重度口腔颌面部外伤临床诊治

[目的]通过回顾性分析200例口腔颌面部创伤病例的临床诊治,探讨不同类型口腔颌面部损伤的救治方法。[方法]对200例患者进行损伤类型、相应救治方法和愈后3个方面的分析。[结果]200例患者优为105例,占52.5%。良为90例,占45.0%。优良率为97.5%。差为2.5%。[结论]口腔颌面创伤骨折通过正确及时的治疗可以达到临床痊愈.     

龙口市学龄前儿童HBsAg、抗-HBs抽样调查

[目的 ]了解龙口市学龄前儿童乙型肝炎表面抗原 (HBsAg)携带情况和乙型肝炎表面抗体 (抗 HBs)水平。[方法 ] 2 0 0 2年 4～ 9月 ,随机抽取龙口市城乡 495 5名 1995～ 2 0 0 1年出生的儿童 ,检测血清HBsAg和抗 HBs。[结果 ]HB sAg携带率为 0 5 9%;抗 HBs阳性率为 3 2 5 9%,其中乡镇儿童为 3 6 2 0 %,城区儿童为 2 9 80 %;1岁组为 81 0 0 %,3岁组为 16 95 %,加强接种 1针乙肝疫苗的为 3 7 85 %,未加强接种的为 10 95 %。 [结论 ]学龄前儿童HBsAg携带率较低 ,加强接种乙肝疫苗可以提高抗 HBs水平     

贵州省磷矿区儿童少年乳龋状况与生长发育关系的调查研究

[目的]探讨儿童少年龋病与生长发育的关系,为合理开展口腔保健策略提供依据。[方法]将贵州省磷矿区7岁和8岁儿童的乳齿龋患情况分为4组(dmf=0,dmf=1～2,dmf=3～4,dmf≥5),将12,15,17岁少年恒齿龋患情况分为4组(DMF=0,DMF=1,DMF=2,DMF≥3),分析不同龋患组儿童少年身高、体重、胸围、肺活量、BMI指数和血红蛋白的差异。[结果]7岁和8岁儿童乳齿龋患与发育水平关系密切,乳龋牙数越多,发育水平越低。12,15,17岁恒龋牙数与发育水平无明显关系。[结论]乳龋患与发育水平关系密切,制定口腔保健规划时要考虑到生长发育这个因素。     

北京城区0～6岁儿童肥胖流行状况调查

[目的]了解北京城区0～6岁儿童肥胖流行现状及危险因素,为制定预防、干预措施提供依据.[方法]对肥胖儿童及对照组进行体格测量及家庭问卷调查,采用Logistic二元回归分析肥胖危险因素.[结果]北京城区0～6岁儿童肥胖及超重检出率分别为3.19%和7.64%;3～6岁组(4.49%和9.17%)高于0～2岁组(1.07%和5.14%);男童肥胖率(3.80%)高于女童(2.54%).不同年龄肥胖危险因素不同:0～2岁与出生体重有关;3～6岁则与进食状态及进食习惯、父母体质指数(body mass index,BMI)、日看电视时间、母亲文化程度及生产方式等有关.[结论]①北京城区0～6岁儿童肥胖呈持续快速增加趋势;②肥胖率有性别差异,男童高于女童;③除基本危险因素外,过量摄入冰淇淋、每日电视时间＞2 h、母亲中等专业及以下文化程度及剖宫产等为3～6岁儿童肥胖危险因素.     

漳州市2002年白喉免疫水平监测结果分析

[目的 ]了解漳州市 15岁以下儿童白喉免疫水平。[方法 ]根据《计划免疫技术管理规程》进行试验和判断。[结果 ] 2 13 4名儿童锡克氏试验 ,阴性 1878名 ,总阴性率 88 0 % ,其中 3～ 6岁组阴性率 89 1% ,7～ 11岁组 86 2 % ,12～15岁组 89 0 %。[结论 ]漳州市白喉基础免疫工作较落实 ,个别地区有待进一步加强 ;男女之间锡克氏试验阴性率相近。     

济南市部分2～6岁儿童血铅水平抽样调查

[目的 ]了解济南市 2～ 6岁儿童血铅水平。 [方法 ]应用BH5 10 0五通道原子吸收光谱仪对济南市市区与郊区幼儿园 2 412名 2～ 6岁儿童进行血铅测定。 [结果 ]儿童血铅几何均值为 89 9μg/L ,其中 3 5 3 %高于目前国际公认的儿童铅中毒标准 ( 10 0 μg/L) ;郊区儿童血铅水平高于市区儿童。铅中毒者所占比例有随年龄的增长而增长的趋势。[结论 ]济南市儿童血铅水平和铅中毒检出率较高 ,应引起高度重视     

福建省7岁以下儿童单纯性肥胖症患病率调查

[目的]了解福建省7岁以下儿童单纯性肥胖症流行情况。[方法]分层整群抽样4237名儿童进行单纯性肥胖症流行病学调查分析。[结果]发现本省0～7岁儿童单纯性肥胖症检出率为4．9％,超重儿童检出率为12．3％,轻、中、重度肥胖症检出率分别为3．4％、1．3％和0．2％。肥胖一超重比为2．5。按年龄分组,肥胖症检出率最高是6个月内婴儿,其次为6岁组;按地域分布,城市、沿海、山区检出率分别为7．2％、2．5％和3．5％。[结论] 福建省0～7岁儿童肥胖症检出率超出1996年八城市检出率2．8倍,形势严峻,防治工作迫在眉睫,干预重点首先是城市,干预年龄段为6个月内和6岁儿童。     

住院患儿516例意外损伤分析

由于近年来儿童意外损伤已成为城乡 0～ 14岁以下儿童死亡原因的第 1位 ,加之工业化程度的提高 ,儿童意外损伤已成为国际学术界 2 1世纪儿童期主要的健康问题。为了解近年来平顶山地区 0～ 14岁儿童意外损伤的原因 ,特将平顶山市中医院及市一院 5年间收治儿童意外损伤 5 16例报告如下。1　对象和方法1.1　对象　平顶山市中医院及市一院 1995年 1月～ 1999年12月间因意外损伤而收治的患儿 5 16例 ,其中男 3 45例 ,女171例 ;男女之比为 2∶1。其中 0～ 1月 5 2例 ,2月～ 5岁 12 1例 ,6～ 10岁 2 0 6例 ,11～ 14岁 13 7例。新生儿科 43例 ,急诊…     

2001年福州市0～7岁流动儿童城乡分布及计划免疫现状分析

[目的 ]了解福州市 0～ 7岁流动儿童的分布及其免疫接种状况 ,对今后工作提出相应的对策。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 2年3月由基层计免人员调查摸底 ,收集全市所有 0～ 7岁流动儿童资料 ;4月在 6个县 (市 )抽取其中 14 7名儿童和 70 3名常住同龄儿童 ,了解免疫接种情况。 [结果 ] 0～ 7岁流动儿童共 2 60 40人 ,占同龄儿童总数的 7 0 % ;流动儿童报告接种率与调查接种率均低于常住儿童 ,山区更为明显。[结论 ]应提高流动儿童特别是山区流动儿童的免疫接种率。     

区中心医院处理急性创伤的实践

青浦区是上海市西大门,区内有沪青平高速公路和318以及同三国道等数条高速公路穿过,车祸外伤等突发事件发生率高。青浦区与市中心有郊区村落相隔开,青浦区担负着区内和邻近地区的医疗保健服务。研究区中心医院急诊创伤现状,探讨现代突发事件处理模式,以提高急诊救治率,改善医院功效比。一、急诊创伤现况调查我们把急诊创伤分成车祸、打伤和普通外伤。经过调查2 0 0 3年1月～6月急诊外伤总数为5 6 4 6人次,其中急诊治愈5 2 0 5人次,转出135人次,收治入院2 83人,死亡2 3人。急诊车祸死亡率为1 6 3% ,车祸死亡率无明显季节差别,却呈现明显聚集…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.