膀胱组织工程中平滑肌种子细胞来源的研究进展

近年来,组织工程学的蓬勃发展为膀胱替代提供了崭新的思路.其中种子细胞是组织工程膀胱构建及应用研究中的首要环节和基本要素之一.构建膀胱组织工程平滑肌的种子细胞有平滑肌细胞、平滑肌祖细胞、胚胎干细胞和各种组织来源的成体干细胞如骨髓来源干细胞、羊水来源干细胞、脂肪来源干细胞等.对膀胱组织工程学种子细胞来源的研究现状进行回顾,并对其研究前景作一展望.     

膀胱组织工程中平滑肌种子细胞来源的研究进展

近年来,组织工程学的蓬勃发展为膀胱替代提供了崭新的思路.其中种子细胞是组织工程膀胱构建及应用研究中的首要环节和基本要素之一.构建膀胱组织工程平滑肌的种子细胞有平滑肌细胞、平滑肌祖细胞、胚胎干细胞和各种组织来源的成体干细胞如骨髓来源干细胞、羊水来源干细胞、脂肪来源干细胞等.对膀胱组织工程学种子细胞来源的研究现状进行回顾,并对其研究前景作一展望.     

骨组织工程种子细胞来源的研究进展

骨组织工程是组织工程学中最具有临床应用可行性的研究领域之一。种子细胞是组织工程骨构建及应用研究中的首要环节和基本要素。近年来,种子细胞的研究不断深入,然而各种来源各有其优缺点。对骨组织工程学种子细胞来源的研究现状进行回顾,并对其研究的前景作一展望。     

组织工程种子细胞的研究进展

组织工程学近年来研究进展很快 ,目前采用组织工程技术建造的部分组织或器官已经开始进入或即将进入临床应用 ,如组织工程化皮肤已经实现商品化 ,软骨组织工程产品也已经进入临床前期实验阶段 ,在近年内即可进入临床应用[1～ 3 ,12 ] 。组织工程研究成功与否主要取决于以下三个关键性制约因素 :种子细胞、支架材料以及有助于细胞生长、分化的外在环境。其中获得足够数量、不引起免疫排斥反应且具有再生活力的种子细胞是开展组织工程研究的前提和基础。尽管目前种子细胞的研究仍面临众多挑战 ,但令人欣喜的是 ,随着干细胞体外分离、培养和扩…     

肝组织工程种子细胞来源的研究进展

肝脏组织工程是组织工程领域中重要的学科之一,其研究主要采用2条基本途径治疗各种终末期肝病：一是通过细胞体内移植的方法,将种子细胞植入体内修复替代肝组织缺损;二是将种子细胞接种到支架材料上,在体外构建”肝脏组织”,替代肝脏功能。理想的种子细胞是其关键组成部分,包括人或动物的成体肝细胞、各种肝干细胞、永生化肝细胞系等。但目前尚未确定一种理想的细胞来源,临床广泛应用还存在许多问题。就肝组织工程种子细胞来源的研究进展综述如下。     

组织工程心瓣膜种子细胞的研究进展

种子细胞是近年来组织工程研究的热点。寻找适宜的种子细胞是构建组织工程心瓣膜（tissue engineering heart valves,TEHV）必须解决的一个关键问题。现有种子细胞虽各有优点,但也存在诸多不足。本文就近年来种子细胞研究的现状及存在的问题做一综述,以利于TEHV种子细胞的深入研究。     

骨骼肌卫星细胞的培养及其在骨骼肌组织工程研究中的应用

近年来,随着组织工程技术的不断发展,生命科学、材料科学及制造科学的相互渗透,使得体外构建人体组织和器官的功能性替代物成为可能.骨骼肌卫星细胞作为组织工程的种子细胞在体外扩增至一定数量后与生物可降解三维支架材料结合,植入患者体内来修复缺损及恢复生理功能.目前对肌卫星细胞的体外培养已进行了较多研究,而对于肌卫星细胞的体外生长、增殖、鉴定,以及与组织工程三维支架的相互作用和生物功能的研究尚处于发展阶段,文中将对这些方面的研究进展作一综述.     

新的组织工程种子细胞——内皮祖细胞

内皮祖细胞作为一种在血管领域的干细胞在组织工程中有着广阔的应用前景。内皮祖细胞取材方便，参与新生血管的形成，具有成熟内皮细胞相似的特性。因此，内皮祖细胞可能是组织工程血管、血管植入物再内皮化以及构建组织工程器官血管网络的种子细胞的理想来源。简单介绍了内皮祖细胞的来源、特性以及体外扩增技术，并对其在组织工程中应用的研究进展做一回顾。     

组织工程中的新型种子细胞—胚胎干细胞

种子细胞的老化是组织工程中的一大难题,胚胎干细胞因其具有全能性和无限增殖的能力而有望成为组织工程中的种子细胞新来源。本文介绍了胚胎干细胞的建系和分化研究,并展望胚胎干细胞作为组织工程的种子细胞的前景和面临的困难。     

骨髓间充质干细胞作血管组织工程种子细胞的研究进展

骨髓间充质干细胞易于分离培养，增殖能力强，体外培养多次传代后仍保持多向分化潜能其以自身多方面的特点已成为血管组织工程又一种可选择的种子细胞，对临床应用具有重要价值，但其进一步体外成血管的条件尚需深入研究。综述骨髓间充质干细胞hMSCs体外培养、定向分化为内皮细胞的条件及相关研究进展。     

In situ regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue through host cell recruitment

Standard reconstructive procedures for restoring normal function after skeletal muscle defects involve the use of existing host tissues such as muscular flaps. In many instances, this approach is not feasible and delays the rehabilitation process and restoration of tissue function. Currently, cell-based tissue engineering strategies have been used for reconstruction; however, donor tissue biopsy and ex vivo cell manipulation are required prior to implantation. The present study aimed to overcome these limitations by demonstrating mobilization of muscle cells into a target-specific site for in situ muscle regeneration. First, we investigated whether host muscle cells could be mobilized into an implanted scaffold. Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds were implanted in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of rats, and the retrieved scaffolds were characterized by examining host cell infiltration in the scaffolds. The host cell infiltrates, including Pax7+ cells, gradually increased with time. Second, we demonstrated that host muscle cells could be enriched by a myogenic factor released from the scaffolds. Gelatin-based scaffolds containing a myogenic factor were implanted in the TA muscle of rats, and the Pax7+ cell infiltration and newly formed muscle fibers were examined. By the second week after implantation, the Pax7+ cell infiltrates and muscle formation were significantly accelerated within the scaffolds containing insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Our data suggest an ability of host stem cells to be recruited into the scaffolds with the capability of differentiating to muscle cells. In addition, the myogenic factor effectively promoted host cell recruitment, which resulted in accelerating muscle regeneration in situ.     

骨髓基质干细胞和软骨组织工程

关节软骨是透明软骨 ,它是一种特殊的结缔组织 ,由单一的软骨细胞、纤维和基质构成。软骨组织具有自身独特的生理学特点 ,无血管 ,无神经 ,无淋巴引流 ,在关节腔内仅靠滑液来获取营养 ,其代谢主要以无氧酵解为主等决定了它极其有限的再生能力。临床上由于创伤、炎症肿瘤等原因导致的关节软骨损伤、缺失极为常见 ,且常继发骨关节炎 ,严重影响关节的功能。目前临床上多通过自体或异体移植成形的软骨或具有成软骨潜能的组织如骨膜、软骨膜等来治疗关节软骨的缺损 ,这些组织移植后能生成透明软骨样组织 ,但其生物学性能、耐磨性、韧性均欠佳 ,易…     

组织工程种子细胞标记示踪技术研究进展

组织工程技术的发展为器官的修复和疾病的治疗提供了新的途径,其种子细胞的研究包括细胞选择、培养、移植和示踪等方面.种子细胞的示踪技术涉及分子生物学、分子免疫学和分子影像学等多学科,为种子细胞标记物的选择带来了困难.就目前常用的种子细胞示踪技术及其研究进展作一综述.     

Stem cell-based tissue engineering with silk biomaterials

Silks are naturally occurring polymers that have been used clinically as sutures for centuries. When naturally extruded from insects or worms, silk is composed of a filament core protein, termed fibroin, and a glue-like coating consisting of sericin proteins. In recent years, silk fibroin has been increasingly studied for new biomedical applications due to the biocompatibility, slow degradability and remarkable mechanical properties of the material. In addition, the ability to now control molecular structure and morphology through versatile processability and surface modification options have expanded the utility for this protein in a range of biomaterial and tissue-engineering applications. Silk fibroin in various formats (films, fibers, nets, meshes, membranes, yarns, and sponges) has been shown to support stem cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro and promote tissue repair in vivo. In particular, stem cell-based tissue engineering using 3D silk fibroin scaffolds has expanded the use of silk-based biomaterials as promising scaffolds for engineering a range of skeletal tissues like bone, ligament, and cartilage, as well as connective tissues like skin. To date fibroin from Bombyx mori silkworm has been the dominant source for silk-based biomaterials studied. However, silk fibroins from spiders and those formed via genetic engineering or the modification of native silk fibroin sequence chemistries are beginning to provide new options to further expand the utility of silk fibroin-based materials for medical applications.     

Inflammation in tissue engineering: The Janus between engraftment and rejection

Tissue engineering (TE) for tissue and organ regeneration or replacement is generally performed with scaffold implants, which provide structural and molecular support to in vitro seeded or in vivo recruited cells. TE implants elicit the host immune response, often resulting in engraftment impediment or rejection. Besides this negative effect, however, the immune system components also yield a positive influence on stem cell recruitment and differentiation, allowing tissue regeneration and healing. Thus, a balanced cooperation between proinflammatory and proresolution players of the immune response is an essential element of implant success. In this context, macrophage plasticity plays a fundamental role. Therefore modulating the immune response, instead of immune suppressing the host, might be the best way to successfully implant TE tissues or organs. In particular, it is becoming evident that the scaffold, immune, and stem cells are linked by a three‐way interaction, and many efforts are being made for scaffold‐appropriate design and functionalization in order to drive the inflammation process toward regeneration, vascularization, and implant success. This review discusses current and potential strategies for inflammation modulation to aid engraftment and regeneration, supporting the concept that quality, and not quantity, of inflammation might influence implant success.     

组织工程技术在创面修复中的应用

烧创伤等原因引起的大面积皮肤缺损是修复重建外科的一大难题。传统皮肤移植术往往组织来源受限,且存在供皮区损伤等缺点。组织工程技术的进步和商品化皮肤的临床应用,为大面积烧伤和难治性创面修复提供了新的治疗手段。本文回顾组织工程技术在创面修复领域的研究进展,并分析其在研发和转化过程中的关键问题,以期为人类皮肤的功能化构建提供新思路。