儿童气管性支气管20例临床分析

目的分析经支气管镜检查诊断的气管性支气管患儿的临床特征。方法回顾分析20例接受支气管镜检查而确诊的气管性支气管患儿的镜下结果、临床表现、治疗与转归。结果先天性气管性支气管患儿20例,右侧气管性支气管19例,移位型18例,其中6例为2种或2种以上气道异常;左侧气管性支气管1例,为移位型。20例患儿的临床症状包括持续或反复的喘息,持续性局限性肺炎、肺不张,局限性肺气肿。大部分患儿经临床对症治疗后症状缓解。结论气管性支气管异常在临床上并不少见,其临床表现为治疗反应不佳的反复喘息、肺炎、肺不张以及肺气肿等,对可疑患儿应及时进行支气管镜检查以明确诊断。     

Clinical of tracheal bronchus in 20 children

目的 分析经支气管镜检查诊断的气管性支气管患儿的临床特征.方法 回顾分析20例接受支气管镜检查而确诊的气管性支气管患儿的镜下结果、临床表现、治疗与转归.结果 先天性气管性支气管患儿20例,右侧气管性支气管19例,移位型18例,其中6例为2种或2种以上气道异常;左侧气管性支气管1例,为移位型.20例患儿的临床症状包括持续或反复的喘息,持续性局限性肺炎、肺不张,局限性肺气肿.大部分患儿经临床对症治疗后症状缓解.结论 气管性支气管异常在临床上并不少见,其临床表现为治疗反应不佳的反复喘息、肺炎、肺不张以及肺气肿等,对可疑患儿应及时进行支气管镜检查以明确诊断.     

儿童气管性支气管诊断、分类和气道管理的临床研究

目的探讨儿童气管性支气管的诊断、分类和气道管理。方法对住院临床有喘息的9例患儿进行了胸部CT气道三维重建检查，其中5例进行了纤维支气管镜检查。结果胸部CT气道三维重建9例中发现7例存在气管性支气管，纤维支气管镜检查5例全部发现存在气管性支气管，包括2例胸部CT气道三维重建结果阴性的患儿。同时还发现了伴有的其他气道异常，包括气管或支气管狭窄、会厌软化和声门麻痹。结论儿童气管性支气管的发现带有偶然性，支气管镜检查是诊断的“金标准”。若同时伴有先天性心脏病，应加强监护，早期手术根治可提高存活率。在对有气管性支气管的患儿进行气管插管和单肺通气时，应加强气道管理。     

支气管镜与多层螺旋CT在婴儿先天性呼吸系统发育异常中诊断价值的比较

目的 比较支气管镜与多层螺旋CT在婴儿先天性呼吸系统发育异常中的诊断价值。方法 对行支气管镜或/和多层螺旋CT检查,诊断为先天性呼吸系统发育异常的319例患儿(年龄≤1岁)的临床资料、支气管镜结果、CT检查结果等进行分析。结果 319例患儿中,先天性呼吸系统发育异常476例次,包括原发性呼吸系统发育异常392例次和外压性呼吸系统发育异常84例次。392例次原发性呼吸系统发育异常中,支气管镜确诊225例次(57.4%),高于多层螺旋CT(167例次,42.6%)。支气管镜与多层螺旋CT诊断先天性呼吸系统发育异常的病因构成差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。气管支气管软化致原发性呼吸系统发育异常76例次,均通过支气管镜检查确诊。肺组织发育异常致原发性呼吸系统发育异常17例次,均通过多层螺旋CT确诊。外压性呼吸系统异常84例中,多层螺旋CT确诊74例次,支气管镜确诊仅10例次。结论 支气管镜检查较多层螺旋CT更易直观发现原发性呼吸系统发育异常,且对气管支气管软化有确诊价值。多层螺旋CT对肺组织发育异常的诊断价值高于支气管镜。     

小儿先天性气管支气管畸形46例诊治分析

目的 探讨先天性气管支气管畸形的临床特点,以提高对该病的认识,减少误诊漏诊.方法 2004年2月至2008年6月在温州育英儿童医院呼吸科诊断为先天性气管支气管畸形的患儿46例,其中男29例,女17例.分析其临床、影像学、纤维支气管镜等特点.结果 46例患儿年龄3d至14岁,其中<3个月8例;3个月至1岁20例,>1～3岁15例,>3～14岁3例.均诊断为先天性气管支气管畸形,其中气管支气管软化10例,支气管起源异常15例,支气管缺如5例,气管支气管狭窄21例.复合畸形10例.发病年龄3d至14岁,均表现为反复咳嗽、反复或持续喘息,喘息多在吃奶、哭闹或运动后加重.X线胸片和CT平扫可见弥漫性或局限性透明度增强或肺不张,10例气管支气管软化通过纤维支气管镜确诊,螺旋CT三维重建诊断气管支气管狭窄21例,诊断支气管起源异常14例.结论 (1)对有下列临床特点者应该考虑到气管支气管畸形的可能:持续咳嗽经常规脸查不能明确病因;反复或持续喘息,经抗炎或支气管扩张剂治疗无效;反复或持续喉鸣;X线胸片同一部位反复或持续肺炎或肺不张;X线胸片提示局限性肺气肿、肺不张、纵隔移位而原因不明.(2)纤支镜对先天性气管支气管软化的诊断具有重要价值.(3)螺旋CT三维重建对诊断气管支气管起源异常和狭窄的诊断价值和纤支镜相当,尤其适用于年幼儿和危重儿.     

纤维支气管镜对先天性心脏病患儿呼吸道病变的诊治价值

目的探讨纤维支气管镜对先天性心脏病患儿呼吸道病变的诊治价值。方法对15例先天性心脏病住院患儿进行了共18次支气管镜检查，其中6例进行了支气管肺泡灌洗。结果纤维支气管镜检查发现炎症反应14例，气管或支气管狭窄9例，气管或支气管软化5例，右上气管性支气管4例，肺不张3例，气管憩室1例，声门麻痹1例，会厌软化1例。6例进行了支气管肺泡灌洗，5例治愈；1例肺不张经冲洗后3d肺不张完全恢复。结论纤维支气管镜检查是评估先天性心脏病患儿气道情况的一种很好手段。炎症反应、气管或支气管狭窄、气管或支气管软化在先天性心脏病患儿中较为常见．结合支气管肺泡灌洗技术能起到治疗的效果。纤维支气管镜检查的并发症主要为可纠正的低氧血症。因此对先天性心脏病患儿进行纤维支气管镜检查是比较安全的。     

小儿气管支气管软化症70例临床分析

目的 探讨小儿气管支气管软化症的病因和诊治方法.方法 对2007年6月至2010年6月我院诊断的70例气管支气管软化症患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 在70例患儿中,合并心血管畸形53例(75.7％)、食管气管瘘4例(5.7％)、食道闭锁1例(7.2％);单纯气管支气管软化症12例(17.2％).所有患儿均经CT气道重建和纤维支气管镜检查确诊,发现左主支气管狭窄49例,右主支气管狭窄7例,双侧狭窄8例,气道狭窄6例;轻度软化21例,中度软化39例,重度软化10例.所有患儿均给予对症治疗,合并先天性畸形的患儿给予手术治疗.55例好转出院,5例因重症肺炎难以治愈出院,4例死亡,6例无手术指征自动出院.结论 通过CT气道重建可以发现小儿气管支气管狭窄部位,纤维支气管镜检查可提高气管支气管软化症的确诊率.合并有先天性心脏病或食道病变的患儿应尽早手术改善其临床症状.     

电子支气管镜在儿童重症监护室脱机困难患儿中的应用

目的 探讨电子支气管镜术在儿童重症监护室 （PICU） 脱机困难患儿病因诊断及治疗中的价值。方法 对入住PICU的脱机困难患儿行电子支气管镜检查和/或治疗的92例患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 92例脱机困难患儿中,基础疾病以呼吸系统疾病为主 （39例）。电子支气管镜检查发现87例异常 （95%）,以大量气管内分泌物和气道结构异常多见。电子支气管镜检查显示脱机困难的先天性心脏病 （CHD） 患儿 （n=19） 和无脱机困难的CHD患儿 （n=9） 气管支气管狭窄或软化的程度差异无统计学意义;气管支气管狭窄或软化对预测CHD患儿脱机困难的灵敏度为68.4%、特异度为66.7%。36例因大量分泌物或痰栓堵塞气道的肺不张患儿,经支气管灌洗和/或单肺通气治疗后,23例完全或部分复张。结论 电子支气管镜检查有助于PICU脱机困难的患儿尽早明确脱机困难的原因,并针对病因进行支气管镜下干预治疗。对于CHD患儿,通过电子支气管镜发现气管支气管狭窄或软化不应纳入作为患儿预测脱机的指标。     

儿童气管、支气管软化的病因和气道管理初步研究

目的 探讨儿童气管、支气管软化的病因和气道管理方法.方法 对671例儿童进行支气管镜检查,对发现气管软化和支气管软化的病例进行病因分析,并对他们的治疗加以总结.结果 (1)通过支气管镜共发现气管、支气管软化的患儿148例,其中气管软化77例,支气管软化71例.(2)气管软化中:46例为血管环畸形,11例与先天性气道畸形有关,10例合并有先天性食管闭锁伴食管气管瘘,6例与气管切开造口和机械通气相关,4例为孤立性气管软化.(3)支气管软化中:64例患有心血管畸形,6例与先天性气道畸形有关,1例为孤立性支气管软化.(4)10例异常无名动脉患儿行主动脉固定术,12例右位主动脉弓伴迷走左锁骨下动脉和双主动脉弓患儿行血管环松解术,6例肺动脉吊带的患儿行肺动脉吊带纠治术;手术中直接切除严重的气管软化段的4例.38例患儿行机械通气,4例患儿进行气管造口,治疗气管软化和支气管软化,相当程度地缓解了症状.2例在支气管内进行金属支架植入治疗支气管软化,1例获得成功,另1例需要2次植入支架;这2例患儿均在以后进行了支架远端球囊扩张.结论 心血管畸形是儿童发生气管、支气管软化的主要原因.对心血管畸形进行纠治后,大多数病例症状在6个月内逐渐改善.对严重的病例,治疗还包括机械通气和气管造口.支气管内支架植入可运用于难治性的病例中,但有一定的局限性.     

先天性呼吸系统畸形234例临床分析

目的 探讨先天性呼吸系统畸形的类型和临床特点,提高对该类疾病的早期诊断率.方法 对温州医学院附属育英儿童医院呼吸科2003年7月至2008年6月收治的234例先天性呼吸系统畸形的类型、临床和影像学资料等进行总结分析.结果 234例先天性呼吸系统畸形患儿诊断时年龄1 d～14岁,平均1.12岁,主要症状为持续喉喘鸣、反复喘息、反复呼吸道感染、呼吸困难等.通过胸片、螺旋CT三维重建、纤维支气管镜和喉镜等检查,确诊复合畸形21例,单发畸形213例.单发畸形213例中,喉部畸形(97例)包括先天性喉软骨软化症90例,先天性喉蹼5例,先天性喉囊肿2例;气管支气管畸形(35例)包括先天性(支)气管狭窄17例,先天性支气管起源异常7例,气管支气管软化10例,气管食管瘘1例;肺部畸形(43例)包括肺隔离症5例,先天性肺囊肿22例,先天性大叶性肺气肿1例,肺不发育和发育不全8例,先天性肺囊性腺瘤样畸形7例;膈肌畸形(38例)包括先天性膈疝20例,先天性膈肌膨出症18例.经手术确诊的37例肺部畸形和36例膈肌畸形中,术前经临床和影像学做出初步诊断分别占83.78%和91.67%.28例先天性(支)气管狭窄(含复合畸形11例)经螺旋CT三维蕈建联合纤维支气管镜检查确诊;10例先天性支气管起源异常(含复合畸形3例)经螺旋CT三维重建诊断.喉软化和(支)气管软化的诊断依靠喉镜和纤维支气管镜检查.结论 对于持续喉喘鸣、反复喘息、反复呼吸道感染、呼吸困难的患儿应考虑到先天性呼吸系统畸形的诊断,其类型分为喉部畸形、气管支气管畸形、肺部畸形和膈肌畸形.影像学检查和呼吸内镜对先天性呼吸系统畸形的诊断有着十分重要的作用.     

Evaluation of tracheal bronchus in Chinese children using multidetector CT

Background Tracheal bronchus is a congenital bronchial anomaly. The diagnosis should be considered early in intubated patients. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is the newest modality for evaluating tracheal bronchus. Objective To evaluate the utility of 16-slice MDCT in children with tracheal bronchus and to characterize the frequency of tracheal bronchus in children with congenital heart disease. Materials and methods From June 2005 to May 2007, 3,187 consecutive children (1,124 with congenital heart disease and 2,063 without congenital heart disease) underwent MDCT examination. Minimum-intensity projection reconstruction was performed to show the tracheobronchial tree in every case. Results Tracheal bronchus was found in 42 children (3.74%) with congenital heart disease but in only 6 children (0.29%) without congenital heart disease. Among the 48 children with tracheal bronchus, 45 had right-side tracheal bronchus and 3 had bilateral tracheal bronchi with heterotaxy syndrome. The diagnostic sensitivity of MDCT was 100% (48/48). Conclusion MDCT is a reliable imaging technique for the diagnosis of tracheal bronchus. Our data showed that right-side tracheal bronchus was more common and bilateral tracheal bronchi usually occurred with heterotaxy syndrome. In addition, tracheal bronchus often occurred with congenital heart disease. The angle between the tracheal bronchus and the trachea is important and should be measured.     

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目的探讨支原体肺炎在纤维支气管镜镜下形态学表现特点及介入治疗支原体肺炎的效果。方法收集1996-01—2006-06在北京儿童医院就诊的住院患儿170例,临床确诊为支原体肺炎,经纤维支气管镜检查并予以病变局部介入治疗。结果所有患儿在纤维支气管镜下均可见黏膜粗糙、肿胀、分泌物附着,部分患儿有血管走行粗重(117例,68.8%),纵行皱褶(65例,38.2%),黏膜花斑样改变(24例,14.1%),黏膜腺体小结样突起(19例,11.2%),黏膜糜烂(5例,2.9%);管腔开口炎性狭窄(94例,55.3%),甚至闭塞(27例,15.9%),段支气管通气不畅(120例,70.6%);管腔分泌物多数呈半透明或灰白黏稠状,部分形成黏液栓阻塞细支气管(46例,27.1%)。经过治疗,所有病例均有改善,141例(82.9%)患儿介入治疗1~4次,最多10次。结论支原体肺炎可并发肺不张;纤维支气管镜下主要特点为支气管黏膜病变和黏液栓阻塞,管腔开口炎性狭窄、闭塞,段支气管通气不畅;早期经纤维支气管镜诊治有利于缩短病程。     

Perioperative Care of the Adult with Congenital Heart Disease in a Free-Standing Tertiary Pediatric Facility

Adult patients with congenital heart disease are presenting more frequently for cardiac surgery. Frequently, pediatric congenital heart surgeons perform these procedures at pediatric hospitals. Between July 1995 and June 2000, a retrospective review of adult patients (> or = 18 years old) who had undergone cardiothoracic operations was performed. A total of 112 operations were performed and divided into two groups--81 cardiac operations in 79 patients and 31 noncardiac operations in 23 patients. One patient had a cardiac and noncardiac operation performed. The overall early operative mortality was 6% (6/101). There were 3 late deaths. New-onset cardiac arrhythmias requiring treatment were diagnosed after 5/81 (6%) cardiac operations. Six of 79 (7%) patients were diagnosed with postoperative clinical depression. An acceptable mortality can be achieved when adult patients undergo cardiothoracic operations at a pediatric facility. New-onset arrhythmias necessitating treatment are relatively common, and postoperative clinical depression should be anticipated.     

Pediatric airway surgery

Pediatric airway surgery is a challenging field in pediatric surgery. Laryngotracheal stenosis has a variety of congenital and acquired conditions that require precise assessment and tailored treatment for each individual patient. About 90% of acquired conditions are represented by subglottic stenosis (SGS) resulting as a complication of tracheal intubation. Congenital tracheal stenosis (CTS) is a rare and life-threatening malformation, usually associated with complete tracheal rings along a variable length of the trachea. Tracheomalacia (TM) is a process characterized by flaccidity of the supporting tracheal cartilage, widening of the posterior membranous wall, and reduced anterior-posterior airway caliber. The clinical presentation can vary from almost asymptomatic patients to near fatal airway obstruction. There is considerable variation in both the morphologic subtypes and the prognosis of pediatric airway. The patients are divided into three clinical groups (mild, moderate, and severe). A further division was proposed according to the presence or absence of associated anomalies. The definitive diagnosis of pediatric airway was made by means of rigid bronchoscope and computed tomography scan with three-dimensional reconstruction (3D-CT). Rigid bronchoscopy and 3D-CT confirmed the diagnosis in all the cases. Other associated anomalies include congenital heart disease, vascular anomalies, and BPFM (maldevelopment of aerodigestive tract). After definitive diagnosis of pediatric airway lesions, surgical intervention should be considered. Surgical strategy was presented on each lesion.     

先天性血管环99例病例系列报告

目的 探讨先天性血管环（CVR）的临床表现、诊断及预后的相关因素。方法 回顾性收集2006年1月至2015年12月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院确诊CVR病例,从病史中截取CVR分型、临床表现、影像学检查和治疗信息;根据出我院时的预后分为存活组和死亡或放弃治疗组,行预后不良的危险因素分析。结果 99例CVR患儿进入本文分析。男55例,女44例,中位年龄7.3月龄。肺动脉吊带（PAS）51例,双主动脉弓（DAA）32例,右主动脉弓+左主动脉导管/韧带15例,左主动脉弓+右迷走锁骨下动脉1例。入院时仅呼吸系统表现51例（51.5%）,仅心血管系统表现8例（8.1%）,仅消化系统表现2例（2.0%）,呼吸+心血管系统表现33例（33.3%）, 5例无临床症状。CVR+心内畸形64例（64.6%）,其中单纯房间隔缺损(ASD) 31例、室间隔缺损(VSD) 2例,ASD+VSD 9例,CVR+其他复杂心脏畸形22例。气管狭窄69例,食管狭窄14例,喉软骨发育不良10例,先天性支气管肺发育不良9例。超声心动图诊断CVR 54/99例（57.4%）,CT血管造影诊断CVR 87/95例（91.6%）,超声心动图或CT血管造影未诊断病例均通过CT血管造影或超声心动图诊断;26例行纤维支气管镜检查均发现气道狭窄;14/17例（82.3%）行钡剂食管造影检查示食管受压扭曲、狭窄。手术治疗57例,其中死亡4例,术后脱机困难放弃治疗6例;内科治疗42例,1例死亡,10例脱机困难放弃治疗。死亡或放弃治疗患儿的PAS比例(17/21 vs 34/78)、年龄(6.2 vs 15.5月龄)及合并肺发育不良（6/21 vs 3/78）显著高于存活组。结论 超声心动图联合CTA检查可提高CVR诊断率;PAS、年龄、合并肺发育不良是CVR患儿预后不良的危险因素。     

支气管镜在儿童气管食管瘘全程手术管理中的应用研究

目的 探讨支气管镜在儿童气管食管瘘术前、术中和术后的临床应用价值.方法 对14例疑似气管食管瘘患儿(其中1例支气管食管瘘)尝试应用支气管镜进行手术全程管理.结果 术前对4例患儿应用支气管镜检查明确诊断为气管食管瘘;运用相同方法确诊1例患儿为气管窦道,排除了气管食管瘘;利用支气管镜引导下气管插管技术,成功封堵1例因误食烧碱造成左主支气管-食管瘘.在术中应用"支气管镜透射照明"法和"导丝环"法精确定位3例气管食管瘘,减少了手术创伤和探查瘘管的时间.在术后应用支气管镜发现2例气管食管瘘复发和2例存在气管软化;支气管镜还充当了一次"超细胃镜",将导丝引入食道,然后进行食管狭窄的球囊扩张.结论 支气管镜在儿童气管食管瘘诊治中有很大的临床应用价值,可应用于气管食管瘘的全程管理.     

Balloon tracheoplasty as initial treatment for neonates with symptomatic congenital tracheal stenosis

Neonates with congenital tracheal stenosis (CTS) sometimes develop respiratory distress and may be difficult to intubate. We used balloon tracheoplasty with a rigid bronchoscope for emergency airway management in neonates with symptomatic CTS. Herein, we describe the balloon tracheoplasty procedure and the early outcomes following its use as the initial treatment of neonatal symptomatic CTS. We performed a retrospective analysis of five neonates with CTS who were initially treated with balloon tracheoplasty at our institution from January 2010 to December 2013. Five patients with a mean birthweight of 2,117 g were treated during the study period. Of these, four developed respiratory distress after birth, and all patients had difficult intubations. In all five patients, definitive diagnosis of CTS was made by rigid bronchoscopy and 3-dimensional reconstruction scan. A total of nine balloon dilatations were performed in five patients. Following balloon tracheoplasty, two patients were extubated, one was extubated after resection and end-to-end anastomosis following initial balloon dilatation, and one remained hospitalized with tracheostomy for tracheomalacia. The remaining patient died from tracheal bleeding associated with congenital heart disease. Although our sample size was small, balloon tracheoplasty is a potentially effective initial treatment for selected cases with neonatal symptomatic CTS.     

纤维支气管镜术在小儿慢性咳嗽诊断及治疗中的价值

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)术在小儿慢性咳嗽诊断及治疗中的价值.方法 对2006年8月-2011年3月在本院应用纤支镜进行检查和(或)治疗的61例慢性咳嗽患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.病例均采用局部麻醉的方法,而且患儿均经临床程序排除咳嗽变异性哮喘和胃食管反流.通过镜下直视、支气管刷检及肺泡灌洗液,明确病因诊断;应用支气管肺泡灌洗、局部注药和钳取异物进行治疗,并对疗效做出评价.结果 61例患儿中男36例,女25例;年龄8个月～13岁.61例患儿镜下炎性改变21例(34.5％),先天性心肺发育畸形12例(19.7％),支气管异物10例(16.4％),上呼吸道咳嗽综合征8例(13.1％),支气管内膜结核7例(11.5％),未见异常3例(4.9％).气管黏膜刷检涂片找到革兰阳性细菌和(或)革兰阴性细菌12例(12/31例,38.7％),肺泡灌洗液细菌培养阳性5例(5/40例,12.5％),未找到抗酸杆菌和癌细胞.对镜下炎性改变重、有痰栓阻塞者经纤支镜行支气管灌洗治疗,取得较好疗效.10例支气管异物经纤支镜成功取出8例.结论 小儿慢性咳嗽经纤支镜检查发现以炎症及支呼吸管异物多见,婴幼儿期慢性咳嗽应警惕心肺发育异常及呼吸道异物.纤支镜检查对儿童慢性咳嗽的病因诊断与治疗具有重要价值,尤其对先天性心肺发育畸形及支气管细小异物的诊断有独特价值.