中国版视功能指数量表的修订及其在白内障患者生活质量评估中的应用

背景 白内障是目前全球主要的致盲眼病,患者视功能状态的全面评价要结合临床检查结果和患者主观评价.视功能指数量表(VF-14)是针对发达国家白内障患者研发的评估工具. 目的 研制中国版视功能指数量表并评估其在白内障患者生活质量(QoL)测量中的应用价值,探讨白内障患者QoL的影响因素.方法 采用前瞻性横断面调查研究方法,对原版VF-14量表进行翻译、回译和文化调试,形成中国版VF-12量表(VF-12-CN).于2013年2-10月在温州医科大学附属眼视光医院对拟行白内障手术的年龄相关性白内障或糖尿病性白内障患者215例中发放VF-12-CN进行QoL问卷调查,分析量表的条目区分度、信效度以及白内障患者得分的影响因素.任意选取完成问卷的48例白内障患者,由2名经过统一培训的调查员独立进行评分,由专家小组成员采用4级评分法对量表各条目内容是否能反映所测患者的心理特质、是否达到测量的目的进行评价. 结果 从受试者中共收回有效调查答卷200份,应答率为93.02％.根据中国的文化和经济背景及生活习惯对原版VF-14量表中涉及填表、体育和娱乐活动的3个条目进行了修改,对于应答率过低的关于驾车的2个条目进行删除.形成的VF-12-CN量表的条目区分度好,Cronbach's α系数为0.863,Guttmann Split-Half系数为0.874,调查员间信度为0.958.VF-12-CN量表中所有内容效度指数均为1.0;经因子分析共提取2个公因子,累计方差贡献率为59.3％.量表总分与年龄、较好眼裸眼远视力、较差眼裸眼远视力均呈正相关(r=0.277、0.534、0.367,均P＜0.01);文盲与非文盲组的量表得分分别为12.5±8.6和15.7±7.4,差异有统计学意义(t=2.798,P＜0.01);此外,不同年龄、较好眼裸眼远视力、较差眼裸眼远视力和白内障眼数间量表得分的差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).不同性别间及是否有眼部伴发病或全身伴发病组间患者总评分的比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=-0.426、0.304、-1.019,均P＞0.05).较好眼裸眼远视力、患者年龄及文化程度为白内障患者QoL的主要影响因素,回归方程为量表总分=25.045-10.927×较好眼裸眼远视力-3.342×文化程度+3.201×年龄(R=0.586,R2=0.334,F=34.247,P=0.000). 结论 VF-12-CN量表具有良好的测量特性,可用于中国人白内障患者QoL的评估.较好眼裸眼远视力是影响白内障患者QoL的主要因素.     

NEI VFQ-25中文版在老年性黄斑变性患者中应用的性能评价

目的 对视功能相关生命质量量表（National Eye Institute 25-Item Visual Function Questionnaire,NEI VFQ-25）中文版在老年性黄斑变性（age-related macular degeneration, AMD）患者中的应用进行信度和效度评价。设计 诊断试验。研究对象 AMD 患者107例及正常对照69例。方法 分别利用健康危险因素调查问卷和中文版NEI VFQ-25对上述研究对象进行一般情况和视功能相关生存质量调查。根据受调查者的得分情况,采用内部一致性信度、分半信度评价量表信度,内容效度、结构效度和区分效度评价量表效度。主要指标 信度和效度。结果 结果显示量表的信度良好,总体Cronbach α信度系数、分半信度系数分别为0.83和0.77;探索性因子分析12个维度共得到3个公因子,累计方差贡献率为65.35%,表明量表结构效度良好;病例组、对照组在各维度得分不同（P<0.05）,说明量表区分效度良好。 结论 中文版NEI VFQ-25量表在评价AMD患者视功能相关生存质量方面具有良好的信度和效度,适用于综合评价AMD所导致的视力损伤对生存质量的影响。     

中文视功能相关生存质量量表-25的初步应用评价

目的研制中文视功能相关的生存质量量表-25,计算其信度和效度并应用于眼病患者中,评价量表反映眼病对患者生存质量的影响的应用效果。方法调查研究。选取美国国家眼科研究所开发的视功能相关的生存质量量表（NEI-VFQ-25）,经过翻译、回译和文化调适后,形成中文量表。分别测量113例眼病患者（病例组）和38例健康体检者（对照组）视功能相关的生存质量,分析量表条目的无应答率、克朗巴赫α系数以及内容效度、结构效度、区分效度,比较病例组与对照组各维度得分之间的差异,并评估性别、年龄、文化程度及视力与量表各维度得分的相关性。采用多变量方差分析法、因子分析法以及Pearson相关分析进行数据分析。结果原量表中“开车”一项,在中文版视功能相关的生存质量量表-25中均调整为“驾车”。量表整体及各维度（除维度“眼痛”外）的克朗巴赫α系数均大于0.6,病例组和对照组的区分效度有显著的统计学意义,内容效度中各条目与其等级之间的相关系数均大于0.4,结构效度示该量表各维度及各条目均只在某一因子上有较大载荷。病例组中各眼病患者与对照组之间以及病例组中男女患者之间的量表得分差异均具有显著的统计学意义,且量表的得分与性别无明确相关性,与较好眼矫正视力及双眼矫正视力相关性高,与年龄呈负相关,且文化程度愈高者,量表得分愈高。结论中文视功能相关的生存质量量表-25的信度、效度均较高,能较全面地反映眼病患者的视力对其视功能相关的生存质量的影响。该量表得分与年龄呈负相关,并受文化水平影响,文化水平高者,量表得分亦较高。     

低视力者生活质量量表中文版的研制和信度与效度考评

目的探讨制定一个可量化测定视力下降人群视功能相关生活质量的量表,评价其信度和效度。方法翻译英文版““低视力者生活质量量表““(LVQOL)为中文版CLVQOL。采用单纯随机抽样,设置原始组和对照组。原始组间隔2周再次复查,成为重测组。分析量表的内在一致性、重测信度、内容效度、结构效度及判别效度,计算不同性别、年龄、学历及视力与CLVQOL量表得分的相关性。 结果经过系统的翻译、回译及文化调适步骤后所得的CLVQOL量表无论是在临床患者,还是在社区居民中克朗巴赫α系数和分半信度都在0.75～0.97之间,重测信度的组内相关系数在0.69～0.95之间。各条目集合效度的相关系数均在0。4以上,而条目判别效度绝大多数在0.4以下。因子分析共提出4个公共因子。原始组的CLVQOL各维和总体得分比对照组明显低。CLVQOL得分在不同性别、年龄和学历之间无差异,与视力的相关系数高。结论 CLVQOL符合中国的文化特点;其信度、效度均高,适用于临床和社区等各种人群,是能敏感地反映视力下降人群与视功能相关生活质量状况的量表。     

成人斜视生存质量评估量表在中国人群的应用

目的制作一个评价中国成人斜视患者生存质量状况的评估量表,探讨其应用在中国成人斜视患者时的信度和效度。方法 前瞻性病例对照研究。将英文版的成人斜视生存质量量表（AS-20）翻译为中文,征集就诊的成人斜视患者102例和视功能正常的对照者102例。对这2组患者使用中文版的成人斜视生存质量评估量表进行问卷调查。分析量表的内在一致性、重测信度、内容效度、结构效度和判别效度,同时分析影响患者CAS-20得分的相关因素。计算克朗巴赫α系数和因子分析评估量表信度和效度,Spearman′s 序列相关性分析评估条目集合效度和分辨效度。结果 CAS-20分为社会心理维度（条目1-10）和视功能维度（条目11-20）。经102例成人斜视患者和102视功能正常的对照者检验,总量表、社会心理维度和视功能维度的克朗巴赫系数分别为0.846、0.819、0.883,分半信度为0.846、0.801、0.898,重测信度为0.811、0.862、0.723。因子分析提取出6个公因子,能归纳为社会心理维度和视功能维度2个维度,斜视患者的得分显著低于正常对照组得分,伴有复视的斜视患者得分比没有复视的患者得分更低。量表得分与患者年龄、性别、视力水平及眼位偏斜方向无明显相关性。结论 中文版AS-20具有良好的信度和效度,能敏感反映中国成人患者与斜视相关的生存质量的变化。     

视功能指数量表研究及应用进展

白内障手术从防盲手术时代进入屈光手术时代,视觉相关生存质量已成为评价白内障手术预后的重要指标。视力等指标难以对患者视觉相关生存质量进行全面刻画,基于主观体验的视功能评价因此受到临床及科研重视。视功能指数量表(VF-14)是第一份应用于白内障领域视功能评估量表,被国际上广泛应用。本文回顾了VF-14研发历史,考量其临床适用性,从白内障、屈光性白内障及眼科常见病三类人群入手,对VF-14在视功能评价、手术方案疗效评价及术后随访等方面研究及应用进行综述,为VF-14的临床应用提供参考。     

中文版IND-VFQ-33在白内障人群中的应用与评价

目的研制中文版印度视功能量表（IND-VFQ-CN-33）,评价其在中国白内障人群中的测量特性,并初步分析白内障患者术前生活质量的影响因素。方法横断面调查研究。对IND-VFQ-33量表进行标准的翻译、回译和跨文化调试后,选取在温州医科大学附属眼视光医院确诊的白内障住院患者293例进行调查,其中45例患者用于评估2名调查者信度。通过Cronbach′s α系数分析量表的内部一致性;Pearson相关分析评估评定者间信度;内容效度指数评估内容效度;探索性因子分析评估结构效度,评价量表的适用性、项目区分度及信度、效度。通过独立样本t检验分析不同性别、年龄、文化程度条件下生活质量的差异,并通过单因素方差分析不同双眼远视力情况下生活质量的差异。结果中文版IND-VFQ-CN-33项目区分度好。内部一致性和评定者间信度较高,总表的Cronbach′s α系数为0.93。量表水平内容效度指数为0.84;结构效度的探索性因子分析提取出8个公因子,累积方差贡献率为67.62%。男性患者的心理评估子表得分高（t=-3.27,P＜0.05）,文盲患者的视功能子表（t=-3.03,P＜0.05）和心理评估子表（t=-3.45,P＜0.05）得分高。单因素方差分析发现不同双眼远视力组间差异均有统计学意义（F=3.66~24.37,P＜0.05）。结论IND-VFQ-CN-33在中国白内障术前人群中适用性好,具有较优的测量特性,可用于中国白内障术前人群的生活质量评估研究。白内障男性患者的心理方面生活质量下降较女性更加显著,文盲患者的视功能和心理方面生活质量下降较非文盲患者更加显著。     

白内障术前预测因素与术后视功能的相关性研究

目的:探讨白内障术前相关预测因素与术后视功能的相关性。方法:选取83例在我院眼科行白内障超声乳化和人工晶状体植入术患者,对其进行A超眼轴长度测量、白内障类型、核硬度等检查,分析术前预测因素与术后视力、视功能指数14(Visual Funtion Index14,VF-14)的相关性。结果:年龄、性别、眼轴、核硬度、术前矫正视力、白内障类型、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、对侧眼视力、患病时间与术后VF-14、术后30d矫正视力有相关性;术前VF-14、DM病史、对侧眼视力对于术后VF-14有83.5%的影响,具有重要意义。结论:通过术前相关检查能够有效地评估患者白内障术后视功能,术前VF-14量表的评价有一定意义。     

视疲劳调查量表在调节性视疲劳患者中的应用

目的:应用视疲劳调查量表调查调节性视疲劳患者的视疲劳情况及治疗前后评分差异,评价其在该人群中的信度、效度及反应度。方法:对112例上海中医药大学附属曙光医院眼科就诊及线上招募的调节性视疲劳患者,使用视疲劳调查量表进行调查,再随机抽取48例调查对象于1wk后重测,采用多种信度、效度及反应度指标对量表进行评价。结果:量表条目的总体Cronbach’sα系数为0.91;分半信度系数为0.86;量表总分的重复测量相关系数为0.74,前后无差异(P>0.05);验证性因子分析结果表明三因子结构模型绝对拟合指数χ²/df<2.0,RMSEA=0.08;相关分析中各维度总分和量表总分的相关系数分别为0.92、0.90、0.83;标准关联效度分析显示组间有差异(P<0.01)。反应度分析显示治疗前后有差异(P<0.01)。结论:ASS量表用于调节性视疲劳的临床评价具有较高的信度、效度及反应度,是视疲劳人群临床研究或筛检的有效工具。     

国人白内障视功能相关生存质量简表的研制及其测量特性评价

目的 研制国人白内障视功能相关生存质量简表Catquest-9SF并评价其在中国白内障人群中的适用性、项目区分度及信、效度,为中国白内障人群的视功能相关生存质量评价提供科学、简便的工具,并初步分析白内障术前患者生存质量的影响因素。方法 横断面调查研究。对原Catquest-9SF量表进行翻译、回译和跨文化调试,选取在温州医科大学附属眼视光医院确诊的白内障住院患者150例行量表调查,其中50例患者由2名调查者先后进行调查。对数据进行内部一致性、评定者间信度、内容效度和结构效度等分析,评价量表的适用性、项目区分度及信、效度,并分析得分的相关因素。结果 国人白内障视功能相关生存质量简表Catquest-9SF简短易行,项目区分度好;总表的Cronbach′s α系数为0.90;评定者间信度的Bland-Altman 95%一致性界限为-2.1~2.0,Pearson相关性分析表明评定者间信度高度相关（r=0.988,P＜0.01）;量表水平内容效度指数为0.98;结构效度的探索性因子分析提取出1个公因子,解释方差百分比为55.89%,累积方差贡献率为55.89%。量表得分和视力（r=0.43,P＜0.01）及年龄（r=-0.22,P<0.01）的相关性显著,不同性别的患者得分差异有统计学意义（t=-2.30,P<0.05）,不同文化程度和第一眼/第二眼手术的患者得分差异无统计学意义。结论 国人Catquest-9SF量表在中国南方地区适用性好,且具有良好的信、效度,是评价中国南方地区白内障人群视功能相关生存质量简单而有效的可行工具。     

年龄相关性白内障患者的综合性视觉功能指数与跌倒影响因素之间的关系

目的：：探讨年龄相关性白内障患者的综合性视觉功能指数与跌倒影响因素之间的关系。方法：纳入96例年龄相关性白内障术前患者作为受试者,使用综合性视觉功能指数( visual-functioning index, VF-7)问卷法评估受试者的综合性视觉功能。根据其结果进行分组,比较组间的跌倒影响因素差异性,包括视力、平衡功能、移动功能、认知及抑郁状态、对跌倒的担心等。结果：其中VF-7得分较低组的受试者,其年龄通常较大,有抑郁倾向,以及更担心跌倒;得分较低组的受试者视力、平衡功能和移动功能也较差。结论：不同水平的综合性视觉功能指数的年龄相关性白内障老年患者,其跌倒影响因素,包括视力、平衡功能、移动功能之间有显著的差异。综合性视觉功能指数作为一种简单方便的自评检查方式,可以用作对年龄相关性白内障患者的跌倒风险监测。     

视功能损害眼病患者生存质量量表的研究

目的研究一个适合测量我国视功能损害眼病患者的生存质量量表。方法通过指标筛选，最终选择２０个指标形成生存质量量表。应用该量表测量了５７例单纯视力损害的白内障患者和６０例有不同程度视力及视野损害的青光眼患者，并对该量表进行效度、信度和反应性的评价。结果该量表２０个指标，包括症状、视功能、身体机能、社会活动及精神心理等四个方面。（１）准则关联效度：ｒ＝０．６８６５，Ｐ＝０．０００。（２）重测信度：ｒ＝０．８９５９，Ｐ＝０．０００；克朗巴赫系数：α＝０．９３５８；方差比＝０．０５５１；分半信度：Ｒ＝０．９５５３。（３）反应度：ｔ检验＝５．９５（Ｐ＝０．０００），效应大小统计量为１．５３３。结论该量表具有满意的效度、信度和反应度。可试用于临床试验评价     

Development of the Scale of Quality of Life for Diseases with Visual Impairment

Purpose :To describe the development of the of scale quality of life which can measure the quality of life of Chinese patients with visual impairment. Methods: Based on a thorough literature search and consultation with ophthalmologists and public health professionals, 20 items were selected to create a scale. Fifty-seven cataract patients with vision impairment and 60 glaucoma patients with vision impairment and visual field loss were measured by the scale to evaluate the validity, reliability and responsiveness of the scale.Results: The scale covered four domains of the quality of life(QOL). The criterion related validity of the scale: r = 0. 6865 (P=0. 001). The test-retest reliability of the scale: r = 0. 8959(P = 0. 001). Coronback's alpha was 0. 9359. The variance ratio (VR) of intra-individual variance to inter- individual variance was 0. 0551 for overall scores. The correlation coefficient of split-half method was 0. 9553. The responsiveness; T-test, T = 5. 95 (P = 0. 001), effect size statistic     

Measuring the effectiveness of cataract surgery: the reliability and validity of a visual function outcomes instrument

AIMS: To assess test-retest reliability and validity of the "TyPE" patient self assessed visual function questionnaire, as part of a study in two hospitals measuring the effectiveness of cataract surgery. The American TyPE questionnaire had minor adaptations made for use in Britain. METHODS: Test-retest reliability was assessed on 63 out of 378 adult cataract surgery patients in the study, using Spearman correlation coefficients and kappa coefficients of agreement. "Construct" validity was evaluated by comparing the association between changes in visual function questionnaire scores after surgery, with patients' perception of change in visual function obtained by independent interview of 24 patients. RESULTS: The TyPE questionnaire items showed very good test-retest reliability. Average Spearman and kappa coefficients for 39 patients from hospital 1 were 0.93 and 0.84 respectively. Spearman and kappa coefficients of 0.9 and 0.81 were obtained for those nine patients in hospital 2 where both the test and retest questionnaires were filled in by the same people. However, for the 15 patients from hospital 2, where the questionnaire was filled in by different people in the retest, reliability was less good: the Spearman coefficients were still high, average 0.72, but the kappa coefficients were poor, 0.27. Good construct validity was exhibited, with a correlation of 0.79 between change in distance vision score from the questionnaires and the independent interview. CONCLUSIONS: The adapted TyPE questionnaire is both very reliable and has good construct validity. The kappa coefficient should be used wherever possible to evaluate reliability. The test-retest reliability and validity and practicability of other visual function questionnaires have not been assessed adequately, and further development should be carried out of all such questionnaires, so that they may be introduced into routine clinical care.     

Longitudinal changes in subjective and objective visual function 5 years after cataract surgery Prospective population-based study

PURPOSE: To investigate the long-term outcomes of cataract surgery by analyzing data collected 5 years after surgery and comparing with preoperative and postoperative subjective and objective visual function results. SETTING: Norrlands University Hospital, Ume?, Sweden. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal population-based cohort study comprised 810 patients who had cataract surgery during a 1-year period within a geographically defined area. Evaluated were visual acuity data and Visual Function-14 questionnaire (VF-14) results before and after surgery. Five years later, the 590 patients still alive were offered eye examinations and asked to fill out the questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 590 patients asked to participate at 5 years, 530 answered the questionnaire and 467 had eye examinations. The median VF-14 total score for all patients after surgery was 100; at 5 years, the score decreased to 96.7 (P = .001). Five years after surgery, 46% of patients had unchanged or better visual acuity in the operated eye, 37% had lost more than 0.1 logMAR unit, and 22% had a reduction in VF-14 score of 10 points or more. The two main reasons for the decline in visual acuity and VF-14 scores were age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) (47% and 60%, respectively) and glaucoma (12% and 11%, respectively). Age, co-morbidity, and VF-14 scores after surgery were independently associated with the VF-14 score 5 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Subjective and objective visual function 5 years after cataract surgery remained stable in most patients. Co-morbidity, most commonly ARMD, was the most frequent cause of deterioration of visual acuity and decrease in VF-14 scores. Age and co-morbidity were independently associated with the VF-14 score 5 years after surgery.     

Assessment of visual satisfaction and function after cataract surgery

PURPOSE: To examine the relationships between importance, satisfaction, visual acuity, and visual function in a sample of preoperative cataract patients and to derive and prospectively evaluate a shortened measure of visual function. SETTING: Day-stay cataract surgery unit at large private hospital and consulting rooms of metropolitan ophthalmologists. METHODS: Two independent samples of 111 and 121 patients were surveyed before and after surgery with regard to their visual satisfaction, trouble with vision, VF-14 visual function, overall satisfaction, and importance of factors affecting patient satisfaction. A 7-item scale of visual function derived from the first sample's results was prospectively tested against the second sample. Distance and reading acuities were recorded from the patients' charts. RESULTS: The 7-item measure of visual function strongly correlated with the VF-14 (r>0.9) and had predictive power equal to that of the VF-14 for satisfaction and trouble with vision. However, the 7 items differed somewhat from a version developed in Helsinki. Distance visual acuity was not significantly correlated with visual function, satisfaction, or trouble with vision, although reading acuity was significantly correlated with visual function and trouble with vision (r=0.31 and r=0.32, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A shortened measure of visual function that had a predictive value equal to that of the VF-14 can more practically be used in everyday practice. Furthermore, the study showed that regional factors matter and highlights the necessity of basing measurement scales on factors important to the population in question to ensure scale validity.     

Assessment of vision-related function in patients with age-related macular degeneration

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the validity of the visual function index (VF-14) in assessing visual function in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN: Prospective noncomparative observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred fifty-nine consecutive patients attending a sole practitioner's academic retina-only clinic from May 1998 through August 1998 and from May 1999 through August 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correlations were calculated between the VF-14 scores and the medical outcomes study 36-item short form (SF-36), weighted comorbidity scale, visual acuity and clinical AMD severity (stage), and vision self-assessment scales. Documentation of the severity of macular degeneration was performed by a sole examiner. RESULTS: There was a moderately strong correlation between visual acuity and trouble with vision (r = 0.51), satisfaction with vision (r = -0.50), and overall quality of vision (r = -0.56). A strong correlation was noted between VF-14 score and patients' self-rating of amount of trouble with vision (r = -0.67), satisfaction with vision (r = 0.62), and overall quality of vision (r = 0.67). In comparison, correlations between SF-36 score and patients' self-rating of amount of trouble with vision, satisfaction with vision, and overall quality of vision ranged from r = 0.37 to r = -0.40. Linear regression analysis for the overall study population indicated that AMD severity was not an independently significant predictor of VF-14 score after adjusting for visual acuity. However, among patients with 20/20 vision in the better eye, AMD severity was an independently significant predictor of VF-14 score after adjusting for visual acuity in the worse eye. CONCLUSIONS: The VF-14 exhibits a considerable degree of validity as a measure of functional impairment in patients with AMD. Age-related macular degeneration severity was an independently significant predictor of VF-14 score in the group of patients with 20/20 vision in the better eye, but this did not hold true for the overall study population. Age-related macular degeneration is associated with substantial impairment in reported visual function.     

Evaluating cataract surgery gains by assessing patients' quality of life using the VF-7.

PURPOSE: To describe the development and performance of a questionnaire designed to measure functional impairment caused by cataract. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. METHODS: The results of a visual-functioning index (VF-14) of 168 patients with first-eye cataract surgery were analyzed. Patients with significant comorbidity were excluded, leaving 142 patients for the final analysis. Snellen visual acuity measurements and complete preoperative and 4 month postoperative clinical status were performed by ophthalmologists. Outcome measures, including the VF-14, patient perception of trouble with vision, patient satisfaction with vision, and the cataract symptom score, were taken by nurses at the preoperative clinical examinations and at the 4 month postoperative visit. The Spearman rank correlation was used to determine which items of the VF-14 best correlated with a change in patient satisfaction. RESULTS: Seven items of the VF-14 that best correlated with patient satisfaction were selected for inclusion in a new 7-item index (the VF-7). Based on the Spearman rank correlation, the items from best to worst were nighttime driving; reading small print; watching television; seeing steps, stairs, or curbs; reading traffic, street, or store signs; cooking; and doing fine handwork. The correlation among changes in the VF-7 score and visual acuity in the operated eye was 0.17, while the correlation among changes in the VF-7 and patient satisfaction caused by cataract surgery was high (r = .56). CONCLUSION: The VF-7 was a strong predictor of change in patient satisfaction caused by cataract surgery.