老年人恶性梗阻性黄疸治疗方法的选择

正恶性梗阻性黄疸(malignant obstructive jaundice,MOJ)是指由于恶性肿瘤直接侵犯或压迫主要肝管主干、肝总管和胆总管,导致胆汁淤积而引起的如肝功能受损、高胆红素血症、体液和组织黄染等临床疾病,对机体造成了较大损坏[1]。根据不同梗阻部位,将恶性梗阻性黄疸分为低位胆道梗阻和高位胆道梗阻。低位胆道梗阻主要指如胰头癌、壶腹癌及胆总管下段癌等恶性肿瘤所致的梗阻;而高位胆道梗阻主要指肝门部胆管癌等所致或胆囊癌浸润生长导致的高位胆道梗     

内镜下胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻124例

恶性胆道梗阻是指由肝门部胆管癌、肝外胆管癌、壶腹癌、胰头癌或其他部位肿瘤转移的淋巴结压迫胆道以及肝癌、胆管癌癌栓等引起的梗阻性黄疸,它可引起进行性加重的黄疽,导致肝脏功能迅速恶化⑴。经十二指肠镜胆管引流术是胆管梗阻的重要治疗手段,     

经内镜塑料支架置入治疗恶性胆道梗阻17例

恶性胆道梗阻在临床上十分常见,主要病因包括胆囊癌、胆管癌、肝门部肝癌、胰头癌、壶腹癌及各种转移性肿瘤。恶性胆道梗阻可引起进行性加重的梗阻性黄疸,导致肝脏功能迅速恶化,并易发生严重的感染、胃肠道出血及肾功能衰竭,病死率极高,该院经内镜塑料支架置入（ERBD）治疗恶性胆道梗阻17例,取得了较好的疗效。报告如下。     

胆管恶性狭窄的内镜治疗

胆管恶性狭窄主要由胆总管癌、肝门部胆管癌、胆囊癌、胰腺癌、壶腹癌等胆胰肿瘤引起,这类患者常由于早期诊断困难而失去外科手术根治性切除的机会,预后较差。提高胆胰肿瘤患者的生活质量和生存时间一直是临床医师关注的问题。近年来,随着内镜和放射介入技术的不断发展,特别是消化内镜技术的迅猛发展,内镜治疗在恶性胆道狭窄中的治疗作用越来越大,已广泛用于胆胰肿瘤的姑息性治疗。经内镜方法解除胆道梗阻引起的黄疸取得了可喜的进展;同时内镜介入用于胆胰肿瘤的局部放疗、化疗等方面也进行了有益的尝试。     

恶性胆道梗阻内镜支架治疗的荟萃分析

恶性胆道梗阻是指由胰头癌、壶腹癌、胆管癌或其他肿瘤侵犯胆道、转移的淋巴结压迫远端胆道等引起的梗阻性黄疸。由于患者就诊时往往已是肿瘤晚期，黄疸较深，结合肝胆胰区的解剖特点，这类患者不适合进行手术根治性治疗，通过内镜放置支架解除胆道梗阻症状成为该类患者的首选姑息性治疗手段。但到目前为止，对于具体的恶性胆道梗阻（远端胆道梗阻，非肝门部）患者选择哪一种支架没有一个明确的结论。     

经内镜并行放置双侧胆道金属支架的护理配合

胆道金属支架主要适用于已无手术根治机会的胰腺癌、胆管癌、壶腹癌等引起的胆管梗阻患者,其目的在于解除梗阻,减轻黄疸,改善肝功能,延长患者生存时间,提高患者生活质量。对于晚期肝门部肿瘤引起的胆管狭窄,左右两侧肝内胆管互不交通的病例,内镜下如予双金属支架置人术,则有助于延长支架开放时间,     

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胆道恶性肿瘤多数起病隐匿,早期症状不明显,发病时多已届入中晚期,手术切除率低,预后极差。由于肿瘤起源相同以及可能发生胆道梗阻导致黄疸,胆道恶性肿瘤具有相似的生物学特性和治疗手段。近年来胆道恶性肿瘤的外科治疗取得了很大的进步,这与恶性肿瘤多学科综合治疗观念获得普遍的认可有密切关系。本文以1例肝门部胆管癌的诊治为例就胆道恶性肿瘤的多学科综合治疗予以论     

经皮肝穿刺胆道外引流术途径植入胆道金属支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸2例报告

<正>恶性梗阻性黄疸是由多种恶性肿瘤引起的肝外胆管或肝门部狭窄或闭塞,导致胆汁不能正常排入肠道,常由胆管癌、胆囊癌、胰腺癌、壶腹癌以及转移性肿瘤压迫胆道而引起~([1])。临床上主要表现为黄疸、皮肤瘙痒、上腹不适、食欲不振、恶心呕吐等。起病隐匿,一些患者发现即为晚期,无法行根治手术,随着胆管梗阻进行性加重造成胆汁大量淤积,胆红素释放入血,引起高胆红素血症,患者出现感染、肝肾功能及心功能等多脏     

经皮经肝胆管内支架术治疗恶性胆管梗阻

经皮经肝胆管内支架术治疗恶性胆管梗阻黑龙江省医院（１５００３６）朱春兰朱雅琪恶性胆管梗阻（ＭＢＯ）是指由原发性胆管癌和胰癌或肝癌压迫或其它部位癌肿淋巴结转移而引起的梗阻性黄疸而言。胆管癌发生于肝总管或以上者称为恶性肝门部胆管梗阻（ＭＨＢＯ），它在临床...     

经皮肝穿刺胆道引流/胆道支架植入术治疗肝外胆管癌合并梗阻性黄疸的研究进展

肝外胆管癌(extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, ECC)是起源于肝外胆管包括肝门区至胆总管下端胆管的恶性肿瘤,确诊时胆道受侵犯压迫常合并出现梗阻性黄疸,患者多处于中晚期而丧失根治性切除机会.随着介入技术及医学材料的发展,经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage, PTCD)或胆道支架植入术(percutaneous transhepatic biliary stent,PTBS)已成为解除胆道梗阻的主要治疗方法.然而,术后并发症的发生严重影响患者的预后,目前发现胆道支架联合局部治疗可显著延长胆道通畅时间.本文综述关于PTCD/PTBS治疗肝外胆管癌合并梗阻性黄疸的进展,评价其临床疗效,并指出目前存在的问题及处理方法,为后续相关研究提供更多参考.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.