Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma--transperitoneal anterior approach

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of transperitoneal anterior approach in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for patients with renal cell carcinoma. MATERIAL: Ten patients (Eight males and two females) with small renal cell carcinoma less than 7 cm in diameter were treated with laparoscopic radical nephrectomy between June 1997 and May 1999. Clinical stage was T1aN0M0 in 6 cases and T1bN0M0 in 4 cases. METHOD: Of the 10 patients, the initial four received preoperative embolization of the renal artery. Under general anesthesia laparoscopic radical nephrectomy via transperitoneal anterior approach was performed in all patients. This procedure facilitates initiated early access to the renal vessels as does open radical nephrectomy. The kidney was dissected en bloc with Gerota's fascia and delivered from the small skin incision without morcellation. RESULT: Two patients needed conversion to open surgery. The mean operating time of eight patients except for conversion cases was 247 minutes and the mean blood loss was 258 ml. There was no major complication associated with laparoscopic procedure. CONCLUSION: Transperitoneal anterior approach in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is a suitable and useful procedure for the treatment of small renal cell carcinoma because it enables us to avoid possible tumor manipulation by early access to the renal vessels as open radical nephrectomy.     

Outcome and complications of laparoscopic nephrectomy in patients with previous renal surgery

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical difficulties, limitations, outcome, and complications of laparoscopic nephrectomy in patients with previous ipsilateral renal surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients with a history of epsilateral renal surgery underwent laparoscopic simple nephrectomy for benign renal disease at our center between November 2001 and March 2005. All patients were informed about the details of the laparoscopic procedure, and an informed consent was obtained that included the possibility of an emergency laparotomy. All procedures performed were carried out through a transperitoneal approach. A separate table with a laparotomy set was available in the room and ready for open conversion. RESULTS: The procedure was completed in 13 patients. Excluding the cases converted to open surgery, the operative time ranged from 120 to 210 minutes, with a mean of 170 +/- 32.9. The intraoperative blood loss ranged from 30 to 400 cc, with a mean blood loss of 100. Complications included minor visceral injury (liver) in 1 patient, minor bleeding in 2, major bleeding (open conversion) in 1, technical failure (open conversion) in 4, postoperative bleeding (reexploration) in 1, and postoperative renal bed collection in 1. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic nephrectomy is an alternative to the open nephrectomy for the removal of nonfunctioning kidneys in benign diseases and results in less morbidity and a shorter hospital stay. A higher conversion to open and complication rate should be expected in patients with previous open or endoscopic renal surgery and postinflammatory conditions.     

Retroperitoneoscopic approach to nephrectomy

Laparoscopic management of a variety of renal diseases has assumed an increasingly important role as an alternative to open surgery. At many institutions, the transperitoneal approach has been the more commonly employed technique because it creates a larger working space and reveals easily recognized landmarks. At the Cleveland Clinic, however, laparoscopic simple nephrectomy for benign disease and laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for cancer are preferentially approached retroperitoneoscopically. Herein, we present our technique of retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy.     

再行腹腔镜肾脏手术的可行性

目的：探讨既往有肾脏手术史者再行腹腔镜肾脏手术的可行性。方法：4例肾积水患者均有经腰切口肾脏手术史，其中2例经腹入路行腹腔镜肾切除，1例经腹膜后入路行腹腔镜肾切除，1例经腹膜后入路行腹腔镜肾盂成形术。结果：4例腹腔镜手术均获得成功，无术中及术后并发症发生。经腹入路手术时间平均2．5h，术中出血量约50ml，经腹膜后入路腹腔镜肾切除术手术时间3h，腹腔镜肾盂成形术手术时间4．5h，出血量80～100ml。结论：对于既往有肾脏手术史者，虽然因瘢痕粘连增加了手术难度，但随着腹腔镜手术经验的积累和手术技能的提高，再行腹腔镜肾脏手术是可行的。     

Retroperitoneoscopic renal surgery in children: our experience

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic renal surgery has become an accepted approach for benign disease in adult and pediatric urology. We present our experience in renal laparoscopy in infants during the past 5 years and evaluate our series to establish the safety and efficacy of such procedures in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From August 1999 to December 2004, we performed 32 renal laparoscopic procedures on 31 children aged 12 months to 16 years (mean, 42 months). Twenty-seven patients underwent unilateral retroperitoneal nephrectomy; 1 child with Denis Drash syndrome underwent transperitoneal bilateral nephrectomy; 2 children underwent renal cyst unroofing; and 1 child with lymphoma underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal biopsy. Indications for surgery were: renal function <9% in cases of unilateral nephrectomy; the prevention of renal neoplastic changes in the patient with Denys-Drash syndrome; symptomatic large renal cysts; and suspected lymphoma not diagnosed with a previous percutaneous biopsy. RESULTS: All procedures were completed laparoscopically. In 6 cases, the accidental opening of the peritoneum did not require conversion to open surgery. Intraoperative blood loss was minimal. One patient who underwent a retroperitoneal nephrectomy required a blood transfusion for postoperative bleeding into the retroperitoneal space. Twenty-four of 27 unilateral retroperitoneal nephrectomy patients were discharged on postoperative day 2. Mean follow-up was 30 months (range, 6-64 months). Cosmetic results were excellent in all patients and no long-term complications have been encountered so far. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic urologic surgery may be performed in children with minimal morbidity, minimal postoperative discomfort, improved cosmetic results, and a short hospital stay.     

腔静脉后输尿管三种手术方式的比较

目的：探讨腔静脉后输尿管的最佳治疗方式.方法：回顾性分析21例腔静脉后输尿管患者的治疗方法：14例行传统开放手术,其中1例行右肾切除术;3例行后腹腔镜下输尿管复位矫形术;4例行经腹腔手术,其中3例行腹腔镜下输尿管复位矫形术,1例行腹腔镜辅助下肾盂癌根治术.结果：21例手术均获成功.输尿管复位矫形术的开放组、后腹腔镜组和腹腔镜组平均手术时间分别为1.5 h、3.6 h和2.1 h;术中出血量分别为150m1、80 ml和70 ml;平均术后住院时间分别为7.5天、5天和6天.未出现围术期并发症.术后4～6周拔除双J管.随访6个月～4年,B超和（或）IVP复查无吻合口狭窄,输尿管梗阻均明显缓解.16例术前有右腰酸胀不适感症状者完全缓解.结论：采用腹腔镜下输尿管复位矫形术治疗腔静脉后输尿管应成为临床首选方式.经腹腹腔镜较后腹腔镜在腔静脉后输尿管段粘连严重的治疗和手术视野方面有一定优势.     

Laparoscopic renal surgery for benign disease

Fifteen years after the first report, laparoscopic nephrectomy has demonstrated proven efficacy and safety comparable with an open approach, with a significant advantage of a faster recovery. Wide dissemination of these surgical techniques and continued improvement in instrumentation has made laparoscopy the preferred approach for treating benign pathologic conditions of the kidney. In this review, the expanding indications of laparoscopic simple nephrectomy and the outcomes of the larger clinical series are examined. We discuss the technical aspects of both transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches. Finally, laparoscopic cyst decortication and some of the novel applications of laparoscopic renal surgery are highlighted.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜下肾部分切除术两种入路的对比研究

目的:比较经腹膜后和经腹腔两种手术入路机器人辅助腹腔镜下肾部分切除术的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2018年6月-2021年1月于甘肃省人民医院行肾部分切除术患者67例的临床资料,根据手术入路不同将患者分为经腹腔组和经腹膜后组。经腹腔入路组患者共26例(男11例,女15例),平均年龄为(53.5±9.7)岁;经腹膜后入路组患者共41例(男20例,女21例),平均年龄为(55.2±12.5)岁。比较两组患者的手术疗效、病理结果和围手术期情况。结果:67例患者的机器人辅助腹腔镜下肾部分切除术均顺利完成,无中转开腹手术。经腹腔入路和经腹膜后入路组术中出血量、热缺血时间、手术时间、术后并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。而经腹膜后入路组患者的术后肠道功能较经腹腔入路组恢复快(P<0.05)。结论:采用经腹膜后入路在机器人辅助腹腔镜下肾部分切除术中可以取得和经腹腔入路同样的手术效果,而且其在术后肠道功能恢复方面具有优势。     

Periarterial papaverine application improves intraoperative kidney function during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy decreases disincentives to donation frequently associated with the disadvantages of open surgery. However, concerns have been raised regarding graft quality, since the incidence of delayed graft function is higher when compared with open procedures. This may be caused by amelioration of kidney perfusion due to the elevated intraabdominal pressure and to a mechanically induced renal angiospasm during donation. This study was addressed to reveal whether the renal periarterial application of papaverine is able to enhance renal blood flow during laparoscopic nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve male piglets underwent left laparoscopic donor nephrectomy after endoscopic occlusion of the right renal vessels and ureter. Urine output and creatinine clearance were determined as indicators of renal blood flow. In the treatment group (n = 6) papaverine hydrochloride was administered to the tissue surrounding the renal artery prior to preparation of the vessels and results were compared with those of controls (n = 6). Free sodium excretion was measured to preclude prerenal failure. RESULTS: In the control group the mean urine output was 0.015 ml/min/kg and the mean creatinine clearance was 0.95 ml/min/kg. In pigs treated with papaverine the mean urine output was 0.052 ml/min/kg and the mean creatinine clearance was 2.22 ml/min/kg. The differences were significant (urine output, P = 0.02; creatinine clearance, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Papaverine improves renal function during laparoscopic kidney harvest when applied in the vicinity of the renal artery prior to vascular preparation.     

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy using microwave tissue coagulator for small renal tumors: usefulness and complications

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the usefulness and complications of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for small renal tumors using a microwave tissue coagulator without renal pedicle clamping. METHODS: Between September 1999 and March 2003, 19 patients with small renal tumors 11 to 45 mm in diameter underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy without renal ischemia. RESULTS: Six and 13 patients were treated by the transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches, respectively. Excluding a case with open conversion due to dense perirenal adhesions, 18 patients successfully underwent laparoscopic procedures. The mean operative time was 240 minutes with minimal blood loss in 14 patients and 100 to 400 ml in 4. In a patient, frozen sections revealed a positive surgical margin and additional resection was performed. Postoperative complications included extended urine leakage for 14 days, arteriovenous fistula and almost total loss of renal function, respectively, in a patient. With the median follow-up of 19 months, no patients showed local recurrence or distant metastasis by CT scan. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic non-ischemic partial nephrectomy using a microwave tissue coagulator may be useful for treating small renal tumors because it does not require advanced laparoscopic skill. However, the indication of this procedure should be highly selective in order to minimize serious complications secondary to unexpected collateral damage to surrounding structures.     

Laparoscopy-assisted total nephroureterectomy for renal pelvic and/or lower ureteral cancer

PURPOSE: The usefulness of laparoscopy-assisted total nephroureterectomy for patients with renal pelvic and lower ureteral cancer is evaluated. MATERIAL: Seven patients with renal pelvic cancer and four with lower ureteral cancer performed laparoscopy-assisted total nephroureterectomy from May 1997 to December 2000 (Ten males and one female, mean age 68.5 year-old). METHOD: Of the 11 patients, the initial one received preoperative embolization of the renal artery. Under general anesthesia laparoscopy-assisted total nephroureterectomy underwent via transperitoneal approach in three patients and retroperitoneal approach in eight. After the kidney was completely dissected under laparoscopic procedure, it was delivered en bloc with ureter from the skin incision in the lower abdomen. RESULT: Two patients needed conversion to open surgery. The mean operating time of nine patients except for conversion cases was 272 minutes and the mean blood loss was 313 ml. There was no major complication associated with laparoscopic procedure. There was no significant difference in both complication and recurrence rate between laparoscopy-assisted total nephroureterectomy and open surgery. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy-assisted total nephroureterectomy is an useful procedure for the treatment of patients with renal pelvic and lower ureteral cancer because it enables us to remove out the kidney and ureter from one small lower abdominal incision.     

Retroperitoneal robotic renal surgery: technique and early results

We describe a robotic retroperitoneal approach to renal surgery, optimized in porcine and cadaveric models, and applied to human patients. A retroperitoneal approach for robotic kidney surgery was developed in nonsurvival porcine and a fresh cadaver models, and then utilized in ten patients (three partial nephrectomy, three radical nephrectomy, two simple nephrectomy, one pyeloplasty, one cryoablation). Retroperitoneal access was successfully achieved for robotic renal procedures in six pigs and a human cadaver. Ten human patients (mean age 56 years, range 36–72 years) then underwent a successful retroperitoneal approach for robotic renal surgery. Mean console time was 166 (120–300) min. Mean blood loss was 82 (50–100) ml and average hospital stay was 2.6 (1–5) days. Pathology demonstrated clear cell renal cell carcinoma (four), papillary renal cell carcinoma (two), and xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (two). One patient with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis required open conversion for failure to progress due to dense adhesions. A retroperitoneal approach is a safe and feasible alternative to a transperitoneal approach for robotic renal surgery, including radical nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, pyeloplasty, and cryoablation. M. N. Patel and S. A. Kaul contributed equally to this work.     

后腹腔镜无功能肾切除术的临床体会(附16例报告)

目的:总结后腹腔镜无功能肾切除术的安全性及手术方法、技巧。方法:回顾分析2013年1月至2016年1月为16例无功能肾患者行后腹腔镜肾切除术的临床资料,观察术前患肾体积、手术时间、手术出血情况、术后并发症情况。结果:16例手术均完成,无一例中转开放手术。患肾直径20~200 mm,平均(102.5±11.3)mm;手术时间105~450 min,平均(208.1±24.1)min;术中出血量40~280 ml,平均(160.0±14.3)ml;术中、术后均未输血;术后发生不全性肠梗阻1例,予以灌肠后恢复;切口拆线后均愈合良好。结论:后腹腔镜无功能肾切除术中对肾动静脉的处理是手术关键。对于积水明显的肾脏可先吸出积水,缩小肾脏体积,沿肾脏边缘分离,这是保证手术安全可靠的方法;后腹腔镜无功能肾切除术后无明显并发症发生,是微创治疗的发展方向,值得进一步推广应用。     

经腹腔与腹膜后行腹腔镜肾癌根治术的比较

目的:比较经腹腔和腹膜后方式行腹腔镜肾癌根治术的优缺点。方法:随机将60例肾癌患者分别经腹腔或腹膜后方式行腹腔镜下肾癌根治术,比较两组术中、术后的情况。结果:与经腹腔方式比较,腹膜后方式处理肾动脉平均时间、处理肾静脉平均时间、总的手术平均时间较短。但经腹膜和腹膜后方式在估计出血量、术后住院时间、术中并发症和术后并发症发生率上无明显差异。结论:腹腔镜下经腹腔或腹膜后方式行肾癌根治术均有效,但后者在处理肾门和总的手术时间方面更快。     

腹腔镜手术治疗泌尿外科疾病46例报告

目的 :探讨腹腔镜技术治疗泌尿外科疾病的方法。方法 :应用腹腔镜技术对 2 1例精索静脉曲张及 12例肾囊肿行经腹入路手术 ,9例肾囊肿及 3例肾上腺疾病 ,1例左肾萎缩伴结石行经后腹膜腔入路手术。结果 :4 6例中 4 5例完成腹腔镜手术 ,左肾萎缩伴结石 1例因肾蒂解剖困难而中转手术 ,双侧肾上腺囊肿 4例及合并胆囊结石 2例均同时完成腹腔镜手术 ,无并发症发生。结论 :精索静脉曲张及部分肾囊肿 ,尤其囊肿在肾脏外侧缘向腹侧凸出者选择经腹入路腹腔镜手术较易完成 ,经后腹膜腔入路与泌尿外科手术入路相同 ,对腹腔干扰少 ,适于肾及肾上腺疾病的腹腔镜手术 ,经此路径 ,术野空间较小 ,需要足够的耐心和细心     

后腹膜腹腔镜肾癌根治性手术安全性的临床研究

目的:探讨后腹膜腹腔镜肾癌根治术临床应用的安全性。方法:行后腹腔镜肾癌根治术27例,经腹腹腔镜行肾癌根治术24例,比较两种方法肠管及大血管的损伤、手术时间、出血量、住院时间、CO2对机体的影响(血气分析:PaCO2、pH)、肠道恢复时间、肠粘连、术后肩痛、切口种植转移的差别。结果:后腹腔镜手术时间为(180±30)m in,出血80~300m l,平均120m l,均未输血,平均住院7d;切口种植转移1例,术后肩痛1例,肠道恢复时间(24±4)h,血气分析pH(7.35±0.11)、PaCO2(42.45±6.15)mm Hg;经腹腹腔镜3例穿刺损伤肠管、2例损伤腹部血管,手术时间(200±40)m in,出血100~300m l,平均200m l,均未输血,血气分析pH(7.40±0.10)、PaCO2(43.45±6.45)mm Hg;平均住院10d,术后肩痛8例,肠道恢复时间(38±6)h,2例发生肠梗阻。结论:后腹腔镜肾癌根治术同经腹腹腔镜肾癌根治术相比,出血少,康复快,血管及肠管的损伤、肠道功能恢复、术后肩痛均有显著性差异(P<0.05);血气分析,切口种植转移无显著性差异(P>0.05)。手术效果相当。     

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy has gained in popularity as an accepted treatment modality for localized renal cell carcinoma at many centers worldwide. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy may be performed via a transperitoneal or retroperitoneal approach. Mostly, the transperitoneal approach is used. Current indications for laparoscopic radical nephrectomy include patients with T(1)-T(3a)N(0)M(0) renal tumors. Herein, transperitoneal as well as retroperitoneal laparoscopic approaches are described. Surgical outcomes and complications from published series are reviewed with comparison to open surgery. Special related concerns as oncologic principles, organ retrieval, lymphadenectomy, and concomitant adrenalectomy are addressed. In conclusion, laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is now established with considerable advantages; decreased postoperative morbidity, decreased analgesic requirements, improved cosmesis, shorter hospital stay and convalescence. Although no long-term follow-up is available, short and intermediate follow-up results confirm the effectiveness of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.     

腹膜后腹腔镜结核性无功能肾切除术35例报告

目的:探讨腹膜后腹腔镜切除结核性无功能肾的应用价值。方法:回顾分析2008年7月至2010年12月为35例肾结核患者施行腹膜后腹腔镜结核肾切除术的临床资料。结果:本组35例患者均顺利完成腹膜后腹腔镜肾切除术,无一例中转开放手术。手术时间80~190min,平均(115.0±32.7)min;术中失血量30~200ml,平均(105.1±54.5)ml,均未输血。术后均无并发症发生,切口一期愈合。术后住院3~8d,平均(6.3±1.4)d。术后随访2~30个月,平均(14.9±7.2)个月,对侧肾功能正常。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜结核性无功能肾切除术安全有效,具有出血少、患者创伤小、住院时间短等优点,是结核性无功能肾切除的最佳术式,值得进一步临床推广。     

腹腔镜经腹入路泌尿系手术的并发症及预防处理

目的：分析腹腔镜经腹入路泌尿系手术并发症的原因及预防和处理方法。方法：回顾分析1156例腹腔镜经腹入路泌尿系手术的资料，总结出现的并发症和处理方法。结果：1156例手术出现严重并发症22例，其中皮下气肿6例；肾上腺手术过程中肾静脉损伤转开放1例，肾上腺中央静脉损伤2例；肾囊肿去顶减压周围肾实质出血2例；根治性肾切出血转开放3例；1例肾切除术后出血再次急诊开放手术发现肾蒂周围一分支小动脉出血。膈肌损伤腔镜下修补2例；胰腺损伤转开放1例；脾脏损伤出血再手术开放脾切除1例；结肠损伤1例；术后肺动脉栓塞2例。本组手术的并发症发生率为1．9％（22／1156），转开放率0．43％（5／1156），再手术率0．35％（4／1156），无死亡病例。22例患者积极正确处理后均痊愈出院。结论：充分认识腹腔镜经腹入路泌尿系手术的常见并发症，提高手术操作技巧，正确预防和处理并发症，可以避免严重后果的发生。     

Fluoroscopy-assisted retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal surgery in children

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of C-arm fluoroscopy for locating small dysplastic renal lesions during retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From March 2003 to March 2005, two boys and four girls with a mean age of 5 years underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy under C-arm fluoroscopic guidance. The indications for laparoscopic renal surgery were ectopic ureter with dysplastic kidney (N = 3), hypertensive nephropathy (N = 1), and dysplastic kidney secondary to reflux nephropathy (N = 2). RESULTS: All operations were completed with no necessity for conversion to open surgery. Small dysplastic kidneys were easily located using C-arm fluoroscopy, and retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy was then performed. One patient required open contralateral reimplantation after laparoscopic nephrectomy because of high-grade vesicoureteral reflux. The mean operative time was 139 minutes (range 71-210 minutes). Blood loss was minimal, and no transfusion was required. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications other than a peritoneal injury in one patient, which caused no subsequent major problem. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.8 days, and all children returned to normal activity within 3 to 6 days. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to our knowledge of retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal surgery under C-arm fluoroscopic guidance. This approach allowed quick and easy location of small ectopic kidneys prior to retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy and was found to be very useful for the treatment of small dysplastic renal lesions in children.