正确处理第三产程

正确处理第三产程白求恩医科大学第二临床学院（１３００４１）田雪红朱凤全如何正确处理第三产程面临两个问题：一是正确处理新生儿特别是正确掌握新生儿复苏的指征和方法；二是正确娩出胎盘和减少产后出血。下面围绕上述问题作简要叙述。１新生儿的处理１．１正常新生儿...     

比较第三产程时主动与期待处理的作用

1 背景 第三产程指从胎儿娩出到胎盘娩出的阶段。胎儿娩出和脐带搏动停止后，胎盘在蜕膜海绵层从子宫上剥离下来，并从产道娩出。胎盘剥离是毛细血管出血及子宫收缩的结果。与胎盘剥离及娩出有关的出血程度取决于胎盘与子宫壁分离的速度和剥离期间及随后胎盘着床部位周围子宫肌层收缩的有效性。     

乳房按摩对第三产程及产后出血的影响

乳房按摩对第三产程及产后出血的影响熊小娟周惠珍王小兰吴谋喜周建华陈静张小芬Ｋｉｍ等［１］采用乳房按摩处理第三产程，并与传统的应用催产素法相比较后认为，乳房按摩可减少产后出血，但乳房按摩使第三产程时间较长。我们在此基础上进行了改进，并采取随机、双盲、对...     

第三产程产后出血防治措施的分析

目的 :探讨第三产程产后出血的防治措施。方法 :前瞻性观察我院住院分娩的产妇 45 0例 ,其中阴道分娩30 0例 ,随机分为 5组。A组 :缩宫素组 (6 0例 ) ,于胎儿娩出后静脉推注生理盐水 2 0ml加缩宫素 2 0U ;B组 :卡前列甲酯组 (6 0例 ) ,于胎儿娩出后将卡前列甲酯 1mg塞肛 ;C组 :手法按摩组 (6 0例 ) ,胎儿娩出后手法持续宫底按摩≥ 5分钟 ,适度牵拉脐带 ;D组 :缩宫素加手法按摩组 (6 0例 ) ;对照组 (6 0例 ) :于胎儿娩出后静脉滴注生理盐水 5 0 0ml。另 15 0例剖宫产分娩者 ,随机分为 3组 ,A组 :缩宫素组 (5 0例 ) ;B组 :手法组 (5 0例 ) ;C组 :缩宫素加手法组 (5 0例 )。准确测量产后 2小时及 2 4小时出血量 ,记录第三产程时间。结果 :阴道分娩各组中 ,D组的第三产程时间最短 ,产后 2小时内出血量最少 ,C组、B组、A组依次减少 ;剖宫产各组中 ,C组的产后出血量及产后出血发生率与A组、B组相比 ,差异有显著性 ;剖宫产组产后出血量与阴道分娩组比较 ,其差异也有统计学意义。结论 :胎儿娩出后及时使用缩宫素或卡前列甲酯等促宫缩药 ,并采取主动手法辅助娩出胎盘 ,可减少产后出血 ,其预防产后出血的效果显著优于上述其他处理方法。     

第三产程时限分布及其与产后出血的关系

目的:探讨第三产程时限的分布及其与产后出血(PPH)的关系.方法:回顾性分析2014年1月1日至2017年12月31日在昆明医科大学第一附属医院分娩符合单胎足月妊娠、阴道分娩、无椎管内镇痛且有完整记录的病例共10983例,以10分钟为间隔,将第三产程分为4组(0～9分钟、10～19分钟、20～29分钟、≥30分钟),分...     

探讨彩色多普勒超声对帆状胎盘的诊断价值

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声对帆状胎盘的诊断价值和临床意义。方法:对2008年9月至2011年4月在我院行产前彩色多普勒超声检查及分娩的8975例孕妇,通过产前彩色多普勒超声查看胎盘脐带附着点的位置,考虑是否为帆状胎盘,并结合临床手术后进一步确诊。结果:经产前彩色多普勒超声检查诊断为帆状胎盘29例,临床术后确诊为帆状胎盘26例,超声误诊5例,漏诊2例。结论:彩色多普勒超声能够在产前较准确的诊断出帆状胎盘,能有效的降低分娩时胎儿的死亡率。     

第三产程应用缩宫素预防产后出血的体会（附593例临床分析）

产后出血为分娩期严重并发症，常引起严重后遗症，甚至死亡。为了预防产后出血的发生，我院2004年2～12月对593例分娩孕妇采用了静脉注射缩宫素的方法，迅速缩短第三产程，对预防产后出血有良好的效果。现报告如下。     

彩色多普勒超声介入乳腺疾病诊断的临床观察

目的：分析彩色多普勒超声介入乳腺疾病诊断的临床效果。方法：采用彩色多普勒超声进行对乳腺增生、乳腺炎、乳腺纤维瘤、乳腺囊肿和乳腺癌进行诊断,分析在人群中的病发率。结果：88例患有乳腺疾病患者中,乳腺增生有57例（64.7%）,乳腺炎15例（17.0%）,乳腺纤维瘤7例（7.9%）,乳腺囊肿6例（6.8%）,乳腺癌3例（3.4%）。乳腺增生的发生率显著高于其他四种类型（P〈0.05）,乳腺炎和乳腺囊肿的发生率无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,乳腺纤维瘤和乳腺癌的发生率无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论：彩色多普勒超声可应用于诊断和区分不同类型的乳腺疾病,具有很大的临床应用价值。     

彩色和能量多普勒超声对高危妊娠胎盘绒毛动脉的血流监测及与妊娠结局的关系

目的　研究高危妊娠胎盘循环的病理生理变化及与其妊娠结局的关系。方法　将研究对象根据脐血流S/D值和临床症状将 1 0 2例研究对象分为三组 :脐血流S/D≥ 95 th%者 37例为胎儿 -胎盘供血不足组 ;脐血流S/D <95 th%者同时有妊娠合并症及并发症者 4 2例为妊娠合并症和并发症组 ;无任何妊娠合并症和并发症2 3例作为正常妊娠对照组。经彩色和能量多普勒超声检测三组脐动脉、胎盘内绒毛动脉的阻力及计数胎盘内绒毛血管的条数并与妊娠结局相比较。结果　脐血流S/D≥ 95 th%的孕妇胎盘内绒毛血管的数量明显低于正常妊娠组和妊娠合并症、并发症组 ,胎盘内绒毛动脉的S/D值均显著高于其他两组。虽然正常组和妊娠合并症及并发症组脐动脉血流S/D值均小于 95 th% ,但妊娠合并症和并发症组胎盘内绒毛血管的数量显著低于正常组 ,胎盘内绒毛动脉S/D值显著高于正常组。三组中胎儿 -胎盘供血不足组妊娠结局最差 ;妊娠合并症和并发症组胎儿体重和胎盘重量居中 ;正常妊娠无不良围产儿结局。结论　彩色和能量多普勒超声可监测胎盘内绒毛血管数量及绒毛动脉的阻力 ,其血流动力学的变化为进一步洞察高危妊娠胎盘循环提供了直接依据     

Prospective randomized trial of oxytocin administration for active management of the third stage of labor

Objective

To determine the most efficient route and timing of oxytocin administration for active management of the third stage of labor.

Methods

A prospective randomized study was done at one center in Ankara, Turkey, between January and October 2010. Women with a singleton pregnancy (> 37 weeks) who had a live vaginal birth were randomly allocated to four groups: iv-A (intravenous oxytocin after delivery of the fetus), iv-B (when anterior shoulder seen), im-A (intramuscular oxytocin after delivery), and im-B (when anterior shoulder seen). Postpartum blood loss within the first hour, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and duration of the third stage were compared.

Results

A total of 600 eligible women were recruited; 150 were assigned to each group. Postpartum blood loss, prepartum and postpartum hemoglobin and hematocrit, and need for additional uterotonics were similar among groups (P > 0.05). The duration of the third stage of labor and changes in hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly reduced in group iv-B (P < 0.05). Among women not exposed to oxytocin before delivery, postpartum blood loss was significantly lower in group iv-B (P = 0.019). Labor augmentation was related to significantly increased postpartum blood loss in all groups except iv-A.

Conclusion

Although postpartum blood loss was similar in all groups, early intravenous administration seemed to have beneficial effects.ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01954186.     

Uterine electric activity during the third stage of labor; a look into the physiology of a deserted stage

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate uterine activity during the third stage of labor and compare it to that observed in the second stage of labor.

Study design: Uterine electric activity was prospectively measured using electrical uterine myography (EUM) in 44 women with singleton pregnancy at term during the final 30?min of the second stage and throughout the third stage of labor. Results are reported using a scoring index of 1–5?mWS (micro-Watt-Second). Patients were stratified into two groups based on the duration of the third stage (<15?min and >=15?min)

Results: The mean durations of the second and third stages were 51.9?±?63.5 and 15.4?±?7.5?minutes, respectively. During the third stage, uterine activity (contractions peaks) was similar to that observed during the second stage of labor (3.43?±?0.64?mWS versus 3.42?±?0.57?mWS, p?=?0.8). No correlation was found between the duration of the third stage and EUM measurements during the third (p?=?0.9) or the second (p?=?0.2) stages of labor. No association was found between EUM measurements during the third stage and parity, maternal age, fetal weight, duration of labor, gestational age, gravity or BMI. The rate of oxytocin use during the second stage and EUM measurements during the second or third stage did not differ among women with short versus long duration of the third stage.

Conclusion: Uterine activity during the third stage is comparable and as intense as that occurring during the second stage. Third stage length cannot be predicted by contraction intensity during the second or third stage of labor.     

Oral misoprostol for the prevention of primary post-partum hemorrhage during third stage of labor

AIM: To assess the effectiveness of oral misoprostol compared with methylergometrine in the prevention of primary post-partum hemorrhage during the third stage of labor. METHODS: This was a randomized controlled trial of 864 singleton low-risk pregnant women. The outcomes were total blood loss, duration of the third stage of labor and peripartal change in hematocrit. Comparisons were by the chi2-test and Student t-test. Relative risks were calculated for side-effects profile. A P-value of less than 0.05 was statistically significant. RESULTS: The biodata of all the participants were similar. The mean blood loss for the misoprostol and methylergometrine groups was 191.6 +/- 134.5 mL and 246.0 +/- 175.5 mL, respectively (95% CI: -79.3 to -39.5 mL). The mean duration of the third stage of labor was 19.6 +/- 2.4 min and 9.4 +/- 3.3 min in the misoprostol and methylergometrine groups, respectively (95% CI: 9.82-10.58 min). More subjects had blood loss >500 mL, 42 (9.7%) versus 6 (1.4%), and peripartal hematocrit change greater than 10%, 38 (8.8%) versus 5 (1.2%), in the methylergometrine group than in the misoprostol group, respectively. Also, more subjects received additional oxytocic in the methylergometrine group, compared to the misoprostol group (80 [18.5%] versus 33 [7.6%] patients, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Orally administered misoprostol was more effective in reducing blood loss during the third stage of labor than intramuscular methylergometrine. However, there were more subjects in the misoprostol group in whom duration of the third stage of labor was greater than 15 min and who also had manual placental removal than in the methylergometrine group.     

Misoprostol and active management of the third stage of labor.

OBJECTIVE: To compare current practices for the active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) with the use of 600 mug of oral misoprostol. METHODS: An operations research study was designed to compare blood loss with current AMTSL practices and misoprostol use. RESULTS: Women in the misoprostol group were less likely to bleed 500 ml or more (adjusted odds ratio, 0.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.56) compared with those in the current practices group. In the current practices group 73% women required interventions because of postpartum hemorrhage, compared with 11% in the misoprostol group. CONCLUSION: In situations where oxytocin and or ergometrine are not consistently and appropriately used during third stage of labor, misoprostol should be considered for inclusion in the AMTSL protocol.     

3D power Doppler ultrasound assessment of placental perfusion during uterine contraction in labor

IntroductionTo assess placental perfusion during spontaneous or induced uterine contraction in labor at term using placental vascular sonobiopsy (PVS) by 3D power Doppler ultrasound with the VOCAL imaging analysis program.MethodPVS was performed in 50 normal pregnancies (32 in spontaneous labor group [SLG], and 18 in induced labor group with oxytocin or prostaglandin F_2α [ILG]) at 37–41 weeks of gestation to assess placental perfusion during uterine contraction in labor. Only pregnancies with an entirely visualized anterior placenta were included in the study. Data acquisition was performed before, during (at the peak of contraction), and after uterine contraction. 3D power Doppler indices such as the vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularization flow index (VFI) were calculated in each placenta.ResultsThere were no abnormal fetal heart rate tracings during contraction in either group. VI and VFI values were significantly reduced during uterine contraction in both groups (SLG, −33.4% [−97.0–15.2%], and ILG, −49.6% [−78.2–−4.0%]), respectively (P < 0.001). The FI value in the ILG group was significantly lower during uterine contraction (P = 0.035), whereas it did not change during uterine contraction in the SLG group. After uterine contraction, all vascular indices returned almost to the same level as that before uterine contraction. However, the FI value in ILG (−8.6%, [−19.7–16.0%]) was significantly lower than that in SLG (2.4%, [−13.4–38.1%]) after uterine contraction (P < 0.05). All 3D power Doppler indices (VI, FI, and VFI) during uterine contraction (at the peak of contraction) showed a correlation greater than 0.7, with good intra- and inter-observer agreements.DiscussionOur findings suggest that uterine contraction in both spontaneous and induced labors causes a significant reduction in placental perfusion. Reduced placental blood flow in induced uterine contraction has a tendency to be marked compared with that in spontaneous uterine contraction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the non-invasive assessment of placental perfusion during uterine contraction in labor using 3D power Doppler ultrasound. However, the data and their interpretation in the present study should be taken with some degree of caution because of the small number of subjects studied. Further studies involving a larger sample size are needed to assess placental perfusion and vascularity using PVS during normal and abnormal uterine contractions in normal and high-risk pregnancies.     

Management of the third stage of labor

Management of the third stage of labor has been an issue of discussion, concern, and continued debate for the past two decades. Despite the many strategies employed and the divergent approaches to care and philosophies espoused, there has not been a significant, consistent reduction in the postpartum hemorrhage rates reported in industrialized countries in recent times. This article explores the strategies that have been and are currently being used in an effort to reduce the risk of postpartum hemorrhage.     

Misoprostol use during the third stage of labor.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the efficacy of misoprostol compared with placebo or other uterotonics in preventing maternal morbidity associated with the third stage of labor. METHODS: We identified, retrieved, evaluated, abstracted data, and assessed the quality of all published studies (from January 1996 to May 2002) which assessed misoprostol's efficacy in minimizing uterine blood loss during the third stage of labor. Seventeen studies included 28170 subjects; of these, approximately one-half received misoprostol with the remainder receiving either a placebo or another uterotonic agent. An estimate of the odds ratio (OR) and risk difference for dichotomous outcomes was calculated using a random- and fixed-effects model. Continuous outcomes were pooled using a variance-weighted average of within-study difference in means. RESULTS: In assessing studies comparing misoprostol with placebo, those who received oral misoprostol had a decreased risk of needing additional uterotonics (OR 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.46, 0.90). Compared with placebo, use of misoprostol was associated with an increased risk for shivering and pyrexia. In contrast, in studies comparing misoprostol with oxytocin, oxytocin was associated with significantly lower rates of postpartum hemorrhage, maternal shivering and pyrexia. In studies comparing misoprostol with Syntometrine, misoprostol was associated with higher rates of the need for additional uterotonic agent as well as shivering. CONCLUSIONS: Misoprostol was inferior to oxytocin and other uterotonics with regard to any of the third stage of labor outcomes assessed. However, when compared to placebo, misoprostol had a decreased risk of needing additional uterotonics. Thus, in less-developed countries where administration of parenteral uterotonic drugs may be problematic, misoprostol represents a reasonable agent for the management of the third stage of labor. Additional randomized clinical trials examining objective outcome measures (i.e. need for blood transfusion or 10% hemoglobin change) may further define benefits and risks of misoprostol use during the third stage of labor.     

Length of the third stage of labor at term pregnancies is shorter if placenta is located at fundus: prospective study

AIM: To investigate how the location of the placenta at term pregnancies affects the duration of the third stage of labor and to discuss the possible mechanisms affecting the duration of the third stage. We believe that this is the first prospective study comparing the duration of the third stage of labor according to placental location. METHODS: The placental implantation was determined as anterior (n = 78), posterior (n = 59), or fundal (n = 64) by ultrasound, in 201 women with singleton pregnancies. After delivery of the newborn, oxytocin infusion was routinely given. Duration of the third stage of labor was compared by anova. P < 0.05 was determined as significant. RESULTS: The duration of the third stage of labor was 10.36 +/- 5.94 min, 10.44 +/- 5.35 min, and 8.12 +/- 4.25 min with placentas located anteriorly, posteriorly, and fundal, respectively. The length of the third stage was significantly shorter in the fundal placenta group. CONCLUSION: In this study, the length of the third stage of labor was approximately 2 min shorter with placentas located at the fundus compared to the other two groups. The mechanism responsible for shorter duration may be the bipolar separation of fundal placentas in contrast to usual unipolar down-up separation of anterior or posterior placentas. Another contributing factor may be the use of oxytocin infusion for the management of the third stage, however this should be investigated by further studies by using real time ultrasonography.     

应用会阴B超检测宫颈成熟度预测前列腺素E2引产效果的价值

目的评价会阴Ｂ超检测宫颈成熟度对预测前列腺素Ｅ２凝胶引产效果的价值。方法用会阴Ｂ超和指检法检测１０５例初产妇宫颈的成熟状况,记录引产潜伏期（引产至临产的时间）,并进行Ｃｏｘ模型多因素分析。结果会阴Ｂ超检查简单直观,较少引起孕妇不适感;宫颈长度、内口开大程度和先露高低是引产潜伏期的影响因素（Ｐ＜０．０５）;Ｂ超评分≥－４５的孕妇易在１２小时内临产（Ｐ＜０．００１）;预测结果与观察实际结果一致性很好,误诊较少（Ｋａｐｐａ值、特异性和阳性预测值依次为０．７４０９、０．７９１７、０．９２５４）,均优于Ｂｉｓｈｏｐ评分（相应结果为０．５６８０、０．６６６７、０８８０６）。结论会阴Ｂ超安全有效,其宫颈成熟度评分预测前列腺素Ｅ２凝胶引产难易程度效果较好。