含量。结果:氯沙坦治疗组的血管壁腔面积比与SHR对照组相比有所降低(P<0.05),但与WKY相比有所升高(P<0.05);血浆肾素活性在WKY组和SHR对照组之间无明显差异(P>0.05),治疗组肾素活性高于SHR对照组(P<0.05);治疗组的AngⅡ水平高于SHR对照组(P<0.01)。结论:氯沙坦具有逆转SHR血管重塑的作用。     

ACE2内源性激动剂DIZE对糖尿病肾病大鼠的保护作用

目的:观察血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)内源性激动剂乙酰甘氨酸重氮氨苯脒(DIZE)对糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠的保护作用。方法:30只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC组)、DN组和DIZE处理组(DIZE组)。DN组与DIZE组一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(65 mg/kg)建立糖尿病模型,12周后糖尿病肾病大鼠模型建立后给予DIZE 15 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)或等量生理盐水皮下注射4周处理。16周末称量体重和肾重,计算肾质量体质量比(KW/BW),收集血、尿标本,检测血糖(GLU)、24 h尿蛋白(24UP)及血清肌酐(SCr)等指标。通过PAS染色观察各组肾脏病理变化;ELISA法检测大鼠AngⅡ、Ang-(1-7)、TGF-β1及VCAM-1水平的变化;通过免疫组化观察collagenⅠ和FN蛋白表达的变化;利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术检测大鼠肾组织collagenⅠ和FN mRNA含量的变化;Western blot观察各组大鼠ACE2蛋白表达的变化。结果:DIZE显著提高了糖尿病大鼠ACE2的表达(P0.05),降低了糖尿病大鼠血浆AngⅡ含量(P0.05),提高了Ang-(1-7)的水平(P0.05)。与NC组大鼠相比,DN组与DIZE组大鼠的24UP、SCr和KW/BW明显升高(P0.05),collagenⅠ和FN mRNA水平及蛋白表达量增加,肾脏组织TGF-β1及VCAM-1明显上升(P0.05)。DIZE组与DN组大鼠相比,24UP和SCr水平降低(P0.05),GLU和KW/BW无明显差异,collagenⅠ和FN mRNA含量及蛋白表达量减少,肾脏组织TGF-β1及VCAM-1水平降低(P0.05)。结论:ACE2内源性激动剂DIZE显著提高了ACE2的活性,增加了Ang-(1-7)的含量,从而降低了肾脏纤维化及炎症水平,并对糖尿病肾病大鼠起到保护性作用。     

血管紧张素转化酶2的病理生理作用

肾素血管紧张素系统在调节血压和水、盐代谢中发挥着重要作用.血管紧张素转换酶2是人类第一个血管紧张素转换酶同系物,可高效地水解血管紧张素Ⅱ,形成舒血管物质血管紧张素1-7.目前发现血管紧张素转换酶2与心血管、肾、肺等疾病有关,并且是严重急性呼吸器官综合征冠状病毒的功能受体.     

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition prevents polyploidization of cardiomyocytes in spontaneously hypertensive rats with left ventricular hypertrophy

Polyploidization of cardiomyocyte nuclei is a physiological phenomenon that increases in pathological conditions such as myocardial hypertrophy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential benefit of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor quinapril in reversing the polyploidization of cardiomyocyte nuclei in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with established left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Sixteen week-old male SHR were treated with oral quinapril (average dose 10 mg/kg per day) for 20 weeks. Sixteen- and 36-week-old untreated SHR and 16- and 36-week-old normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as controls. Nuclear polyploidization was determined by DNA flow cytometry of frozen tissues from the left ventricle, at least 20 000 nuclei being measured in each sample. The rates of tetraploidy in the 16- and 36-week-old SHR groups were 2·8 per cent (range 2·16-3 per cent) and 5·4 per cent (range 4·9–5·9 per cent), respectively. Treated SHR had a similar rate of DNA tetraploidy to the 16- and 36-week-old WKY rat groups: 1·8 per cent (range 1·5–2·3 per cent), 1·55 per cent (range 1·5–1·6 per cent), and 1·5 per cent (range 1·4–1·6 per cent), respectively. The differences in the percentage of tetraploid cardiomyocytes between the SHR untreated groups and the SHR treated group were statistically significant (P<0·05). Regression of LVH and normalization of blood pressure were observed in treated rats. These results indicate that DNA tetraploidy in the myocardium of SHR increases with hypertrophy and decreases on quinapril treatment. It is suggested that ACE inhibition modifies nuclear processes involved in myocyte growth in arterial hypertension.     

Central blood volume in spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats

Central blood volume and total blood volume were determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar Kyoto rats at two ages, 6 and 12 weeks, representing ‘borderline’ hypertension and early ‘established’ hypertension, respectively. A technique was used where plasma and erythrocyte indicators were injected into conscious rats. Blood volume in the cardiopulmonary compartment, present in the ‘resting’ awake steady-state, could then be estimated by sudden freezing of the entire rat. 12 week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats showed a decreased total blood volume, while the fraction of blood contained in the cardiopulmonary area was significantly increased compared with that of normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats. In 6-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats, total blood volume was only marginally decreased but also here a tendency towards centralization of the blood was seen. Thus, along with the development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat their decreasing blood volume tends to become increasingly centralized to the cardiopulmonary area. Both neurohormonal influences and structural wall changes in the low-pressure capacitance side may contribute to this.     

The effect of enalapril on the cardiac remodelling in ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce the blood pressure (BP) and inhibit the generation of the angiotensin II from the inactive angiotensin I. Ten 28-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) had their ovaries bilaterally removed and five rats were left intact and studied for 7 additional weeks: intact group, ovariectomized group (ovx SHRs) and ovariectomized + enalapril group (ovx + en). BP was higher in ovx SHRs and lower in treated ovx SHRs. Left ventricular (LV) mass index was greater in untreated ovx SHRs and smaller in ovx + en group. The LV cardiomyocyte (cmy) mean cross-sectional area, measured by stereology, was greater in ovx SHRs and smaller in both intact and ovx + en SHRs. Ovx significantly decreased the density of intramyocardial blood vessels (ive), but administration of enalapril was able to restore the density of the ive to that seen in intact group. The worst ive:cmy ratio was found in untreated ovx SHRs, the intact group showed a 90% greater ratio, and the treated ovx group showed a 150% greater ratio than the untreated ovx group. In conclusion, ovariectomy, in SHRs, causes cardiac hypertrophy and an unfavourable myocardial remodelling. Of the spectrum of changes seen, the major effect of enalapril appears to be mediated via an increase in the density of ive.     

自发性高血压大鼠甲状旁腺的异常表现

观察自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）的甲状旁腺。发现在其腺体中除大量正常的主细胞外，还具有一种特殊的新型细胞。这些细胞的形态不规则，边界不清。ＨＥ染色后胞浆比主细胞着色深，核的形态不规则且染色更暗。此种细胞在甲状旁腺中成团状分布，与主细胞形成鲜明的对比。另外，经实验证实在ＳＨＲ的血浆中存在一种特殊的高血压因子（ＨＦ），可以使正常大鼠的血压产生延迟性升高，其高峰在４５ｍｉｎ出现，此特点与血中已知的增压物质的即刻效应和延期出现的效应有本质的不同。因此，推论这种具有独特的理化性质和生理功能高血压因子的来源与甲状旁腺有密切关系。     

自发性高血压大鼠主动脉结构重建

本文采用组织形态学方法和计算机图象分析,研究了４－５５周自发性高血压大鼠胸主动脉几何形态及显微结构成分的重建。结果显示：随着血压增高和年龄增长,ＳＨＲ主主显微结构成分的重均比ＷＫＹ大鼠显著,说明压力因素对血管重建起重要作用。ＳＨＲ主 动脉肥厚为研。高血压早期以血管平滑肌细胞肥大和ＶＳＭＣ面积增加为主,高血压老龄期则以胶原纤维积聚为特征。ＶＳＭＣ及细胞外基质的变化构成了ＳＨＲ主动脉重建的重要过程。     

2-Methoxyestradiol attenuates hypertension and coronary vascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Objectives

Accumulating data provide evidence that some metabolites of 17β-estradiol are biologically active and mediate multiple effects on the cardiovascular and renal systems. We investigated the effect of 2-methoxyestradiol (an active metabolite of estradiol with non-feminizing activity) on the development of hypertension and myocardial vascular remodeling in male and female ovarectomized SHR.

Methods

Rats were divided into five groups: intact females, ovarectomized (OVX), OVX+ 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME), control males, and male + 2ME. Systolic blood pressure was determined from 10 to 18 weeks. Structural changes in coronary vessels were quantified by an image analyzer. Immunoblotting of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and NADPH oxidase activity were performed on mesenteric arteries.

Results

Treatment with 2ME reduced the increase in systolic blood pressure in male and ovarectomized rats to values not different from those obtained in intact females. Myocardial arterioles and small arteries showed significant increases in wall-to-lumen ratio and perivascular fibrosis in male and ovarectomized rats when compared with intact females. NADPH oxidase activity was increased in mesenteric arteries from males and ovarectomized females as compared with intact females. Finally, the expression of phosphorilated ERK1/2 were significantly higher in mesenteric arteries from male and ovariectomized animals than in those from intact females. Those effects of ovarectomy and gender differences were totally or partially prevented by treatment with 2-methoxyestradiol.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that 2-methoxyestradiol protects the vasculature from hypertension-induced myocardial arterial remodeling in male and ovarectomized SHR, and that might be in part related to decreased superoxide generation and ERK1/2 activation.     

Morphological and mechanical properties of small mesenteric arteries and veins in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Segments of small mesenteric arteries (—150 μm lumen diameter) and of corresponding veins were taken from 5-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and from age matched Wistar Kyoto (WKY) controls. The segments were mounted on a myograph which enabled their mechanical and morphological parameters to be investigated simultaneously. Compared with the WKY arteries the lumen diameter of the SHR arteries was smaller while the media thickness and active wall tension response were greater. On the other hand there were no differences between the corresponding veins from SHR and WKY animals although, compared with the arteries, the veins had a greater lumen diameter, a smaller media thickness and a smaller tension response. The findings suggest that the morphological and mechanical differences seen in arteries from SHR are not found on the venous side.