先天性胆管扩张症58例诊治分析

目的探讨先天性胆管扩张症的有效诊治方法。方法对58例先天性胆管扩张症患者的临床资料作回顾性分析。结果58例中TodaniⅠ型50例、Ⅱ型1例、Ⅳ型5例、Ⅴ型2例。术前B超检查确诊率为94％,磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）、CT或内窥镜逆行性胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查均明确诊断。术前或术中胆管影像学检查显示胰胆管结合部扩张32例,其中29例胰胆管合流异常。52例无癌变病例,行囊肿切除、胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术48例,囊肿外引流术、囊肿切除联合胆总管T管引流术、左肝外叶切除联合胆总管T管引流术、左半肝切除联合胆总管T管引流术各1例。6例癌变病例,行胰十二指肠切除术4例,囊肿切除、胆管空肠Roux-cn-Y吻合术2例。近期和远期并发症发生率分别为8．1％、9．6％,疗效优良者49例。结论ERCP或MRCP检查有助于先天性胆管扩张症的确诊、分型,并可指导手术;囊肿切除、胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是本病主要的手术方式,肝叶切除适用于局限于一侧肝叶的Caroli病（Ⅴ型）;对于合并癌变者,应积极争取行根治性手术。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜手术治疗Mirizzi综合征

腹腔镜联合胆道镜手术治疗Mirizzi综合征19例.10例仔细解剖胆囊管,上钛夹后切除胆囊;3例切断胆囊壶腹,残端电灼后用纤维蛋白胶封闭;4例行胆囊部分切除术,残端用可吸收缝合线缝合关闭;2例中转开腹胆道镜胆总管探查取石、肝总管修补后T管引流.术后3例出现胆瘘,引流1～2周痊愈.认为腹腔镜联合胆道镜手术治疗Mirizzi综合征,效果良好.     

肝包虫破入胆道致梗阻性黄疸围手术期护理

包虫病在新疆伊犁地区是高发病,以肝包虫发病最高,约占70%.肝包虫囊肿破入胆道引起梗阻性黄疸和胆道感染较为少见.本院自1994年至1997年收治918例肝包虫病,其中破入胆道致梗阻性黄疸胆道感染22例,占同期肝包虫治疗的2.39%,现将手术护理体会浅谈如下.     

胆道镜处理肝内胆管残石和复发病变

对188例术后肝内胆管残石和复发病变进行了纤维胆道镜检查。全部病人接受了胆囊切除和胆总管探查。43例附加盲袢式胆肠吻合,15例肝左外叶切除和肝内胆管引流。例右肝管高位狭窄放置U管支撑引流。胆道镜至胆管的入路如下:经T-管窦道129例,经胆肠吻合的输入空肠袢43例,经输出空肠袢引流窦道12例,经U-管窦道2冽,和经肝切     

胆道镜和胆道镜引导下气囊导管扩张胆管狭窄及取石的临床研究

1990年 ,我们用胆道镜和气囊导管扩张治疗胆管狭窄及结石患者 42例 ,取得满意疗效 ,现报告如下。1　资料与方法1 .1　一般资料　本组男 1 8例 ,女 2 4例 ;年龄2 9～ 74岁 ,平均 5 5 .4岁。其中急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎 ( AOSC)急症胆道取石 胆囊切除 胆总管 T管引流 35例 ,左外侧叶切除 胆囊切除 胆道探查 T管引流 4例 ,胆道探查 胆囊造瘘 胆总管 T管引流 3例。本组均经 T管造影和 B超或 CT、胆道镜证实胆管狭窄。本组左肝内型 2 5例 ,右肝内型 1 1例 ,左右肝内型4例 ,肝外型 2例。膜状狭窄 1～ 2 mm9例 ;段状狭窄 2～ 3mm1 7例 ,…     

肝包虫破入胆道的诊断与治疗

包虫病是新疆地区的常见病,以肝包虫发病最高,约占70%,肝包虫病破入胆道引起梗阻性黄疸和胆道感染为少见.本文报道18例包虫囊肿破入胆道引起的梗阻性黄疸和急性胆道感染的外科处理与体会.     

腹腔镜下Mirizzi综合征的治疗体会

目的探讨Mirizzi综合征(MS)的诊断及腹腔镜下治疗MS的价值与术中处理方法。方法回顾性分析我院2004年12月至2010年3月腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中26例MS患者的临床资料。结果 26例MS,术前诊断7例,其余均为术中诊断。Ⅰ型18例,其中16例成功施行了LC手术,2例中转开腹;Ⅱ型5例,2例施行了腹腔镜胆囊大部切除,瘘口修补,胆总管切开胆道镜探查T管支撑引流术。其余3例中转开腹;Ⅲ型3例均中转开腹,1例行瘘口修补,2例行胆囊切除+Roux-en-Y胆道重建。结论 B超是首选的检查方法,内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)、磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)能提高术前诊断率。腹腔镜及腹腔镜胆道镜联合应用能安全处理大部分Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型的MS病例,对于Ⅲ型及Ⅳ型患者,腹腔镜下处理较为困难,应尽量开腹处理。     

胆道镜在胆道手术中的应用

目的探讨胆道镜在胆道手术中的应用价值.方法对经CT、B超、ERCP或MR证实为胆石症的32例胆道手术患者术中进行胆道镜探查,常规开腹切除胆囊或切开胆管将结石取出后,胆道镜经胆囊管残端或胆管切开处插入胆道依次探查左右肝管,肝总管、胆总管.结果32例患者中发现肝管残留结石1例,胆总管残留结石2例,胆总管末端狭窄2例,胆管癌1例.3例残留结石中2例以取石器将结石取出,1例结石嵌顿在乳头开口处,以胆道镜推送至十二指肠内.2例胆总管末端狭窄,给予胆道镜下扩张治疗,减轻了术后因胆总管末端狭窄而导致的不良后果.1例在探查中发现胆总管下端不光滑,有小结节状隆起,取组织病理检查证实为胆管癌而改变术式,避免了再次开腹手术.结论胆道手术时行胆道镜探查,可减少残留结石的发生,并能及时发现其他病理情况,给予相应治疗,减少漏误诊的发生.     

ERCP治疗Mirizzi综合征的应用及价值

Mirizzi综合征是由于胆囊颈部或胆囊管结石压迫肝总管或胆总管管壁,引起胆道梗阻而发生梗阻性黄疸甚至胆漏。此征占胆囊切除患者总数的0．3％～3．0％;术前诊断较为困难,治疗上颇为棘手,开腹手术＋T型管引流创伤大,病程长,且T型管支撑时间需3～6个月,患者要承受长时间带管所带来的痛苦。近年来,随着ERCP技术的广泛开展,我院利用ERCP辅助腹腔镜及开腹手术诊治Mirizzi综合征18例,疗效满意,现报告如下。     

成人胆总管囊肿的诊断及治疗

目的总结成人胆总管囊肿的诊治经验。方法对51例成人胆总管囊肿患者的临床资料作回顾性分析。结果临床表现多不典型：全组行B超检查47例,确诊32例;CT检查11例,确诊9例;磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）检查18例,均确诊;内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查5例,均确诊。手术治疗40例,无手术死亡者。结论成人胆总管囊肿临床表现不典型,CT和MRCP检查有助于本病的诊断和分型。囊肿切除和肝总管空肠Rouxen-Y吻合术可作为首选术式。     

Value of ERCP in the diagnosis and management of pre- and postoperative biliary complications in hydatid disease of the liver

Twenty-nine patients with symptomatic hydatid disease of the liver were evaluated preoperatively by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the years 1982-1987. In the same period, 6 patients who previously underwent surgery for the parasitic disease also underwent ERCP because of postoperative symptoms of biliary obstruction. Findings at ERCP excluded biliary tract involvement in 11 cases. Positive findings were shown in 24 patients, including compression of the bile ducts in 4, small cysto-biliary communications in 5, intrabiliary rupture in 9, residual hydatid material in the common bile duct, and sclerosing cholangitis in 3. Endoscopic removal of migrated hydatid debris was achieved in 8 patients, avoiding reoperation in 4.     

Management of intrabiliary ruptured hydatid disease of the liver

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Intrabiliary rupture of hydatid cyst is an important complication of hydatid disease of the liver. The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes of patients with intrabiliary ruptured hydatid disease of the liver. METHODOLOGY: Two hundred and eleven patients were operated upon for hydatid cyst of the liver between 1990 and 1998 in our hospital. Twenty-four patients with intrabiliary rupture of hepatic hydatid cyst were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Diagnosis of hydatid cyst was principally made using ultrasonography. We performed partial cystectomy + omentoplasty + transduodenal sphincteroplasty for 18 patients (75%). Daughter cysts and hydatid debris were found in common bile duct in 8 patients (33%). Internal opening of biliary fistula was found in 21 patients (87.5%). Morbidity rate was 12%. One patient died of unrelated causes. The average postoperative hospitalization period for the sphincteroplasty group was 7.6 days. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative radiologic examination and laboratory values were not helpful to exclude an intrabiliary rupture of hydatid cysts in our patients. If bile stained cystic fluid is found, it is clear that a communication between hydatid cysts and the biliary tree exist. Transduodenal sphincteroplasty can be preferred in the management of intrabiliary ruptured hydatid disease because of short hospitalization, low morbidity, and ability to decompress intrabiliary pressure.     

Radiologic and endoscopic appearance of intrabiliary rupture of hydatid liver disease

Intrabiliary rupture of hydatid liver cyst was diagnosed in 6 patients presenting with obstructive jaundice. All patients underwent ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography prior to surgical drainage of the liver cyst. Hydatid debris were found in the common bile duct preoperatively in 3 patients, and postoperatively in an additional 3 patients. Accurate diagnosis was made in all patients based on combined duodenoscopic, cholangiographic and sonographic findings. It is concluded that the combination of ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography can accurately detect intrabiliary rupture of hydatid liver cyst and that both techniques should be performed early in the investigation of suspected ruptured hydatid liver cyst.     

Hepatic echinococcosis ruptured into the biliary tract. Clinical, radiological and therapeutic features during five episodes of spontaneous biliary rupture in three patients with hepatic hydatidosis

Three patients are described with hepatic involvement by Echinococcus granulosus, complicated by spontaneous rupture into the biliary tract. Clinical features consisted of upper abdominal pain, jaundice, fever, anorexia, and vomiting. Hepatomegaly and marked epigastric tenderness were consistently observed. Laboratory findings included obstructive liver function tests, leucocytosis, eosinophilia, and hyperamylasemia. Abdominal computed tomography, showing the cystic wall, the presence of wall calcifications, daughter cysts and wall enhancement, provided a correct diagnosis of hepatic hydatidosis in all patients. Dilatation of the bile ducts with the presence of intraluminal material was clearly shown by sonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. These abnormalities were most frequently found in the common bile duct and in the left hepatic duct. On sonography, the intraluminal material appeared as amorphous, sludge-like hydatid sand, and as daughter cysts. On ERCP, the intrabiliary parasitic material appeared as non-homogeneous, irregularly shaped and mobile filling defects. Other findings at ERCP were displacement and distortion of intrahepatic bile ducts by the hepatic cysts and a mild dilatation of the pancreatic duct. In one occasion, evacuation of a daughter cyst through the papilla was observed. The therapeutic value of mebendazole and endoscopic sphincterotomy in our patients is discussed.     

Management of a patient with hepatic-thoracic-pelvic and omental hydatid cysts and post-operative bilio-cutaneous fistula: a case report.

In humans, most hydatid cysts occur in the liver and 75% of these are single. Our patient was a 31 year-old male. His magnetic resonance imaging (MR) showed one cyst (15 x 20 cm) in the right lobe and three cysts (5 x 6 cm, 8 x 6 cm, and 5 x 5 cm) in the left lobe of the liver, two cysts (4 x 5 cm and 5 x 5 cm) on the greater omentum, and two cysts (15 x 10 and 10 x 10 cm) in the pelvis. The abdomen was entered first by a bilateral subcostal incision and then by a Phennenstiel incision. Partial cystectomy + capitonnage was done on the liver cysts; the cysts on the omentum were excised, and the pelvic cysts were enucleated. The cyst in the right lobe of the liver was in communication with a thoracic cyst. An air leak developed from the thoracic cyst which had underwater drainage and bile drainage from the drain in the cavity of the right lobe cyst. Sphincterotomy was done on the seventh post-operative day by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). No significant effect on mean bile output from the fistula occurred. Octreotide therapy was initiated, but due to abdominal pain and gas bloating the patient felt and could not tolerate, it was stopped on the fourth day; besides, it had no decreasing effect on bile output during the 4 days. Because air and bile leak continued and he had bile stained sputum, he was operated on on post-operative day 18. By right thoracotomy, the cavity and the leaking branches were closed. By right subcostal incision, cholecystectomy and T-tube drainage of the choledochus were done. On post-operative day 30, he was sent home with the T-tube and the drain in the cavity. After 3 months post-operatively, a second T-tube cholangiography was done, and a narrowing in the distal right hepatic duct and a minimal narrowing in the distal left hepatic duct were exposed. Balloon dilatation was done by way of a T-tube. Bile drainage ceased. There was no collection in the cavity in follow-up CT scanning, so the drain in the cavity, and the drainage catheter in the right hepatic duct were extracted. Evaluation of the biliary ductal system is important in bilio-cutaneous fistulas, and balloon dilatation is very effective in fistulas due to narrowing of the ducts.     

Role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of hepatic hydatid disease

Most cases of hepatic hydatid disease exhibit uncomplicated clinical course and management. However, the diagnosis and management of complicated hepatic hydatid disease is a special issue. One of the most common and serious complications of hepatic hydatid disease is the rupture of the cyst into intrahepatic bile ducts. The clinical appearance of intrabiliary rupture can range from asymptomatic to jaundice, cholecystitis, cholangitis, liver abscess, pancreatitis and septicemia. Current treatments for major ruptures can result in high morbidity and mortality rates. Furthermore, ruptures that cannot be diagnosed preoperatively can induce complications such as biliary fistulae, biloma, cavitary infection and obstructive jaundice. In the past, these complications were diagnosed and treated by surgical methods. Currently, complications in both the pre- and postoperative periods are diagnosed and treated by non-invasive or minimally invasive methods. In clinical practice, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is indicated for patients with preoperative frank intrabiliary rupture in which hydatid elements are clearly seen in the bile ducts, or for biliary adverse events after surgery, including persistent biliary fistulae and jaundice. However, controversy concerning routine preoperative ERCP and prophylactic endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients suspected of having minor cystobiliary communications still remains. In this article, the role of ERCP in the diagnosis and management of hepatic hydatid disease during the pre- and postoperative periods is reviewed.     

Endoscopic Therapy of Hepatic Hydatid Cyst Disease in Preoperative and Postoperative Settings

The most common and serious complication of hepatic hydatid cyst disease is the communication between the cyst and the biliary tree. The diagnosis and treatment of this condition poses various difficulties. Data from patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for hydatid cysts communicating with the bile ducts either in the preoperative or postoperative setting over a 2-year period have been analyzed. In the preoperative group (n=41), jaundice (n=18), biliary colic (n=11), and cholangitis (n=10) were the most common presentations. On the other hand, the most common indication for ERCP in the postoperative group (n=69) was biliocutaneous leaks (n=60) and cholangitis (n=9). All but 2 patients in the preoperative group were treated by endoscopic sphincterotomy and/or extraction of hydatid cyst remnants followed by the placement of nasobiliary drainage catheter for the patients who had filling defects on cholangiogram. Subsequently, these patients were referred for surgery. ERCP was a definitive treatment for the remaining 2 patients. Endotherapy was successful for the patients who developed leak or had cyst remnants following surgery, whereas long-term biliary stenting was required for those who developed bile duct stenosis. There was no ERCP-associated complication, except mild pancreatitis in a single patient and self-limited hemorrhage in 2 patients. ERCP is an efficacious and safe method for the diagnosis and management of biliary complications associated with hydatid cyst disease.     

Endoscopic management of hepatic hydatid cyst with biliary communication

Background and Aim: A serious complication of hepatic hydatid cyst disease is communication between the cyst and the biliary tree. Surgical management of biliary fistulas is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We carried out a prospective study of endoscopic management of hydatid cysts communicating with bile ducts in 28 patients. Methods: Presence of biliary fistula was suspected by jaundice and/or persistent external biliary fistula after surgical excision and was confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Patients underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy, and either biliary stenting or nasobiliary drainage. Nasobiliary drains were removed when bile leakage stopped and closure of the fistula was confirmed by cholangiography; stents were removed after 4–6 weeks. Results: Of 120 patients with hepatic hydatid cyst seen over a 10‐year period, 28 patients developed fistula between the hepatic hydatid cyst and intrahepatic bile ducts (right intrahepatic bile ducts in 20 patients, left intrahepatic bile ducts in eight patients). Nine of 28 patients had persistent external biliary fistula after surgery. Ten patients showed membranes in bile ducts on cholangiography. We carried out either sphincterotomy with insertion of a nasobiliary drain (n = 6) or sphincterotomy with biliary stenting (n = 22). In 10 patients, the membranes were removed from bile ducts during ERCP. Fistulas healed in all patients after a median time of 11 days (range 5–45 days) after endoscopic treatment. We were able to remove nasobiliary drainage catheters and stents 8–45 days after placement. Conclusions: Endoscopic therapy is an effective mode of treatment for biliary fistulas complicating hepatic hydatid cyst.     

Complicated hepatic hydatid cyst and acute pancreatitis. Value of ERCP and treatment with endoscopic sphincterotomy

We present the case of a 29 year-old cholecystectomized woman with hepatic hydatid cysts who was admitted for acute pancreatitis. Echography and abdominal CAT revealed three thydatid cysts-the one in the right liver lobe being complicated-as well as pancreatitis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) confirmed the suspected diagnosis of intrabiliary hydatid cyst rupture. An endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed, posterior evolution being asymptomatic, thus permitting the postponing of surgery.     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in Echinococcus (hydatid) cysts of the liver

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was carried out on 19 patients with hydatid cyst of the liver, either before or after operation. Cholangiographic findings included biliary tract obstruction in 8 cases, intrinsic compression in 4 cases, laminated membranes or daughter cysts in the biliary tree in 3 cases, perforation into the biliary tract in 2 cases, stricture in the biliary ductal system in 1 case, and biliary fistula in the remaining case. Biliary tract obstruction was secondary to chemical cholangitis by formalin in 2 patients. ERCP is a useful procedure in patients with suspected intrabiliary rupture or when symptoms occur after surgical removal of the cyst.