肝血窦壁细胞的研究进展

肝窦壁细胞是肝脏的非实质细胞 ,对于肝脏的生理和病理都具有非常重要的作用。本文就肝窦壁细胞的形态、功能及其与肝脏的病理生理的关系进行了简要的概述 ,并就肝窦壁细胞的研究进展作一综述 ,以期为这方面的研究提供一些线索     

T cells as antigen-presenting cells

Human T cells express major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II antigens and adhesion molecules characteristics of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and recent in vitro and in vivo evidence supports and antigen-presenting function for T cells. In this guise, T cells provide downregulatory signals for the immune response by inducing anergy in T cells that have already been activated and cytotoxicity in resting T cells. Here, Werner Pichler and Tony Wyss-Coray suggest that this may represent an important negative mechanism for T-cell homeostasis.     

Antigen-presenting cells for unprimed T cells

The triggering requirements of T cells differ for primed and unprimed cells: primed T cells can be triggered to produce lymphokines without viable antigen-presenting cells (APCs), apparently by crosslinking the T-cell receptor (TCR). Unprimed T cells do, however, require viable APCs and here Jonathan Sprent and Mary Schaefer review what type of cells can carry out this function, with particular reference to APCs for unprimed CD8+ cells.     

T cells,dendritic cells and epithelial cells in intestinal homeostasis

The mucosal immune system of the intestinal tract is continuously exposed to both potential pathogens and beneficial commensal microorganism. A variety of mechanisms contribute to the ability of the gut to either react or remain tolerant to antigen present in the intestinal lumen. Antigens of the gut commensals are not simply ignored, but rather trigger an active immunosuppressive process, which prevents the outcome of immunopathology. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the mechanism of intestinal homeostasis, with particular focus on the complex crosstalk between T cells, dendritic cells and intestinal epithelial cells.     

抗原致敏DC与CIK共培养体外抗肾癌效应的研究

目的： 探讨肾癌(RCC)抗原致敏树突状细胞(DC)与同源细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞(CIK)共培养后的DC-CIK细胞对RCC的杀伤活性。 方法： 将健康成人外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）来源的DC经RCC(786-0细胞株)抗原致敏后与同源CIK细胞共培养，实验分3组：RCC抗原致敏DC与CIK共培养组（A组），未致敏DC与CIK共培养组（B组），单纯CIK组（C组）。流式细胞仪检测DC及CIK免疫表型。MTT法检测3组效应细胞对786-0细胞杀伤活性。 结果： 效靶比 20∶1 时，A、B、C组对786-0细胞杀伤活性分别为（70.64±8.26）%、（53.40±7.33）%、（46.64±6.01）%，各组比较差异显著（P<0.05）；以前列腺癌PC3细胞作靶细胞对照，A组对786-0及PC3细胞的杀伤活性有显著差异（P<0.05）。 结论： RCC抗原致敏DC与CIK共培养后的DC-CIK细胞可明显提高CIK细胞对RCC的杀伤特异性和杀伤活性。     

干细胞：许旺细胞的新来源****△

背景：许旺细胞对神经系统损伤的修复与再生有着重要作用。然而,许旺细胞不易直接获取,使其在临床上的应用受到限制。 目的：综述神经损伤及修复过程、许旺细胞的作用以及各种干细胞分化为许旺细胞的潜能。 方法：使用计算机检索Pubmed数据库2000/2011有关许旺细胞参与神经损伤的修复、干细胞分化为许旺细胞验证及应用的文献,检索词为“Schwann cells,nervous system,stem cells”。排除重复性研究,对资料进行初审,并查看每篇文献及其引文。根据纳入标准,收集到29篇相关文献。 结果与结论：许旺细胞通过分泌各种细胞因子和营养因子为受损的神经营造了适于修复与再生的微环境,从而促进轴突再生;同时通过增殖及分化等机制围绕新生轴突形成髓鞘。神经修复需要大量许旺细胞的参与,而许旺细胞不易直接获取。研究表明,各种干细胞,包括胚胎干细胞、间充质干细胞、神经嵴干细胞和嗅鞘细胞,能在一定诱导条件下分化为许旺细胞样细胞,为神经系统损伤的治疗带来了新的希望。其中,间充质干细胞的研究备受关注。 关键词：许旺细胞;神经系统;再生;修复;干细胞 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.10.040     

How T cells talk to target cells

T cell defects are very often involved in haematological diseases and occur even more frequently as a consequence of our therapeutic interventions. T cells play a central role in the immune defence of the organism. To perform this function, they move around the body to achieve a particular stage of development and in search for antigenic insult. In the course of this, they have to communicate and cooperate with various cells. T cells carry a high number of structurally and functionally defined and even more as yet undefined surface structures. The variability and functional pleitropism of these molecules and as a consequence that of their interactions with surface structures of other cells is infinite. This paper will be limited to discuss briefly the following subjects: the presentation of antigens to T cells, structure and function of the T cell receptor (TCR) and its interactions with the antigen, presenting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, accessory molecules and other modulating surface structures, the role of carbohydrates, pitfalls of inferences on interacting cell surface structures.     

Isolation of germ cells from leukemic cells

Sir, We have read with great interest the article by Geens et al.(2007), titled ‘The efficiency of magnetic-activated cellsorting and fluorescence-activated cell sorting in the decontaminationof testicular cell suspensions in cancer patients' publishedon Hum Reprod. The authors concluded that fluorescence-activated cell sorting(FACS) was neither in a murine nor in a human model sufficientto completely deplete testicular tissue of malignant cells.Specifically, in the human model only     

Complex cells as cortically amplified simple cells

The majority of synapses in primary visual cortex mediate excitation between nearby neurons, yet the role of local recurrent connections in visual processing remains unclear. We propose that these connections are responsible for the spatial-phase invariance of complex-cell responses. In a network model with selective cortical amplification, neurons exhibit simple-cell responses when recurrent connections are weak and complex-cell responses when they are strong, suggesting that simple and complex cells are the low- and high-gain limits of the same basic cortical circuit. Given the ubiquity of invariant responses in cognitive processing, the recurrent mechanism we propose for complex cells may be widely applicable.     

肿瘤干细胞与胶质瘤细胞起源

经过过去20年的努力,癌基因和抑癌基因在神经胶质瘤形成及发展中的核心地位已达共识.然而,在生命科学研究突飞猛进、肿瘤诊断与治疗手段日新月异的今天,我们尚未确立这些核心分子在胶质瘤中作用的靶标,因此,胶质瘤的细胞起源-这一决定着人类最终克服胶质瘤的根本问题再度引起人类的关注.     

尿源性干细胞在体外向尿路上皮细胞和平滑肌细胞的分化

文题释义：干细胞分化：干细胞通过体外诱导的方法,基因组在时间和空间上选择性表达,产生特异性蛋白质,定向成为特定的成熟细胞。 平滑肌：是由平滑肌细胞组成的非横纹肌肌肉组织,分布在动脉和静脉血管管壁、膀胱、子宫、男性和女性生殖道、消化道、呼吸道、眼睛的睫状肌和虹膜。 背景：成体干细胞是存在于已分化组织中的多能干细胞,尿源性干细胞为新发现的成体干细胞,具有取材方便、高度增殖能力、多向分化潜能等优点,在组织工程学领域受到重视。 目的：研究人尿源性干细胞体外分离获取的方法,以及体外向尿路上皮细胞和平滑肌细胞分化的可行性。 方法：收集健康成人尿液标本,通过分离、培养获取尿源性干细胞;应用CCK-8实验检测细胞增殖能力,并绘制细胞生长曲线;应用流式细胞仪检测细胞表型;体外应用专用培养基诱导尿源性干细胞向尿路上皮细胞和平滑肌细胞分化;应用荧光定量PCR、免疫组织化学染色、免疫荧光细胞染色和Western blot鉴定尿源性干细胞的分化能力。 结果与结论：①从健康成人尿液中成功分离提取出尿源性干细胞,细胞具有高度增殖能力,生长曲线呈现S型;②尿源性干细胞高表达间充质干细胞表面标记物,CD29表达率为98.11%,CD90表达率为95.74%;③尿源性干细胞经体外诱导分化14 d后,可以表达尿路上皮细胞特异性基因Cytokeratin 7、Cytokeratin 20、Uroplakin Ⅲ和平滑肌细胞特异性基因α-SMA和SM22;④结果表明,尿源性干细胞经过体外诱导可以向尿路上皮细胞和平滑肌细胞分化,能够为尿路组织修复重建提供理想的种子细胞来源。 ORCID: 0000-0002-6460-3332(赵战魁) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

Dendritic cells resurrect antigens from dead cells

Antigens that do not normally access the cytoplasm of antigen-presenting cells, such as certain tumor and viral antigens, become targets of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Over the past 25 years, substantial evidence has emerged for an 'exogenous' pathway for loading MHC class I molecules. Dendritic cells are potent stimulators of T-cell responses and can induce CD8(+) CTLs by phagocytosis of dead tumor or virus-infected cells. Here, Marie Larsson and colleagues discuss the role of dendritic cells in stimulating MHC class I-restricted T-cell responses by exogenous routes.     

Granular natural-killer cells develop into mucus-secreting cells

Colonies of granular natural-killer cells selectively develop in lymph-node cell cultures of nude mice after stimulation with rat T-cell growth factor. When these cells are grown on X-irradiated monolayers prepared from 16-18-day-old mouse embryos, they are triggered to synthesize and secrete a sulphated glycoprotein that can be identified as mucus. As a result of an erosive process of the granules, the mucoid material accumulates in pools in the cytoplasm matrix. The secretion is operated through a process of budding of double-membrane-bound vesicles. The successful triggering of mucous synthesis is interpreted by the successful growth of those mesenchymal cells in the embryonic monolayer that function in the induction of epithelial morphogenesis in the developing embryo.     

体外诱导脂肪干细胞向内皮细胞及成血管的分化

背景：脂肪干细胞作为组织工程中种子细胞的选择,可以诱导为内皮细胞从而有效解决材料血管化困难的难题。 目的：体外观察脂肪干细胞经诱导向内皮细胞转分化的可能性、以及在立体培养基上的血管形成情况。 方法：切取人皮下脂肪,用酶消化法分离和培养脂肪干细胞,将传至第3代或第4代的脂肪干细胞用内皮细胞诱导液、同时在Matrigel三维培养基内诱导培养,观察细胞生长情况及变化。对脂肪干细胞和诱导细胞行免疫组织化学检查CD31的表达。 结果与结论：免疫组织化学检测脂肪干细胞的CD31表达阴性,诱导细胞CD31可见阳性表达。在三维立体培养基内诱导的细胞24 h逐渐迁徙成团,伸出伪足,诱导1周细胞形成网格样交叉,2周形成较长血管,后血管增粗,并出现分叉,CD31阳性表达。因此,脂肪干细胞体外可以被诱导向内皮细胞表型转分化,并形成血管,提示脂肪干细胞可以作为促进组织工程移植物血管化的种子细胞的理想选择。     

The identification of gastrin cells as G cells

Summary In the pyloric antrum of dog and pig it is possible to show, by direct re-staining of formaldehyde-fixed sections after localization of the gastrin cells by immunofluorescence, that these cells are identical with the argyrophilic, lead haematoxylin-positive G cells.Reports to the contrary must be ascribed to the use of inadequate or erroneous techniques.On leave from the Istituto di Anatomia e Istologia Patologica, University of Turin, supported by a Fellowship from the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.     

Recognition of infected cells by natural killer cells

Under the influence of cytokines associated with innate immunity, natural killer (NK) cells rapidly become activated and migrate to sites of infection. Upon contact with infected parenchyma they proliferate, release cytokines and/or kill cells harboring pathogens. Multiple stimulatory and inhibitory receptors can provide the integrated signals that trigger this contact-mediated NK-cell function. Recent work has begun to define the ligands for these receptors in the context of infection by certain well-studied viruses. These results, in addition to future work involving other pathogens, will provide an understanding of the molecules present on parasitized cells that mark them as targets of innate immunity.