肺炎支原体荚膜多糖抑制树突状细胞吞噬和膜分子表达

目的:了解肺炎支原体(Mp)荚膜多糖(CPS)通过结合树突状细胞特异性细胞间黏附分子-3-结合非整合素分子(DC-SIGN)对树突状细胞吞噬功能及细胞表面膜分子表达的影响。方法:复苏培养Mp 菌株,抽提和纯化CPS。培养人外周血单个核细胞来源的DC,吉姆萨染色观察和流式细胞术(FCM)鉴定;用CPS 刺激DC,FCM 检测DC 对FITC-多聚糖的吞噬指数、DC 表面特异标志CD83、HLA-DR 抗原以及协同刺激分子CD80 和CD86 的表达。结果:培养7 d 的DC 有典型的树突状结构,并高表达CD11c 分子。经CPS 刺激后,DC 内FITC-多聚糖的平均荧光强度较对照PBS 处理组显著增加(P<0.05),DC 表面膜分子CD83、HLA-DR、CD80 和CD86 较对照组显著减少(P<0.05)。用CPS 刺激被DC-SING 受体封闭的DC,发现DC 内FITC-多聚糖吞噬指数和四种膜表面分子的表达与对照组差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:Mp CPS 可促进DC 的吞噬功能和减少细胞膜分子CD83、HLA-DR、CD80 和CD86 的表达。     

补体调节蛋白Crry对树突状细胞的调控及诱导同种移植免疫低反应

目的:探讨补体调节蛋白Crry对树突状细胞(DC)的调节作用及诱导同种移植免疫低反应性的机制。方法:分离BALB/c小鼠的骨髓来源树突状细胞,试验分为2组:①脂多糖(LPS)刺激组,即培养结束前加入外源性脂多糖(1 mg/L)刺激24小时;②Crry处理组,加入抗小鼠Crry抗体5μg/ml,结束前加入外源性脂多糖(1 mg/L)刺激24小时,流式细胞仪检测树突状细胞表面分子CD86、CD40、MHCⅡ的表达,ELISA法检测其细胞上清液中IFN-γ、IL-10和IL-12的水平,ELISA法检测细胞上清液中C3、C5、C3a和C5a的含量,并以BALB/c小鼠的DC作为刺激细胞,以C57BL/6小鼠的淋巴细胞作为反应细胞进行同种混合淋巴细胞培养,MTT法检测淋巴细胞增殖活性。结果:经LPS刺激后,培养的DC表面共刺激分子CD40、CD86和MHCⅡ分子的表达显著增加(P<0.05);Crry处理组DC表面共刺激分子CD86和MHCⅡ分子的表达较LPS刺激组显著降低(P<0.05),而CD40的表达无显著性差异;Crry处理组培养上清液中C3和C5的含量无明显变化,但C3a、C5a的含量较LPS刺激组显著减少(P<0.05);培养DC上清液中IFN-γ和IL-12的含量较LPS刺激组显著降低(P<0.05),IL-10的含量较LPS刺激组显著增加(P<0.05);培养的DC加入Crry抗体后,其淋巴细胞增殖活性显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:补体调节蛋白Crry可以对DC具有重要的调控作用,可以影响其共刺激分子的表达、补体的生成以及细胞因子的合成等,从而诱导同种移植免疫低反应性,丰富先天免疫对获得性免疫的调节作用。     

LPS持续刺激对小鼠骨髓树突状细胞成熟的影响

目的　研究LPS持续刺激对小鼠骨髓树突状细胞 (DC)成熟的影响。方法　小鼠骨髓细胞用GM CSF培养 7d ,持续刺激组全程加入LPS ,短期刺激组在最后 48h加入LPS ,对照组不加LPS。流式细胞仪检测细胞表型和细胞摄取抗原的能力 ,ELISA检测细胞产生的细胞因子 ,混合淋巴细胞培养检测细胞提呈抗原的能力。结果　用LPS持续刺激的小鼠骨髓DC表达MHCⅡ、CD86、CD80和CD11c等分子和分泌TNF α和IL 12 (p70 )的能力并未增加 ,吞噬FITC OVA的能力显著升高 ,刺激同种异基因T细胞和刺激同种同基因T细胞增殖的能力亦显著低于LPS短期刺激组。结论　LPS持续刺激可抑制DC的发育成熟 ,可能是持续严重感染时免疫功能低下的原因     

调节性DC分泌的外体诱导免疫耐受功能的体外研究

为了探讨树突状细胞(DC)分泌的外体(Dex)在诱导T细胞免疫耐受中的作用,体外研究采用供体Dex降低同种异体移植排斥的可能性。从正常人外周血单个核细胞中诱导培养未成熟DC(imDC),用TGF-β1联合IL-10诱导调节性DC,LPS诱导DC成熟。采用流式细胞术方法观察TGF-β1和IL-10对DC表型、吞噬功能的影响;采用超速离心和超滤的方法提纯Dex;Western blot方法检测imDC分泌的Dex(imDex)与调节性DC分泌的Dex(rDex)表达的相关分子;通过CCK-8法分析异源iDex和mDex在混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)中的生物学功能,并比较rDex与iDex诱导免疫耐受的能力。结果显示,TGF-β1和IL-10可下调DC表面的共刺激分子CD80、CD83、CD86的表达,并诱导调节性DC分泌更多的rDex;异源的mDC分泌的Dex(mDex)在mDC存在时增强MLR,而异源的imDex在imDC存在时一定程度上抑制MLR,rDex诱导的抑制T细胞增殖作用显著强于iDex;rDex表达更多的FasL,提示TGF-β1和IL-10诱导的调节性DC分泌的rDex在免疫耐受中发挥重要作用,有望应用于同种异体移植抗免疫排斥。     

HBeAg对小鼠骨髓源性树突状细胞成熟的影响

目的 探讨HBe Ag对LPS诱导小鼠骨髓源性树突状细胞(DC)成熟的影响。方法 体外诱导C57BL/6小鼠骨髓细胞分化成未成熟树突状细胞,经CD11c磁珠分选纯化后将DCs随机分为空白对照组、LPS刺激组、HBe Ag+LPS刺激组。流式检测DC表型变化,混合淋巴反应(MLR)检测DC促T淋巴细胞增殖能力,酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测细胞上清液中IL-12的分泌水平,Western blot检测p38磷酸化水平,并设置SB203580组为阳性对照探讨细胞IL-12分泌的可能调节机制。结果 LPS刺激未成熟DC引起细胞表面MHC-Ⅱ、CD86表达升高,刺激同种异体淋巴细胞增殖能力增强,IL-12分泌量增高。HBe Ag可抑制LPS促进DC表面MHC-Ⅱ、CD86表达升高和促淋巴细胞增殖能力增强的作用。LPS刺激DC可引起p38磷酸化水平升高,并呈时间依赖性;HBe Ag或SB203580预处理细胞再予LPS刺激,磷酸化p38表达和IL-12分泌较单纯LPS刺激组明显下降。结论 HBe Ag对LPS引起的树突状细胞的成熟有一定的抑制作用,且HBe Ag可能通过抑制p38MAPK信号通路下调LPS诱导的树突状细胞IL-12的产生。     

林可霉素对树突状细胞系DC2.4免疫功能影响的初步研究

目的:探讨林可霉素(lin)对树突状细胞(DCs)系DC2.4免疫功能的影响。方法:设立3个组:DC2.4细胞组,DC2.4细胞+LPS组及DC2.4细胞+LPS+lin组(LPS及lin均为500 ng/mL)。在倒置显微镜下观察各实验组中DC2.4细胞的形态学变化。同时采用流式细胞仪分析DC2.4细胞表面标志MHC-Ⅱ类分子、CD86和CD80的表达。采用同种异体混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)检测各实验组中DC2.4细胞刺激同种异体T淋巴细胞增殖的能力。用ELISA试剂盒检测干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平的变化。结果:倒置显微镜下显示,DC2.4细胞组为未成熟DCs形态,DC2.4细胞+LPS组及DC2.4细胞+LPS+lin两组均为成熟DCs的形态。流式细胞术分析证实,500 ng/mL LPS可以促进DC2.4细胞表面MHC-Ⅱ类分子、CD86和CD80的表达,并增强其刺激T细胞增殖及IFN-γ的分泌。但500 ng/mL lin联合500 ng/mL LPS能够部分抑制DC2.4细胞免疫调节作用。结论:Lin可以部分抑制成熟DC2.4细胞的免疫调节功能。     

慢性乙肝患者树突状细胞对Th1/Th2分化的影响

探讨慢性乙肝患者树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC)对CD4+Th细胞亚群分化的影响。分离慢性乙肝患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),以rhIL-4(50 ng/ml)、rhGM-CSF(10 ng/ml)和rhTNF-α(100 u/ml)诱导培养DC。以流式细胞仪检测DC表面CD1a、CD83、CD80、CD86、HLA-DR分子表达情况。MTT法检测DC刺激同种异体淋巴细胞增殖能力。免疫磁珠分离外周血CD4+T细胞亚群,PMA+Ionomycin刺激后胞内荧光染色,流式细胞仪检测辅助性T细胞(helper T cell,Th)内特征性细胞因子IFN-γ/IL-4以判断Th1/Th2分化。ELISA法检测DC或Th细胞培养上清中IL-6、IL-12、IFN-γ和IL-4的含量。结果:慢性乙肝患者的DC表达CD1a、CD83、CD80、CD86、HLA-DR分子水平明显低于正常人(P<0.01);培养至第7天,慢性乙肝患者DC分泌的IL-12水平低于正常人(P<0.01),而分泌的IL-6水平增高(P<0.05)。与正常人相比,慢性乙肝患者外周血中Th1细胞占CD4+T细胞的百分比较低(P<0.01),其Th细胞培养上清中IFN-γ的量也较低(P<0.01)。患者DC与同种异体的健康人Th细胞共培养,刺激Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ产生的能力低于正常人(P<0.01)。慢性乙肝患者体内DC功能的异常可能导致了外周血Th1细胞分化不足。     

早期脂多糖干预对大鼠树突状细胞表型和功能的影响

目的探讨早期脂多糖(LPS)干预对大鼠树突状细胞(DC)表型和功能的影响。方法用rrIL-4和rrGM-CSF体外诱导骨髓前体细胞,成熟组于第6天加入LPS1μg/mL,干预组分别于第0、3、6天连续加入LPS1μg/mL,对照组不加LPS,第7天收集细胞。采用免疫细胞化学方法、流式细胞术、同种淋巴细胞刺激试验和RT-PCR进行表型和功能鉴定。结果与对照组相比,MHC-Ⅱ、CD80、CD86、IL-12的表达和刺激同种T淋巴细胞增殖的能力在成熟组明显增高而干预组明显降低(P<0.01),Dextran-FITC摄取能力在成熟组明显降低而干预组明显增高(P<0.01)。结论早期LPS干预可抑制大鼠DC成熟,获得纯度更高的未成熟DC,为进一步研究免疫耐受奠定了基础。     

脐血CD123+髓系树突状细胞的生物学特性研究

探讨人脐血单核细胞在髓系树突状细胞(DC)体外诱导体系中获得的CD123 髓系DC的生物学特性。分离脐血单核细胞,用人重组的粒/单核细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和IL-4将其诱导为DC。用流式细胞仪检测DC表面共刺激分子、CD123和CD11c的表达,并用间接免疫磁珠法将其中CD123 DC加以分离纯化;激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜和倒置显微镜观察CD123 DC形态;3H-TdR渗入法检测CD123 DC对同种异体T细胞的刺激能力。脐血单核细胞经GM-CSF和IL-4诱导7 d后,细胞表面高度表达HLA-DR、CD86、CD11c和CD123,低表达CD83,丧失CD14的表达,其中CD123和CD11c均匀分布于DC表面。免疫磁珠纯化后的CD123 DC呈现不成熟DC形态,除细胞体积较小外,其表面突起类似于CD123?DC。CD123 DC能明显刺激同种异体T细胞增殖,但其刺激能力较CD123?DC组低(P<0.05)。GM-CSF和IL-4培养体系中的CD123 DC可能是DC分化发育过程中更早期的未成熟髓系DC,具有独特的生物学特性。     

γ干扰素处理对树突状细胞生物学特性及功能的影响

目的研究γ干扰素(IFN-γ)处理对C57BL/6小鼠树突状细胞(DC)生物学特性及功能的影响。方法在DC培养过程的早期(第2天)或晚期(第5天)加入20 ng/m L IFN-γ进行处理,第7天加入脂多糖(LPS)刺激DC成熟,流式细胞术检测细胞表面分子CD11c、CD80、CD86的表达。为检测DC功能,将其与BALB/c小鼠来源的淋巴细胞进行共培养,5,6-羧基荧光黄二乙酸盐N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(CFSE)标记法检测其刺激异基因淋巴细胞增殖的能力、流式细胞术检测其诱导调节性T细胞(Treg)产生的能力。结果与对照组相比,早期IFN-γ处理组的DC数量减少、分化受到抑制;虽然表面共刺激分子的表达无明显变化,但是却明显拮抗LPS刺激其成熟;刺激异基因淋巴细胞增殖的能力明显减弱;诱导产生更多的Treg。与对照组相比,晚期IFN-γ处理的DC数量及分化无变化;表面共刺激分子CD86及CD80表达升高;LPS刺激DC成熟及同种异体混合淋巴细胞反应的结果相似,但是诱导Treg产生的能力增加。结论早期IFN-γ处理组和晚期IFN-γ处理组的DC生物学特性及功能明显不同。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.