Appraisals, Coping Responses, and Attributions as Predictors of Individual Differences in Negative Emotions Among Pediatric Cancer Patients

This study examined individual differences inemotional responses to cancer by applying Lazarus's andWeiner's cognitive models of emotions. Seventy-twoadolescents with cancer completed self-report measures of coping, attributions, and appraisals, andtheir parents reported on behavioral functioning andclinical status. Controlling for illness variables,hypothesized appraisals were significantly associated with trait anger (among boys) and withdepressive symptoms (among girls), not with traitanxiety. Primary appraisals were more stronglyassociated with dependent variables than were secondaryappraisals. There was little support for Weiner's model ofattributions and emotions. Secondary appraisals andattributions might be more influential in determiningaffective responses to stressors with a discoverable cause that can be modified in the future toprevent recurrence.     

Goals and Depressive Symptoms: Cross-lagged Effects of Cognitive versus Emotional Goal Appraisals

Relationships between work goal appraisals and depressive symptoms were investigated in a 2-wave study of health care employees spanning a 2-year period. Cross-lagged models were tested and compared in structural equation modeling analyses. The results suggest that the direction of longitudinal relationships between work goal appraisals and depressive symptoms may depend on the nature of the appraisals. In the best-fitting model, goal self-efficacy cognitions predicted depressive symptoms 2 years later. This finding supports cognitive/self-regulatory theories positing that dysfunctional cognitions form a vulnerability factor in the etiology of depressive symptoms. On the other hand, we found no evidence that depressive symptoms predicted goal cognitions. Instead, depressive symptoms were associated with goal-related emotions two years later, suggesting that depressive symptoms may lead over time to greater negative emotional arousal. Implications for depression theory and goal research are discussed.     

配偶参与式正念认知行为训练对阴道感染患者病情控制及心理状态的影响

目的:探讨配偶参与式正念认知行为训练对阴道感染患者病情控制及心理状态的影响.方法:选取2016年12月1日～2019年3月31日收治的64例阴道感染患者作为研究对象,按照1:1配对随机分为对照组和观察组各32例;对照组采取常规护理干预,观察组在常规护理干预基础上接受配偶参与式正念认知行为训练;比较两组症状改善情况(采用...     

Distorted Cognitive Processing in Youth: The Structure of Negative Cognitive Errors and Their Associations with Anxiety

The Children’s Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire (CNCEQ) is commonly used to measure four errors in young people’s thinking, but research has failed to support the factorial validity of the measure. The primary objective of the present study was to examine the factor structure of a refined and extended version of the CNCEQ. Revision of the CNCEQ involved the exclusion of items rated as contaminated, and the addition of items measuring cognitive errors closely associated with anxiety (‘threat conclusion’ and ‘underestimation of the ability to cope’). A secondary objective was to determine the relation between the negative cognitive errors and anxiety. Principal component analysis of data from 481 children and adolescents indicated five distinct negative cognitive error subscales labeled ‘underestimation of the ability to cope’, ‘personalizing without mind reading’, ‘selective abstraction’, ‘overgeneralizing’, and ‘mind reading’ which contained the new ‘threat conclusion’ items. Confirmatory factor analysis in an independent sample of 295 children and adolescents yielded further support for the five-factor solution. All cognitive errors except ‘selective abstraction’ were correlated with anxiety. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the strongest predictors of anxiety were the two subscales containing new items, namely ‘underestimation of the ability to cope’ and ‘mind reading’. The results are discussed with respect to further development of the instrument so as to advance the assessment of distorted cognitive processing in young people with internalizing symptoms.     

Dysregulated Eating and Distress: Examining the Specific Role of Negative Urgency in a Clinical Sample

Many theories exist regarding dysregulated eating behaviors such as bingeing and purging. Recent research has provided consistent and compelling evidence supportive of theories that favor an emotion regulatory model (Smyth et al. J Consult Clin Psychol 75:629–638, 2007). Specifically, these theories posit that individuals engage in dysregulated eating behaviors in a maladaptive attempt to alleviate negative affect. Along these lines, several studies have reported that negative urgency, the tendency to act rashly in an attempt to immediately reduce feelings of negative affect (Whiteside and Lynam Pers Individ Dif 30:669–689, 2001), is a particularly important variable in this process (Anestis et al. Behav Res Ther 45:3018–3029, 2007; Fischer et al. Int J Eat Disord 33:406–411, 2003). In this study, we sought to expand upon prior research by testing the relationship between negative urgency and EDI-Bulimia in a clinical sample (N = 130) when controlling for an extensive list of relevant covariates, including additional components of impulsivity. Results supported our hypotheses. These findings indicate that the previously reported relationship between negative urgency and dysregulated eating behaviors remains significant in a clinical setting, even when controlling a more extensive list of impulsivity related variables than has been utilized in prior research. As such, this study has potentially important clinical implications.     

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Growth Among Adult Survivors of Wenchuan Earthquake After 1 Year: Prevalence and Correlates

This study investigates the prevalence and predictors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in adult survivors 1 year after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Questionnaires were used to collect the data. PTSD was assessed using the PTSD Check List-Civilian (PCL-C), and PTG was assessed using the Post Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). A total of 2,300 individuals were involved in the survey with 2,080 completing the questionnaire, a response rate of 90.4%. The PTSD prevalence estimate in this study was found to be 40.1%, and the prevalence for PTG among the participants was measured at 51.1%. A bivariate correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive association between PTG and PTSD. In the conclusions, possible explanations for the findings and implications for future research are discussed.     

产后随访干预对妊娠期糖尿病血糖控制及认知情况的影响

目的探讨产后随访干预对妊娠期糖尿病患者血糖控制及认知情况的影响。方法选取收治的妊娠期糖尿病产妇160例为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和干预组各80例;对照组未行产后随访干预;干预组则接受产后随访干预;比较两组产后糖代谢异常发生率及干预前后疾病认知情况评分等。结果干预组产后糖代谢异常发生率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预组干预后疾病认知情况评分均显著优于对照组和干预前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论产后随访干预用于妊娠期糖尿病可有效提高血糖控制效果,改善疾病认知情况。     

Marital and parenting satisfaction and infant care self-efficacy during the transition to parenthood: the effect of infant sex

The purpose of this follow-up study was to examine the effect of infant sex on changes in and differences between parents' reports of infant care self-efficacy and parenting and marital satisfaction from 4 months to 12 months after the birth of their first child. A convenience sample of 32 couples was selected from 44 couples who participated in a longitudinal study of the development of parenting satisfaction and infant care self-efficacy during the first 4 months after the birth of a first child (Brage Hudson, Elek, Fleck, 2001). Couples completed a demographic questionnaire, the Infant Care Survey (ICS, Froman Owen, 1989), the What Being the Parent of a New Baby is Like--Revised Questionnaire (WPBL-R, Pridham Chang, 1989), and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS, Spanier, 1976, 1989) 4 and 12 months postpartum. Infant care self-efficacy, but not parenting satisfaction, increased from 4 to 12 months; mothers reported higher infant care self-efficacy and parenting satisfaction than fathers at both times. Fathers of boys reported greater parenting satisfaction and infant care self-efficacy at 12 months than fathers of girls. Marital satisfaction decreased from 4 to 12 months for both mothers and fathers. Significant relationships existed among infant care self-efficacy, parenting satisfaction, and marital satisfaction at both 4 and 12 months postpartum. Implications for families and for nursing interventions are discussed.     

Disentangling the Interplay Among Cognitive Biases: Evidence of Combined Effects of Attention,Interpretation and Autobiographical Memory in Depression

Previous research has found that cognitive biases in attention, interpretation, and memory play an important role in depression. However, there is little knowledge of the interplay between these biases in clinical depression. The present study was aimed to model different pathways of relation among attention, interpretation and autobiographical memory biases, and to examine their contribution to account for depression status outcomes. Cognitive biases were evaluated in a sample comprising 22 currently-depressed and 36 never-depressed individuals representing a broad range of depression severity levels. Cognitive biases were assessed by three separate tasks using different types of stimuli. Our main finding was a significant indirect effect model in which attention bias to negative faces was linked to greater negative memory bias via its association with negative interpretation bias. Within this model, the specific pathway between attention bias to negative faces and negative interpretation bias accounted both for significant variance in depression severity as well as for depression diagnostic status. These findings increase our understanding of the complex interplay between cognitive mechanisms involved in clinical depression and highlight hypothetical pathways relevant for future interventions.     

Cognitive Control in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Relation of Inhibition Impairments to Worry and Anxiety Severity

Cognitive models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) propose that cognitive control, broadly construed, and inhibition specifically, play a role in the maintenance of GAD symptoms. However, few studies have explicitly investigated inhibition, and in particular “cold” (non-emotional) inhibition, and its relation to worry and anxiety severity in GAD. Adults with GAD (n?=?35) and healthy controls (n?=?21) completed computerized Stroop and Go/NoGo tasks, two widely-used tests of inhibition. GAD status predicted significantly worse (slower and less accurate) performance on the Stroop but not the Go/NoGo task. Clinician-rated anxiety severity predicted slower and less accurate Stroop performance over and above the effect of GAD diagnosis but did not predict Go/NoGo performance. Trait worry did not incrementally predict performance on either task. These findings provide qualified support for theoretical models of inhibition impairments in GAD and suggest that inhibition could be a promising target for novel neurocognitive interventions.     

Combination of Fluoxetine and Cognitive Therapy for the Treatment of Major Depression Among People with HIV Infection: A Time-Series Analysis Investigation

The aim of the present study was to evaluate theefficacy of a combined treatment of fluoxetine andcognitive therapy for the treatment of major depressionin HIV-infected patients. Six HIV-seropositive patients with major depression participated inthis study using a multiple-baseline experimental designwith follow-up and direct replications. Results oftime-series intervention analyses suggest that the combination of fluoxetine and cognitivetherapy can provide an effective treatment for majordepression in HIV illness that may be more effectivethan fluoxetine alone. However, relapse rates andfollow-up results raise some concerns about the long-termefficacy of the combined treatment as administered inthis study. Cooccurence of a personality disorder issuggested as an explanatory hypothesis.     

Cognitive Control Training in Healthy Older Adults: A Proof of Concept Study on the Effects on Cognitive Functioning,Emotion Regulation and Affect

Cognitive Therapy and Research - The current study sets out to explore the influence of a well-studied cognitive control training (CCT) procedure on cognitive control processes, emotion regulation...     

Cognitive Bias in Men's Processing of Negative Social Information: The Role of Social Anxiety,Toughness as a Masculine Role Norm,and Their Interaction

Cognitive approaches to social anxiety focus on a person's tendency to make biased judgments for threat-relevant stimuli. This notion was tested relative to whether men's adherence to a toughness male role norm moderates the relation between social anxiety and biased judgments for negative interpersonal events. For negative interpersonal events not involving male role norms, results indicated that only social anxiety was related to probability estimates, while for cost estimates there was a unique association for social anxiety and a significant social anxiety by toughness interaction such that men who were high in both made greater cost estimates. For events involving explicit male role norms, social anxiety and toughness evidenced unique relationships with probability estimates. For cost estimates, in addition to unique associations for social anxiety and toughness, there was a significant interaction, which showed that men high in both characteristics gave the highest cost ratings.     

How Depressive Symptoms Hinder Positive Information Processing: An Experimental Study on the Interplay of Cognitive Immunisation and Negative Mood in the Context of Expectation Adjustment

Background

People with depression maintain negative expectations despite disconfirming positive experiences by reappraising or discarding novel positive information, referred to as “cognitive immunisation”. A second body of literature suggests that negative mood can negatively affect information processing. Bridging these two lines of research, the present study examined the interplay of cognitive immunisation and negative mood in the context of expectation modification.

Methods

In a student sample (N?=?152), we used a well-established experimental paradigm to examine the adjustment of performance expectations in response to positive performance feedback, and its relation to depressive symptoms. In a 2?×?2 design, participants received either a negative mood induction, a cognitive immunisation manipulation, both, or no further manipulation.

Results

Participants from all experimental groups revised their previous expectations significantly in line with positive performance feedback. However, depressive symptoms were a negative predictor of expectation adjustment, and a moderation analysis indicated that this effect was particularly pronounced if participants underwent the negative mood induction.

Conclusions

Consistent with previous work, depressive symptoms were associated with a reduced ability to integrate positive information. Furthermore, our results suggest that the activation of negative mood in people with elevated levels of depression may hamper learning from new positive experience.

     

Exploring the Efficacy of Cognitive Bibliotherapy and a Potential Mechanism of Change in the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms Among the Chinese: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The present study investigated the efficacy of cognitive bibliotherapy in the treatment of depressive symptoms among Chinese individuals in Taiwan. Adults with depressive symptoms (N = 52, M age = 26.4) were randomly assigned to the treatment condition or the delayed treatment control condition. Participants were assessed at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up. Results indicated that participants’ overall depression level lowered at posttreatment. Analyses were performed on the intention-to-treat basis. Multiple imputation inference procedure (Rubin in Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1987) was adopted to estimate missing values and to draw inferences based on the imputed data. Results of the analyses indicated that the cognitive-affective symptoms of depression, rather than the somatic symptoms of depression, evidenced significant reduction as a result of cognitive bibliotherapy. Further reductions in cognitive-affective symptoms were observed at 3-month follow-up. Lastly, learned resourcefulness was found to be a mechanism through which bibliotherapy reduced depressive symptoms. The present study provides preliminary evidence that cognitive bibliotherapy may be a promising treatment option for Chinese individuals with depressive symptoms. In the meantime, participants’ qualitative feedback may provide important direction for cross-cultural adaptation of cognitive bibliotherapy. Applied implications and cultural issues are discussed.     

Cognitive Bias Modification for the Induction of Negative Versus Benign Interpretations of the Self in Individuals with Elevated Social Anxiety: Effects on Self-related and Anxiety Outcomes

Studies of cognitive bias modification for interpretations in the social anxiety literature typically examine the effects of inducing a benign interpretation of ambiguous social situations. This study modifies and extends cognitive bias modification procedures to specifically alter interpretations of the self (CBM-IS) associated with social anxiety disorder and examined the effects of negative CBM-IS versus benign CBM-IS. Participants with elevated social anxiety were randomly allocated to a negative or benign CBM-IS condition. After CBM-IS training, participants were assessed on induced interpretations of the self, completed a speech task, and rated their performance. Negative self-esteem and anxiety were assessed at baseline, post-training, and post-speech. As predicted, negative CBM-IS induced a negative interpretation of the self whereas benign CBM-IS induced a benign interpretation of the self. There were also three key differential effects: (a) a baseline to post-training increase in negative self-esteem following negative CBM-IS but not benign CBM-IS, although the negative self-esteem difference between conditions was no longer evident at post-speech, (b) a greater increase in anxiety from post-training to post-speech following negative CBM-IS relative to benign CBM-IS, and (c) more negative self-ratings of speech performance following negative CBM-IS relative to benign CBM-IS. These findings validate the new CBM-IS procedures, and highlight the potential of these procedures for testing models of social anxiety disorder and for therapeutic intervention to reduce social anxiety.

     

Efficacy of Therapeutic Exercise on Activities of Daily Living and Cognitive Function Among Older Residents in Long-term Care Facilities: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

ObjectivesThis study aimed to systematically analyze the efficacy of therapeutic exercise on activities of daily living (ADL) and cognitive function among older residents in long-term care facilities.Data SourcesPubMed, Cochrane Central of Register Trials, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, OTseeker, and Ichushi-Web were searched from inception until December 2018.Study SelectionDatabases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of therapeutic exercise for long-term care facility residents aged 60 years and older, focusing on ADL and cognitive function as outcomes.Data ExtractionTwo independent reviewers extracted the key information from each eligible study. Two reviewers independently screened and assessed all studies for eligibility, extracting information on study participants, details of interventions, outcome characteristics, and significant outcomes. Any discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer.Data SynthesisA total of 11 RCTs with 1280 participants were eligible for analyses. Therapeutic exercise had a significant benefit on ADL (standard mean difference [SMD]=0. 22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.42, P=.03). Subgroup analyses indicated that interventions conducted ≥3 days per week [SMD=0.42, 95% CI 0.02, 0.82, P=.04] had a significant benefit on ADL. For cognitive function, group exercise and ≥3 days/week of intervention had a significant benefit (group exercise: mean difference [MD]=3.36, 95% CI 0.91, 5.80, P=.007; ≥3 days/week of intervention: MD=2.28, 95% CI 0.07, 4.49, P=.04).ConclusionsTherapeutic exercise conducted 3 or more days per week may be effective for improving ADL and cognitive function among older residents in long-term care facilities. This meta-analysis suggested that group exercise for cognitive functions was effective. However, the effective method of intervention delivery for ADL was unclear.