促红细胞生成素对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶损伤的PC12细胞的保护作用

目的探讨促红细胞生成素（erythropoietin,EPO）对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子（MPP^＋）诱导的PC12细胞,变性损伤的保护作用及机制。方法用MPP^＋处理PC12细胞制作帕金森病细胞模型,采用四甲基偶氮哗监泫检测暴露于不同浓度EPO后细胞的活性;流式细胞术与DNA断端原位标记法（terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling,TUNEL）检测各组的细胞凋亡率;免疫印迹法检测不同处理组PC12细胞Bcl-2和Bax的表达,并采用荧光法观察不同处理组PC12细胞活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）与线粒体膜电位水平以及caspase-3活性的变化。结果MPP^＋可以使PC12细胞存活率下降,凋亡率增高;同时PC12细胞内ROS增多,线粒体膜电位下降。MPP^＋还可以明显地提高Bax／Bcl-2比值并激活caspase-3。而EPO可以抑制这些由MPP^＋引发的改变,并在1U／mL时发挥最大保护作用。结论EPO可抑制MPP^＋诱导的PC12绌胞死亡,其作用机制可能其自身抗氧化和抗凋亡的特性有关。     

蛇床子素对MPP~＋损伤PC12细胞的保护作用研究

目的观察蛇床子素（osthole）对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子（MPP＋）诱导PC12细胞损伤的神经保护作用。方法将MPP＋加入培养的PC12细胞中,建立多巴胺能神经元损伤模型,加入不同浓度的蛇床子素预处理细胞（0.01、0.05、0.1mmol/L）。处理24h后用噻唑蓝（MTT）比色法检测细胞活性;以乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性测定反映细胞的损伤程度;采用Westernblot法检测Bax、Bcl-2蛋白的表达,分析Bax/Bcl-2比值变化,以及检测细胞色素C的改变。结果蛇床子素可以明显减少MPP＋诱导的PC12细胞活性的降低,LDH的释放,Bax/Bcl-2比值的增高以及细胞色素C的释放（P〈0.05）。结论蛇床子素对MPP＋诱导的PC12细胞损伤具有保护作用。     

14-3-3蛋白过表达减轻1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子对PC12细胞的毒性(英文)

目的研究14-3-3蛋白过表达对1-甲基-4苯基吡啶离子(MPP )诱导的PC12细胞死亡的影响作用及其可能的机制。方法构建pcDNA3.1( )-14-3-3 真核表达质粒,用脂质体2000转染PC12细胞;Western blot技术检测PC12细胞中14-3-3蛋白、Bcl-2 蛋白, 和BAD蛋白的表达;然后分别用MTT法、酶标仪及流式细胞仪检测PC12细胞的活力、caspase的活性及PC12细胞的凋亡率。结果(1)将pcDNA3.1( )-14-3-3质粒转染PC12细胞3周后,14-3-3蛋白的表达显著增加;(2)MPP 诱导PC12细胞存活率的下降是剂量依赖性的,当MPP 的浓度达100 μmol/L时,PC12细胞的存活率丧失约50%;(3)caspase 的活性随着MPP 浓度的增加而增高,当MPP 浓度到达100 μmol/L时caspase的活性也到达最大值,而当MPP 浓度超过100 μmol/L时,caspase的活性急剧下降;(4)用100 μmol/L 的MPP 处理PC12细胞24 h后,PC12细胞的凋亡率为26.5%,14-3-3蛋白的过表达使PC12细胞的凋亡率下降到8.6%;(5)用100 μmol/L MPP 处理PC12细胞后,Bcl-2蛋白的表达趋于下调而BAD蛋白的表达上调,14-3-3蛋白的过表达能显著的增加Bcl-2蛋白的表达而使BAD蛋白的表达下调。结论14-3-3蛋白过表达通过上调Bcl-2蛋白的表达并下调BAD蛋白的表达,减少了MPP 诱导的PC12细胞的凋亡,从而发挥对PC12细胞的保护作用。这些结果可能为PD的治疗提供新的药物靶点。     

利福平对MPP+所致PC12细胞线粒体损伤的影响

目的 探讨利福平对1-甲基-苯基-吡啶离子(MPP+)诱导的大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤细胞株(PC12)细胞形态、线粒体结构的影响.方法 利用MPP+诱导分化PC12细胞建立帕金森病体外细胞模型;Hoechst33342荧光染色法检测细胞凋亡;透射电子显微镜观察各组细胞线粒体超微结构.结果 正常细胞组PC12细胞形态完整,线粒体结构完整清晰;MPP+作用后,凋亡细胞数量增多,核固缩、碎裂明显,线粒体空泡化明显,部分细胞见凋亡小体形成;利福平作用后,随着利福平浓度的增高,细胞凋亡程度及线粒体空泡化现象明显减轻,且存在浓度依赖性.结论 利福平可减轻MPP1+所致PC12细胞线粒体损伤的程度,推测可能是通过对线粒体的保护作用来减轻MPP+诱导的分化PC12细胞的凋亡,但其作用的具体途径还需进一步研究.     

美满霉素对MPP+诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的在离体细胞培养中探讨美满霉素(Minocycline,MC)对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子(MPP )诱导的帕金森病细胞凋亡模型的保护作用.方法将MC或MPP 加入培养的PC12细胞中,建立多巴胺神经元凋亡模型,四甲基偶氮唑盐法(MTT法)检测细胞代谢活性,电泳法检测细胞凋亡,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率.结果MPP 浓度为10μmol/L时建立多胺神经元凋亡模型;MC 100 μmol/L预处理可明显升高MPP 处理的PC12细胞活性;MC MPP 组细胞凋亡率显著低于MPP 组(P＜0.01),但仍明显高于阴性对照组(P＜0.05).结论MC对MPP 诱导的细胞凋亡有一定的保护作用.     

14-3-3蛋白过表达减轻MPP+对PC12细胞的毒性损伤

目的 探讨14-3-3蛋白过表达对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子(MPP+)诱导PC12细胞损伤的保护作用和可能的机制.方法 构建pcDNA3.1(+)-14-3-3真核表达质粒,转染PC12细胞,建立稳定过表达14-3-3蛋白细胞株;通过四甲基偶氮唑盐法(MTT法)、流式细胞术和酶标仪分别检测14-3-3蛋白过表达对MPP+诱导的PC12细胞存活力、凋亡率和SOD及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性的影响.结果 14-3-3蛋白过表达显著增加PC12细胞SOD活性[质粒转染组(9.13±0.41)U/mg,MPP+组(6.45±0.52)U/mg]和GSH-Px活性[质粒转染组(89.66±3.42)μmol/mg,MPP+组(82.73±4.15)μmol/mg]、增强细胞活力[吸光度(A570):质粒转染组0.78±0.06,MPP+组0.54±0.07]、抑制细胞的凋亡(质粒转染组11.87%±3.26%,MPP+组36.30%±2.39%).结论 14-3-3蛋白过表达对MPP+的毒性有保护作用,这是通过增加SOD和GSH-Px的活性,减少氧化应激实现的.     

胰岛素可抵抗MPP^＋诱导的PC12细胞的凋亡

目的观察胰岛素在MPP+诱导PC12细胞凋亡中的干预作用.方法应用MTT法研究细胞活性的改变,应用HOECHST33258染色结合荧光显微镜技术及流式细胞技术检测不同药物对PC12细胞的凋亡诱导作用,应用半定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)测定胰岛素受体(insulin receptor,IR)mRNA的改变.结果①MPP+诱导PC12细胞凋亡,胰岛素可以抵抗此凋亡作用;②以上两种处理,均未见到胰岛素受体mRNA的改变,推测胰岛素受体的自身磷酸化有改变.结论胰岛素可以抵抗MPP+诱导的PC12细胞的凋亡.     

1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子调控线粒体自噬对线粒体氧化应激损伤的影响

目的 探讨1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子(MPP+)诱导线粒体自噬在帕金森病(PD)发病机制中的作用.方法 将细胞分为MPP+(0 mmol/L)对照组、MPP+(1 mmol/L)处理组和MPP+ (2 mmol/L)处理组,共同转染EGFP-LC3和RFP-MI-TO后加入MPP+处理48 h.Western blot检测细胞自噬水平的变化,甲丹磺酸尸胺(MDC)检测自噬空泡聚集,免疫荧光法检测EGFP-LC3和RFP-MITO亚细胞共定位,流式技术检测线粒体膜电位及活性氧.结果 MPP+1 mmol/L及MPP+2 mmol/L组LAMP2A、Beclin1和LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ的灰度值与对照组相比均上调,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与对照组相比,MPP+处理组自噬水平增加,自噬空泡增加,外源性LC3表达上调,EGFP-LC3和RFP-MITO存在亚细胞共定位.MPP+1 mmol/L及MPP+2 mmol/L组线粒体膜电位较对照组降低;MPP+1 mmol/L及MPP+2 mmol/L组线粒体活性氧较对照组增加,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 MPP+通过调控线粒体自噬水平致线粒体氧化应激损伤.     

灵芝多糖对Aβ25-35诱导的PC12细胞损伤的保护性研究

目的观察灵芝多糖(GLP)对β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ25-35)诱导的PC12细胞损伤的保护作用。方法将Aβ25-35或(和)不同浓度的GLP加入体外培养的PC12细胞中,用MTT检测PC12细胞活力的变化;以DCFH-DA来检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平的改变;通过Western Blotting来检测Bcl-2和Bax的表达水平。结果 Aβ25-35处理36h后的PC12细胞存活率仅为对照的60.7%,细胞内ROS水平上升到原来的222.7%,同时Bcl-2/Bax比值下降,为对照组的60.0%。经不同浓度的GLP预处理后,细胞存活率均显著提高,分别能达到69.7%,80.7%和88.3%(P<0.01);10g/ml GLP预处理PC12细胞24h后,细胞内ROS水平下降至正常组的160.6%,Bcl-2/Bax比值升高到93.6%,P值均<0.01。结论 GLP对Aβ25-35诱导的PC12细胞损伤有保护作用。     

利福平对MPP~＋所致PC12细胞线粒体损伤的影响

目的探讨利福平对1-甲基-苯基-吡啶离子（MPP＋）诱导的大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤细胞株（PC12）细胞形态、线粒体结构的影响。方法利用MPP＋诱导分化PC12细胞建立帕金森病体外细胞模型;Hoechst33342荧光染色法检测细胞凋亡;透射电子显微镜观察各组细胞线粒体超微结构。结果正常细胞组PC12细胞形态完整,线粒体结构完整清晰;MPP＋作用后,凋亡细胞数量增多,核固缩、碎裂明显,线粒体空泡化明显,部分细胞见凋亡小体形成;利福平作用后,随着利福平浓度的增高,细胞凋亡程度及线粒体空泡化现象明显减轻,且存在浓度依赖性。结论利福平可减轻MPP＋所致PC12细胞线粒体损伤的程度,推测可能是通过对线粒体的保护作用来减轻MPP＋诱导的分化PC12细胞的凋亡,但其作用的具体途径还需进一步研究。     

Protective effects of edaravone against cobalt chloride-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells

Objective

To investigate the neuroprotective effects of edaravone (Eda) on cobalt chloride (CoCl₂)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in cultured PC12 cells as well as the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

PC12 cells impaired by CoCl₂ were used as the cell model of hypoxia. MTT (methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium) was used to assay the viability of the PC12 cells exposed to Eda with gradient concentrations; Hochest 33258 stain assay was used to analyze the apoptosis ratio of the PC12 cells; Bcl-2 and Bax protein levels in PC12 cells were examined by western blotting. ROS level, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and caspase-3 activity in each group were detected by spectrofluorometer.

Results

CoCl₂ treatment caused the loss of cell viability in PC12 cells, which was associated with the elevation of apoptotic rate, the formation of ROS and the disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. CoCl₂ also significantly induced the upregulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the activation of caspase-3. In contrast, Eda significantly reversed these phenotypes, with its maximum protective effect at 0.1 μmol/L.

Conclusion

These results indicated that Eda could protect PC12 cells from CoCl₂-induced cytotoxicity, and this protection might be ascribed to its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic activities.     

Econazole attenuates cytotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium by suppressing mitochondrial membrane permeability transition

Defects in mitochondrial function have been shown to participate in the induction of neuronal cell injury. The effect of econazole against the cytotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) in differentiated PC12 cells was assessed in relation to the mitochondrial membrane permeability changes. Treatment of PC12 cells with MPP(+) resulted in the nuclear damage, decrease in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, cytosolic accumulation of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-3, increase in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depletion of GSH. Econazole (0.25-2.5 microM) inhibited the cytotoxicity of MPP(+) or rotenone. The addition of econazole (0.5 microM) significantly attenuated the MPP(+)-induced mitochondrial damage, elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) level and cell death. However, because of the cytotoxicity, econazole at 5 microM did not attenuate the toxicity of MPP(+). The results show that econazole at the low concentrations may reduce the MPP(+)-induced viability loss in PC12 cells by suppressing the mitochondrial permeability transition, leading to activation of caspase-3 and the elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) levels, which are associated with the increased formation of ROS and depletion of GSH.     

Subtoxic concentration of manganese synergistically potentiates 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells

Endogenous or exogenous substances that are toxic to dopaminergic cells have been proposed as possible cause of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) and manganese are dopaminergic neurotoxins causing a parkinsonism-like syndrome. Here, we studied the possible synergistic reaction between these two neurotoxins using rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. MPP(+) induced a delayed neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Although low concentration of manganese did not cause cell damage, it markedly enhanced MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity with characteristics of apoptosis, such as DNA laddering and activation of caspase-3. To understand the mechanism of enhancement of subtoxic concentration of manganese on MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity, we investigated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation using a molecular probe, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Although subtoxic concentration of manganese alone did not induce ROS increase, it significantly enhanced the ROS generation induced by MPP(+). We also determined the intracellular MPP(+) content. A time- and concentration-dependent increase of MPP(+) levels was found in PC12 cells treated with MPP(+). The accumulation of MPP(+) by PC12 cells was not affected by manganese. Taken together, these studies suggest that co-treatment with MPP(+) and manganese may induce synergistic neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and that subtoxic concentration of manganese may potentiate the effect of MPP(+) by an ROS-dependent pathway.     

Wild-type alpha-synuclein interacts with pro-apoptotic proteins PKCdelta and BAD to protect dopaminergic neuronal cells against MPP+-induced apoptotic cell death

Alpha-synuclein is a pre-synaptic protein of unknown function that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, we demonstrated that 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) induces caspase-3-dependent proteolytic activation of PKCdelta, which subsequently contributes to neuronal apoptotic cell death in mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal cells. In the present study, we examined whether PKCdelta interacts with alpha-synuclein to modulate MPP+-induced dopaminergic degeneration. Over-expression of wild-type human alpha-synuclein in mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal cells (N27 cells) attenuated MPP+-induced (300 microM) cytotoxicity, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and subsequent caspase-3 activation, without affecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Wild-type alpha-synuclein over-expression also dramatically reduced MPP+-induced caspase-3-mediated proteolytic cleavage of PKCdelta, whereas over-expression of the mutant human alpha-synucleinA53T did not alter the PKCdelta cleavage under similar conditions. Immunoprecipitation-kinase assay revealed reduced PKCdelta kinase activity in wild-type alpha-synuclein over-expressing cells in response to MPP+ treatment. Wild-type alpha-synuclein over-expression also rescued mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal cells from MPP+-induced apoptotic cell death, while alpha-synucleinA53T exacerbated the MPP+-induced DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that alpha-synuclein interacts with the pro-apoptotic proteins PKCdelta and BAD, but not with the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 following MPP+ treatment. We also observed that the interaction between PKCdelta and alpha-synuclein does not involve direct phosphorylation. Together, our results demonstrate that wild-type alpha-synuclein interacts with the pro-apoptotic molecules BAD and PKCdelta to protect dopaminergic neuronal cells against neurotoxic insults.     

Modulation of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in PC12 cells by K<Subscript>ATP</Subscript> channel block

The present study investigated the effect of 5-hydroxydecanoate, a selective mitochondrial K(ATP) channel blocker, on the cytotoxicity of neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) in differentiated PC12 cells. 5-Hydroxydecanoate and glibenclamide (a cell surface and mitochondrial K(ATP) channel inhibitor) reduced the MPP(+)-induced cell death and GSH depletion and showed a maximal inhibitory effect at 5 and 10 microM, respectively. Addition of 5-hydroxydecanoate attenuated the MPP(+)-induced nuclear damage, changes in the mitochondrial membrane permeability and increase in the reactive oxygen species formation in PC12 cells. The results show that 5-hydroxydecanote may prevent the MPP(+)-induced viability loss in PC12 cells by suppressing formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition, leading to the cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation. This effect appears to be accomplished by the inhibitory action on the formation of reactive oxygen species and the depletion of GSH. The blockade of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels seems to prevent the MPP(+)-induced neuronal cell damage.     

The role of phospholipid methylation in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells

Excessive methylation has been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), via mechanisms that involve phospholipid methylation. Meanwhile, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was found to stimulate phospholipid methylation via the oxidized metabolite, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP+), in the rat brain and liver tissues. In the present study, we investigated the effect of MPP+ on phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferases (PENMT) and the potential role of this pathway in MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity using PC12 cells. The results obtained indicate that MPP+ stimulated phosphatidylethanolamine (PTE) methylation to phosphatidylcholine (PTC) and correspondingly increased the formation of lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PTC). Moreover, the addition of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the cell culture medium increases MPP(+)-induced cytotoxicity. The incubation of 1mM MPP+ and various concentrations of SAM (0-4 mM) decreased the viability of PC12 cells from 80% with MPP+ alone to 38% viability with 4 mM SAM for 4 days incubation. The data also revealed that the addition of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), a methylation inhibitor, offered significant protection against MPP(+)-induced cytotoxicity, indicating that methylation plays a role in MPP(+)-induced cytotoxicity. Interestingly, lyso-PTC showed similar actions to MPP+ in causing many cytotoxic changes with at least 10 times higher potency. Lyso-PTC induced dopamine release and inhibited dopamine uptake in PC12 cells. Lyso-PTC also caused the inhibition of mitochondrial potential and increased the formation of reactive oxygen species in PC12 cells. These results indicate that phospholipid methylation pathway might be involved in MPP+ neurotoxicity and lyso-PTC might play a role in MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity.     

Erythropoietin attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis via glycogen synthase kinase 3β-mediated mitochondrial translocation of Bax in PC12 cells

The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which erythropoietin (EPO) suppressed 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced apoptosis. Our results showed that 6-OHDA remarkably decreased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) as well as enhanced the level of Bax in the mitochondria. Besides, 6-OHDA decreased the mitochondrial expression of Bcl-2 without altering the cytoplasmic expression of Bcl-2. In line with these results, 6-OHDA treatment enhanced the apoptosis and caspase 3 activity in PC12 cells. These findings indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction was involved in the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA and GSK3β might act upstream of Bax/Bcl-2 and the caspase 3 pathways in 6-OHDA-treated PC12 cells. Furthermore, EPO reduced 6-OHDA-induced growth inhibition. Western blot exhibited that GSK3β inhibitor 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1, 2,4-thiadiazolidine-3, 5-dione (TDZD8) and EPO not only increased the phosphorylation of GSK3β but also inhibited the mitochondrial translocation of Bax. In agreement with these results, EPO and TDZD8 obviously increased the mitochondrial expression of Bcl-2. Finally, TDZD-8 and EPO significantly suppressed the enhanced apoptosis and activity of caspase 3 induced by 6-OHDA. Taken together, GSK3β-mediated mitochondrial cell death pathway is involved in the neuroprotective effect of EPO against 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis.     

曲札茋苷对二氯化钴诱导PC12细胞氧化应激的保护作用

目的 探讨曲札茋苷注射液对二氯化钴诱导PC12细胞氧化应激的保护作用及其机制.方法 取对数生长期PC12细胞随机分为5组:对照组、模型组、曲札茋苷低水平组、曲札茋苷高水平组、依达拉奉组;甲基三氯硅烷(Methyltrichlorosilane,MTS)法检测细胞活力:分光光度法检测超氧化物歧化酶(Superox-ide...