三维适形放射治疗局部晚期肺癌所致急性食管损伤相关因素分析

 目的 探讨三维适形放射治疗局部晚期中央型非小细胞肺癌所致急性食管损伤相关因素分析。方法 2002年8月-2005年10月，76例NSCLC患者接受三维适形放射治疗，对三维适形计划及患者临床资料进行单因素、多因素分析，评价食管损伤。结果 76例NSCLC中，共发生急性食管炎27例．Ⅰ级15例、Ⅱ级6例、Ⅲ级6例。相关分析显示与急性食管炎相关的因素有食管V50食管所受平均剂量、同期化疗。Logistic多元回归结果显示急性放射性食管炎发生的影响因素为化疗、食管V50（OR值分别为3．193，1．034）。结论 三维适形放射治疗局部晚期中央型非小细胞肺癌时放射所致急性食管损伤与放化疗同期进行和食管V50明显相关。     

提高食管癌的放射治疗剂量是否有益?——食管癌三维适形放疗临床Ⅰ/Ⅱ期剂量递增试验

背景与目的:提高放疗剂量有可能降低食管癌的局部失败率.本研究试图获得食管癌的三维适形放疗的最大耐受剂量,并观察疗效.方法:剂量从70 Gy开始递增到76 Gy.所有病例均先大野时常规分割46 Gy/23 Fx/4.5 周,缩野时改用加速超分割,1.5 Gy/FX,加量24 Gy/16 Fx.每完成5例后再加量3 Gy.以≥15%的患者发生≥RTOG Ⅲ级急性放射性损伤为终止剂量递增标准.结果:从2000年7月-2001年7月,共18例患者入组.70 Gy和73 Gy各5例,76 Gy组8例.70 Gy组没有≥3级急性和晚期放射性损伤;73 Gy水平组≥3级晚期放射性损伤4例(其中2例死亡);76 Gy组出现≥3级放射性损伤5例(62.5%),≥3级晚期放射性损伤6例(75%)(其中3例死亡).结论:从本研究的结果来看,食管癌的放射治疗不应追求高剂量,当食管癌照射剂量超过70 Gy以后,放射损伤明显增加.食管癌的剂量递增试验应十分谨慎.     

三维适形放疗非小细胞肺癌所致食管损伤相关因素分析

目的分析三维适形放疗非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者放射性食管损伤的临床物理因素，为优化NSCLC三维适形放疗计划提供参考标准。方法87例未经手术治疗的NSCLC患者接受三维适形放疗。回顾性分析所有患者三维适形计划及临床资料，评价食管损伤并对相关因素进行单因素、多因素分析。结果87例中发生急性食管炎38例，其中1级24例，2级8例，3级5例，4级1例。晚期食管反应9例，其中1级2例，2级3例，3级4例。食管所受最小剂量平均值为405cGy，最大剂量均值为6792cGy，平均剂量平均值为3557cGy。与急性食管炎相关的因素有食管V50、食管V60、化疗及肺癌临床分型；与晚期食管损伤相关的因素有食管所受最大剂量、食管NTCP值。Logistic多元回归结果显示，急性放射性食管炎发生的独立影响因素为化疗、食管V50、食管V60(OR值分别为3．532、1．089、0．940)。急性放射性食管炎、晚期食管反应对生存率影响不明显。结论NSCLC三维适形放疗中是否接受化疗以及食管V50、食管V60是引起急性放射性食管炎的主要原因，建议中央型NSCLC制定三维适形放疗计划时考虑以上因素。     

化疗和适形放疗同步治疗局部晚期NSCLC临床疗效观察

目的:观察放、化疗同步治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的临床疗效及毒副反应.方法:26例不能手术的局部晚期NSCLC患者采用NP方案化疗和同步三维适形放射治疗,照射剂量为常规分割,每次2Gy、每周5次、累计总量66Gy～70Gy,同步行NP方案化疗4个周期.结果:1年生存率Ⅲa期为72.7%,Ⅲb期为20.0%.主要毒副反应为骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应、放射性肺炎、放射性食管炎.结论:化疗和三维适形放疗同步治疗局部晚期NSCLC能提高患者的生存时间和生存率,且耐受性较好,值得临床进一步研究.     

三维适形放疗急性放射性食管炎影响因素的临床研究

目的探讨胸部恶性肿瘤三维适形放疗所引起的急性放射性食管炎的发生率和影响因素。方法60例非小细胞肺癌和食管癌患者进入本研究,单纯三维适形放疗39例,放疗、化疗同期治疗21例,化疗采用CMV或FP方案。患者临床特征和治疗参数指标包括:性别、年龄、是否同期化疗、射野内食管长度、整个食管的平均剂量、食管的最大剂量点剂量。针对RTOG分级≥2级的急性放射性食管炎患者分析上述指标。结果26例(43.3%)患者出现了≥2级的急性放射性食管炎,其中2级18例(69.2%);3级7例(26.9%);4级1例(3.9%)。发现同期放疗、化疗和整个食管的平均剂量对急性放射性食管炎的发生是有统计学意义的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论在三维适形放疗中,同期放疗、化疗和整个食管的平均剂量是急性放射性食管炎发生的影响因素。     

三维适形放射治疗胸部肿瘤致食管损伤的相关因素分析

目的:分析三维适形放射治疗胸部肿瘤时食管损伤的发生率及相关因素。方法:回顾性分析83例行三维适形放疗的胸部肿瘤患者资料,评价食管损伤并对其相关因素进行单因素和多因素分析。结果:83例患者发生急性食管炎42例(50.6%),其中1级12例(14.5%),2级25例(30.1%),3级4例(4.8%),4、5级0例;晚期食管损伤1例(1.2%)。经单因素和多因素分析显示,急性放射性食管炎与食管V50、Dmeas、是否同期放化疗有关。结论:食管放射损伤的主要原因是V50、Dmeas和同期化疗,制定放疗计划时应尽量避免食管区的高剂量照射,同时辅以放疗防护剂起一定的保护作用。     

非小细胞肺癌同期放化疗改良的放疗剂量递增研究

背景与目的:尽管美国放射治疗肿瘤组已经报道了非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)同期放化疗的放疗最大耐受剂量(maximum-tolerated dose,MTD)为74 Gy,但是由于东西方人群的体质差异和我们关于食管癌同期放化疗的剂量递增试验的结果,美国的74 Gy是否能够安全应用到东方人群中尚不清楚.本研究进行此改良的剂量递增试验以确定NSCLC同期放化疗放疗剂量的MTD.方法:19例初治NSCLC患者接受三维适形放射治疗(three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy,3D-CRT),每天1次,每次2.0Gy,每周5次.应用改良的Fibonacci法,从低剂量逐渐上升到高剂量,起始放疗剂量为62 Gy,递增剂量为4 Gy,每剂量组至少3例,如无剂量限制毒性(dose-limiting toxicity,DLT)出现则进入下一剂量组,直至出现DLT,DLT的低一剂量水平即为MTD.参考RTOG剂量递增结果最高MTD设为70 Gy.化疗于放疗第1天开始,采用长春瑞滨联合卡铂方案(vinorelbine and carboplatin,NC).结果:放疗病灶的近期有效率(CR+PR)为77.8％,其中CR占27.8％,PR占50.0％,SD占11.1％,PD占11.1％.全组出现1例DLT,为Ⅲ级放射性肺炎,再以相同剂量入组9例,未出现DLT.主要不良反应为放射性肺炎、放射性食管炎、粒细胞减少、食欲减退、恶心和乏力,程度均较轻易于临床处理.结论:3D-CRT联合同期长春瑞滨和卡铂方案化疗可将胸部放疗剂量递增到70 Gy,其不良反应可以耐受,根据试验设计确定70 Gy即为此改良剂量递增试验的MTD.     

三维适形放射治疗脑胶质瘤术后残存灶近期疗效分析

目的 :探讨增大分割剂量三维适形放射治疗 (3D CRT)脑胶质瘤术后残存灶的近期疗效及早期并发症的发生率。方法 :15例脑胶质瘤进入三维放射治疗组 ,其中星形细胞瘤Ⅰ～Ⅱ级 5例 ,Ⅲ级 7例 ,Ⅳ级 3例。 2～ 3Gy 次 ,1次 d ,5次 周 ,总剂量 5 1～ 6 0Gy。结果 :除 1例生存 10个月死于局部复发外 ,其余全部生存 6个月以上。其中 5例接受 3Gy分割量 ,17次照射的患者生存 11个月以上 ,无放射性脑损伤发生。结论 :大分割三维适形放射治疗脑胶质瘤残存灶患者有较好的近期疗效 ,无早期并发症 ,晚期并发症和远期疗效有待进一步观察     

早期非小细胞肺癌大分割放射治疗临床研究

目的探讨三维适形放疗(3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy,3D-CRT)大分割放射治疗早期非小细胞肺癌的疗效和毒性反应.方法11例早期非小细胞肺癌(I期8例,IIB期3例;中位年龄72岁)三维适形大分割放射治疗(hypofractionation radiotherapy,HORT)全程或后程推量,肿瘤剂量60Gy～76Gy,3Gy～8Gy/次,1次/天,3次～5次/周.生物等效剂量76.8Gy～105.6 Gy.中位随访时间54个月.根据WHO标准评价近期疗效,RTOG标准评价毒性反应.结果完全缓解(CR)9.09 %(1/11),部分缓解(PR)81.8 %(9/11),稳定(NC) 9.09 % (1/11).中位生存时间39个月.1,3及5年总生存率分别为81.8%,58.4%和18%,1,3及5年肿瘤相关生存率分别为91%,91%和18%.放射性食管炎27.3%(2级2例,3级1例),急性放射性肺炎(2级1例)9.09%.结论三维适形大分割放射治疗早期非小细胞肺癌近期疗效和生存率优于常规分割放疗,放疗毒性未见明显增加,耐受性好,是一种有效安全的局部治疗手段.     

三维适形放疗联合诱导化疗和紫杉醇同期化疗不能手术Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌的疗效分析

目的 观察诱导化疗和三维适形放疗(3DCRT)联合每周紫杉醇治疗非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的疗效及毒性.方法 56例不能手术的Ⅲ期NSCLC患者予紫杉醇(175 mg/m2第1天)加卡铂(AUC=5～6第1天)诱导化疗2～4个疗程,化疗后3～4周内开始3DCRT,剂量在满足V20≤31%,脊髓≤50 Gy的条件下给予尽可能高(平均60.75 Gy),联合每周紫杉醇40 mg/m2同期化疗.结果 同期放化疗期间,3例因3+4级放射性肺炎,1例因3级心脏毒性终止治疗,2例因身体虚弱分别中断治疗7、12 d,其余均按计划完成治疗.白细胞下降发生率为58.9%(1例为3级,余为1、2级),3级淋巴细胞下降发生率达75.O%.主要急性毒性为放射性食管炎和放射性肺炎,≥2级发生率分别为38%和25%.放射性食管炎3级3例,放射性肺炎3级2例,4级1例.2、3、4级晚期食管损伤各1例,肺纤维化2级9例.肺原发灶总有效率为69.7%.1年生存率分别为72.3%,1年局部无进展生存率为62.7%.局部复发率为32.1%,远处转移率为39.3%,远处转移与局部复发仍是死亡的主要原因.结论 诱导化疗后3DCRT结合每周紫杉醇治疗局部晚期NSCLC耐受性较好,近期疗效好,远期疗效有待继续观察.     

Experience with Impedance Phlebography Compared with Venography

Venography is a particularly reliable method for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis but is not suitable as a screening test. Impedance phlebography represents another attempt to discover a simple, non-invasive and reliable method of detecting deep venous thrombosis. It does not, however, meet these criteria.     

Compliance with guidelines and correlation with outcome in patients with advanced germ-cell tumours

PurposeTo evaluate prior compliance with guidelines in patients treated with salvage chemotherapy for advanced germ-cell tumours (GCT).Patients and methodsData concerning the initial management of patients requiring salvage chemotherapy for GCT at Institut Gustave Roussy between 2000 and 2010 were obtained and correlated with recommendations for treatment. Criteria of non-compliance were defined based on guidelines. Compliance with guidelines, predictive factors for non-compliance and the impact on outcome were analysed.ResultsAmong 82 patients treated in the salvage setting, guidelines to initial treatment were followed in only 41 cases (50%). The most common non-compliance criteria were non-adherence to the planned dose (16%), an inappropriate interval between first-line chemotherapy cycles (16%), the lack of post-chemotherapy surgery (16%) and a long interval to post-chemotherapy surgery (48%). Compliance with standard care was better in cancer centres than in other hospitals (private or public) (Odd Ratio (OR): 6.9, P = 0.001). A poor-risk status according to the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) was also predictive of compliance in univariate but not in multivariate analysis. No significant difference in outcome after salvage chemotherapy was observed. Patients relapsing after non-compliant first-line therapy tended to be more easily salvaged, which is consistent with the fact that their initial treatment was inadequate. Some of these relapses were therefore probably not due to true biologically refractory disease.ConclusionGuidelines for first-line treatment are adhered to in only half the patients requiring salvage chemotherapy. As the only predictive factor for non-compliance was the treating centre, centralisation of patients with GCT in well-trained hospitals should be recommended.     

Treatment with methylnaltrexone is associated with increased survival in patients with advanced cancer

BackgroundMethylnaltrexone (MNTX), a peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist, is FDA-approved for treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC). Preclinical data suggest that MOR activation can play a role in cancer progression and can be a target for anticancer therapy.Patients and methodsPooled data from advanced end-stage cancer patients with OIC, despite laxatives, treated in two randomized (phase III and IV), placebo-controlled trials with MNTX were analyzed for overall survival (OS) in an unplanned post hoc analysis. MNTX or placebo was given subcutaneously during the double-blinded phase, which was followed by the open-label phase, allowing MNTX treatment irrespective of initial randomization.ResultsIn two randomized, controlled trials, 229 cancer patients were randomized to MNTX (117, 51%) or placebo (112, 49%). Distribution of patients' characteristics and major tumor types did not significantly differ between arms. Treatment with MNTX compared with placebo [76 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) 43–109 versus 56 days, 95% CI 43–69; P = 0.033] and response (laxation) to treatment compared with no response (118 days, 95% CI 59–177 versus 55 days, 95% CI 40–70; P < 0.001) had a longer median OS, despite 56 (50%) of 112 patients ultimately crossing over from placebo to MNTX. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that response to therapy [hazard ratio (HR) 0.47, 95% CI 0.29–0.76; P = 0.002) and albumin ≥3.5 (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.30–0.69; P < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for increased OS. Of interest, there was no difference in OS between MNTX and placebo in 134 patients with advanced illness other than cancer treated in these randomized studies (P = 0.88).ConclusionThis unplanned post hoc analysis of two randomized trials demonstrates that treatment with MNTX and, even more so, response to MNTX are associated with increased OS, which supports the preclinical hypothesis that MOR can play a role in cancer progression. Targeting MOR with MNTX warrants further investigation in cancer therapy.Clinical trials numberNCT00401362, NCT00672477.     

Costs associated with complications are lower with capecitabine than with 5‐fluorouracil in patients with colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND:

Capecitabine, an oral alternative to 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), has equal clinical efficacy and a favorable safety profile; however, its use may be limited because of unit cost concerns. In this study, the authors measured the cost of chemotherapy‐related complications during treatment with capecitabine‐ and 5‐FU–based regimens.

METHODS:

Patients with CRC who received at least 1 administration of capecitabine or 5‐FU during 2004 and 2005 were identified from the Thomson MarketScan research databases. Monthly frequency and cost for 23 complications were recorded. Logistic regression was used to predict complication probability. General linear models were used to predict monthly complication cost and total monthly expenditure.

RESULTS:

In total, 4973 patients with CRC met the inclusion criteria for this analysis. Although the most frequently observed complications were the same between capecitabine and 5‐FU (nausea and vomiting, infection, anemia, neutropenia, diarrhea), each was observed with greater frequency in 5‐FU–based regimens. The mean predicted monthly complication cost was significantly higher (by 136%) with 5‐FU monotherapy than with capecitabine monotherapy (difference, $601; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], $469‐$737). In addition, the mean predicted monthly complication cost for 5‐FU+oxaliplatin was higher than the cost with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (difference, $1165; 95% CI, $892‐$1595). When acquisition, administration, and complication costs were taken into consideration, there were no significant differences in the total cost between capecitabine regimens and 5‐FU regimens.

CONCLUSIONS:

Capecitabine compared well with 5‐FU–based therapy in patients with CRC and was associated with lower complication rates and associated costs. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.     

Living with secondary breast cancer: coping with an uncertain future with unmet needs

JOHNSTON S.R.D. (2010) European Journal of Cancer Care 19 , 561–563 Living with secondary breast cancer: coping with an uncertain future with unmet needs     

奥沙利铂联合羟基喜树碱治疗晚期胃癌临床分析

背景与目的体外及体内的临床研究显示,奥沙利铂(L-OHP)对多种肿瘤有显著抑制作用并与绝大多数抗癌药物具有相加或协同细胞毒作用.本文旨在观察L-OHP联合羟基喜树碱(HCPT)治疗晚期胃癌的近期疗效和患者耐受性,并与传统的化疗方案进行对比.方法采用非随机的分组方法将43例晚期胃癌患者分为L-OHP+HCPT方案组(治疗组)与Vp-16+CF+5-FU(ELF)方案组(对照组),其中男性28例,女性15例,中位年龄59岁,KPS评分≥60,观察两组的近期疗效和患者耐受性.结果治疗组24例有效率58.3%(14/24),对照组19例有效率42.1%(8/19).治疗组有效率高于对照组,两组差异有显著性(P<0.05).两组不良反应主要是骨髓抑制、恶心、呕吐、口腔炎、周围神经炎、静脉炎、脱发等,均在Ⅰ、Ⅱ度范围内.结论L-OHP联合HCPT方案治疗晚期胃癌疗效较好,不良反应可以耐受.     

Varicella-Zoster Virus Prophylaxis with Low-Dose Acyclovir in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Treated with Bortezomib

BackgroundVaricella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation is a common complication in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) treated with bortezomib, with an incidence rate of 10%-60%. The aim of our study was to analyze the effect of acyclovir prophylaxis in this patient population.Patients and MethodsWe studied 98 consecutive patients with relapsed MM treated with bortezomib. Bortezomib 1.3 mg/m² was given on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 of a 21-day cycle. At first, patients did not receive any VZV prophylaxis, but because of the high incidence of VZV reactivation, VZV prophylaxis with acyclovir was implemented subsequently.ResultsA total of 11 patients treated with bortezomib did not have any VZV prophylaxis, and 4 of these 11 patients (36%) developed VZV reactivation in the form of herpes zoster. No VZV reactivations were observed in the 32 patients who received acyclovir 400 mg 3 times daily or the 55 patients who received acyclovir in a dose reduced to 400 mg once daily during bortezomib treatment.ConclusionVaricellazoster virus reactivation is a common and serious adverse effect of bortezomib treatment. Acyclovir 400 mg once daily is sufficient to protect from VZV reactivation in patients with MM treated with bortezomib.