Racial disparities in infection-related mortality at Alice Springs Hospital, Central Australia, 2000--2005

OBJECTIVE: To compare infection-related mortality rates and pathogens isolated for Indigenous and non-Indigenous adult patients at Alice Springs Hospital (ASH). DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Retrospective study of inhospital deaths of adults (patients aged > or = 15 years) associated with an infection during a medical or renal admission to ASH between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Admission- and population-based infection-related mortality rates and mortality rate ratios (MRRs) for Indigenous versus non-Indigenous adults. RESULTS: There were 513 deaths, of 351 Indigenous and 162 non-Indigenous patients. For Indigenous patients, 60% of deaths were infection-related, compared with 25% for non-Indigenous patients (P < 0.001). The admission-based infection-related MRR for Indigenous versus non-Indigenous adults was 2.2 (95% CI, 1.6-3.1) (15.3 v 6.8 deaths per 1000 admissions; P < 0.001). After adjusting for age and year of death, the population-based infection-related MRR was 11.3 (95% CI, 8.0-15.8) overall (351 v 35 deaths per 100,000 population; P < 0.001) and 31.5 (95% CI, 16.1-61.8) for patients aged < 60 years. The median age of patients who died with an infection was 49 (interquartile range [IQR], 38-67) years for Indigenous and 73 (IQR, 58-80) years for non-Indigenous patients (P < 0.001). For Indigenous patients, 56% of infection-related deaths were associated with bacterial sepsis, with half of these due to enteric organisms. Other deaths followed chronic hepatitis B infection, invasive fungal infections and complications of strongyloidiasis. CONCLUSION: Indigenous patients at ASH are 11 times more likely than non-Indigenous patients to die with an infectious disease. This racial disparity reflects the ongoing socioeconomic disadvantage experienced by Indigenous Australians.     

The outcome of critically ill Indigenous patients

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the short-term outcome of critically ill Indigenous patients. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective cohort study using de-identified audit data from a tertiary intensive care unit (ICU) in Western Australia for the 11-year period 1 January 1993 to 31 December 2003. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hospital mortality (crude, and adjusted for severity of illness). RESULTS: Of 16 757 ICU patients, 1076 (6.4%) were identified as Indigenous. The Indigenous patients were younger and more commonly had chronic liver and renal diseases. Indigenous people represented 3.2% of the population of Western Australia in 2001, but represented 3.1% and 9.5% of all elective and emergency ICU admissions, respectively. Diagnoses of sepsis, pneumonia, trauma, and cardiopulmonary arrest were common among critically ill Indigenous patients. Following emergency admission, the crude hospital mortality for Indigenous patients was higher (22.7% v 19.2%; crude odds ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.04-1.47) than for non-Indigenous patients. The crude hospital mortality of critically ill Indigenous patients was lower than that predicted by the APACHE II prognostic model and was similar to that of non-Indigenous patients after adjusting for severity of illness and chronic health status. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of critical illness affecting Indigenous Australians in Western Australia was different from that affecting non-Indigenous patients. The crude hospital mortality was high, but similar to that of non-Indigenous Australians after adjusting for severity of illness and chronic health status.     

Delay times and management of acute myocardial infarction in indigenous and non-indigenous people in the Northern Territory

OBJECTIVES: To investigate differences in presentation and management of Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients hospitalised with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). DESIGN: Retrospective review of hospital medical records. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 122 patients with definite or possible AMI admitted to hospitals in the Top End of the Northern Territory (NT) in 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentage receiving thrombolytic therapy; delays from symptom onset to primary and emergency department presentations, first and diagnostic electrocardiograms, thrombolytic therapy and aspirin; drugs prescribed during hospitalisation. RESULTS: Thrombolytic therapy was given to 12/41 Indigenous patients (29%) and 38/81 non-Indigenous patients (47%) (P = 0.06). Presentation delay over 12 hours was the reason for not giving thrombolytic therapy for 14/29 Indigenous patients (48%) and 8/43 non-Indigenous patients (19%) (P < 0.01). Median delay times were longer for Indigenous patients for all six categories of delay, although the difference was significant only for delay to emergency department presentation (10:00 versus 3:26 hours; P < 0.01) and to diagnostic electrocardiogram (8:10 versus 3:50 hours; P < 0.01). Delays were also longer for patients from rural compared with urban areas. Once diagnosed, Indigenous patients were as likely as non-Indigenous patients to receive aspirin (93% versus 96%) and beta-blockers (70% versus 69%) and more likely to receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (60% versus 40%; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Delays in presentation affect Indigenous people living in rural and urban areas as well as non-Indigenous people living in rural areas. Concerted efforts are needed to improve health service access in rural areas and to encourage Indigenous people with persistent chest pain to present earlier.     

HIV and AIDS in aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: 1992-1998. The National HIV Surveillance Committee

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological pattern of newly diagnosed HIV infection and AIDS among Indigenous Australians. DESIGN AND SETTING: National surveillance for newly diagnosed HIV infection and AIDS in Australia. Information on Indigenous status was sought at HIV/AIDS notification in all State/Territory health jurisdictions, except the Australian Capital Territory, and Victoria before June 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of people with newly diagnosed HIV per year and population rate of HIV diagnosis; demographic characteristics of people with HIV and AIDS diagnoses by Indigenous status. RESULTS: From 1992 to 1998, 127 Indigenous Australians were newly diagnosed with HIV infection and 55 were diagnosed with AIDS. The population rate of HIV diagnosis among Indigenous Australians (5.23/100,000 per year) was similar to that among non-Indigenous Australians (5.51/100,000 per year). The annual number of HIV diagnoses among Indigenous people was relatively stable, but among non-Indigenous people it declined steadily over time. A higher proportion of Indigenous people diagnosed with HIV were women (26.8% v 8.9%; P < 0.001). Although male homosexual contact was the predominant source of exposure for both Indigenous (46.7%) and non-Indigenous (75.0%) people with HIV infection, exposure by heterosexual contact (36.7% v 15.3%; P < 0.001) was reported more frequently among Indigenous people. CONCLUSION: Although HIV incidence was similar among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, the lack of a recent decline in incidence and the higher proportion of Indigenous people exposed to HIV by heterosexual contact indicate the need to intensify interventions to prevent HIV transmission among Indigenous people.     

Survival of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Queenslanders after a diagnosis of lung cancer: a matched cohort study

OBJECTIVE: To compare survival of Indigenous and non-Indigenous lung cancer patients and to investigate any corresponding differences in stage, treatment and comorbidities. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort study of 158 Indigenous and 152 non-Indigenous patients (frequency-matched on age, sex and rurality) diagnosed with lung cancer between 1996 and 2002 and treated in Queensland public hospitals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival after diagnosis of lung cancer; effects of stage at diagnosis, treatment, comorbidities and histological subtype on lung cancer-specific survival. RESULTS: Survival of Indigenous lung cancer patients was significantly lower than that of non-Indigenous patients (median survival, 4.3 v 10.3 months; hazard ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.14-1.92). Of 158 Indigenous patients, 72 (46%) received active treatment with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery compared with 109 (72%) of the 152 non-Indigenous patients, and this treatment disparity remained after adjusting for histological subtype, stage at diagnosis, and comorbidities (adjusted risk ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.53-0.73). The treatment disparity explained most of the survival deficit: the hazard ratio reduced to 1.10 (95% CI, 0.83-1.44) after inclusion of treatment variables in the proportional hazards survival model. The remaining survival deficit was explained by the higher prevalence of comorbidities among Indigenous cancer patients, mainly diabetes. CONCLUSION: Survival after a diagnosis of lung cancer is worse for Indigenous patients than for non-Indigenous patients, and differences in treatment between the two groups are mainly responsible.     

Hospitalisation for head injury due to assault among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, July 1999--June 2005

OBJECTIVE: To describe rates of hospitalisation for head injury due to assault among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Secondary analysis of routinely collected hospital morbidity data for 42,874 inpatients at public and private hospitals in Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory for the 6-year period 1 July 1999--30 June 2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates per 100,000 population of head injury due to assault by Indigenous status, age, sex and location of residence. RESULTS: The overall rate of head injury due to assault was 60.4 per 100,000 population (95% CI, 59.8-60.9). The rate among the Indigenous population was 854.8 per 100,000 (95% CI, 841.0-868.9), 21 times that among the non-Indigenous population (40.7 per 100,000; 95% CI, 40.2-41.2). Most Indigenous (88%) and non-Indigenous (83%) victims of head injury due to assault were aged between 15 and 44 years. The peak incidence among the Indigenous population was in the 30-34-year age group, whereas that among the non-Indigenous population was in the 20-24-year age group. Indigenous females experienced 69 times the injury rate experienced by non-Indigenous females. CONCLUSIONS: Indigenous people, particularly women, were disproportionately represented among those hospitalised for head injury due to assault. Head injury imposes a substantial burden of care on individuals and communities. Along with the costs of treating head injury, these are good reasons to strengthen efforts to prevent head injury generally, with special attention to high-risk population segments.     

Treatment patterns for cancer in Western Australia: does being Indigenous make a difference?

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether hospital patients with cancer who were identified as Indigenous were as likely to receive surgery for the cancer as non-Indigenous patients. DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS: Epidemiological survey of all Western Australian (WA) patients who had a cancer registration in the state-based WA Record Linkage Project that mentioned cancer of the breast (1982-2000) or cancer of the lung or prostate (1982-2001). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The likelihoods of receiving breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy for breast cancer, lung surgery for lung cancer, or radical or non-radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer were compared between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations using adjusted logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Indigenous people were less likely to receive surgery for their lung cancer (odds ratio [OR], 0.64; 95% CI, 0.41-0.98). Indigenous men were as likely as non-Indigenous men to receive non-radical prostatectomy (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.40-1.17); only one Indigenous man out of 64 received radical prostatectomy. Indigenous women were as likely as non-Indigenous women to undergo breast-conserving surgery (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.60-1.21). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate a different pattern of surgical care for Indigenous patients in relation to lung and prostate, but not breast, cancer. Reasons for these disparities, such as treatment choice and barriers to care, require further investigation.     

Stage at diagnosis and cancer survival for Indigenous Australians in the Northern Territory

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether Indigenous Australians with cancer have more advanced disease at diagnosis than other Australians, and whether late diagnosis explains lower Indigenous cancer survival rates. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Indigenous and non-Indigenous people diagnosed with cancers of the colon and rectum, lung, breast or cervix and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the Northern Territory of Australia in 1991-2000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: SEER summary stage of cancer at diagnosis (local, regional or distant spread), cause-specific cancer survival rates and relative risk of cancer death. RESULTS: Diagnosis with advanced disease (regional or distant spread) was more common for Indigenous people (70%; 95% CI, 62%-78%) than for non-Indigenous people (51%; 95% CI, 53%-59%) with cancers of the colon and rectum, breast, cervix and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but for lung cancer the opposite was found (Indigenous, 56% [95% CI, 46%-65%] v non-Indigenous, 69% [95% CI, 64%-75%]). Stage-adjusted survival rates were lower for Indigenous people for each cancer site. With few exceptions, the relative risk of cancer death was higher for Indigenous people for each category of stage at diagnosis for each cancer site. CONCLUSIONS: Health services apparently could, and should, be performing better for Indigenous people with cancer in the Northern Territory, and probably elsewhere in Australia. This study has demonstrated that data from cancer registers, enhanced with data on stage at diagnosis, can be used to monitor health service performance for Indigenous Australians in the Northern Territory; similar data is available in other States, and could be used to monitor health service performance for Indigenous people throughout Australia.     

广西桂西壮族癫痫患者生活质量调查

目的探讨广西桂西地区壮族癫痫患者的生活质量(QOL)及其影响因素。方法采用癫痫患者生活质量量表-31(QOLIE-31)对78例临床确诊的癫痫患者和60名正常对照者进行评定,并分析不同因素对患者QOL的影响。结果癫痫组的QOLIE-31评分(53.9±8.0)较对照组(77.0±7.1)显著降低(P<0.01)。不同性别、用药数量、病程及发作类型的患者QOLIE-31评分相比较,性别方面差异无显著性(P>0.05),单药较多药治疗者评分高(P<0.01),病程短较病程长者评分高(P<0.05),强直-阵挛发作较其他发作类型者评分低(P<0.01)。结论广西桂西地区壮族癫痫患者QOL明显低于同地区正常人群,用药和发作类型对患者的QOL影响较大。     

提高诊断动态脑电图临床发作时阳性准确率的探讨

目的 :探讨癫痫临床发作前、中、后的AEEG演变过程及变化规律 ,寻找鉴别癫痫临床发作时痫样波真假的方法 ,提高癫痫阳性的准确率。方法 :总结采用AEEG监测的临床发作患者 75 0例的分析报告体会。结果 :AEEG临床发作捕获率为 2 5 9% ,REEG为 0 11% AEEG癫痫组痫样波发放率 96 6% ,可疑癫痫组2 1 1% ,非癫痫组 5 0 %。本文有 181例 (2 4 13 % )临床发作者为非癫痫性发作。结论 :脑电图在癫痫的诊断和鉴别诊断中是不可缺少的手段 ,比任何其它方法都优越 ,特别是临床发作时的脑电图痫样波发放为癫痫诊断的最基本要素。利用分析临床发作前后脑电活动变化规律的方法 ,不但大大提高了癫痫阳性的准确率 ,而且减少了癫痫诊断的扩大化。     

Fulfilling prophecy? Sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Indigenous people in Western Australia

OBJECTIVE: To compare trends and rates of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in Indigenous and non-Indigenous people of Western Australia. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analysis of WA notification data for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and primary and secondary syphilis in 2002, and for HIV infections from 1983 to 2002. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of HIV and sexually transmitted infection by Indigenous status. RESULTS: In 2002, there were 3046 notifications for chlamydia, 1380 for gonorrhoea and 64 for syphilis. When information on Indigenous status was available, Indigenous people accounted for 41% of chlamydia and 76% of gonorrhoea notifications, with Indigenous:non-Indigenous age-standardised rate ratios of 16 (95% CI, 14-17) and 77 (95% CI, 67-88), respectively. Indigenous people accounted for 90.6% of syphilis notifications (age-standardised Indigenous:non-Indigenous rate ratio, 242 [95% CI, 104-561]). From 1985 to 2002, HIV notification rates for non-Indigenous people in WA declined and rates for Indigenous people increased. From 1994 to 2002, there were 421 notifications of HIV infection in WA residents, 52 (12.4%) in Indigenous people and 369 (87.6%) in non-Indigenous people. Indigenous people accounted for 39% and 6.2% of all notifications in WA females and males, respectively. The Indigenous:non-Indigenous rate ratios were 18 (95% CI, 12-29) for females and 2 (95% CI, 1-3) for males. CONCLUSIONS: Indigenous Western Australians are at greater risk of HIV transmission than non-Indigenous people. Strategies to prevent further HIV infection in Indigenous Australians should include control of sexually transmitted infections.     

Rates of percutaneous coronary interventions and bypass surgery after acute myocardial infarction in Indigenous patients

OBJECTIVE: To compare rates of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and bypass surgery after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients. DESIGN: Cohort study of public-sector patients who were followed up for 1 year using administrative hospital data. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: We followed up 14 683 public-sector patients admitted to Queensland hospitals for AMI between 1998 and 2002. Of these, 558 (3.8%) identified as Indigenous. OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of PCI and bypass surgery, adjusted for differences between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous cohorts according to age, sex, socioeconomic status, remote residence, hospital characteristics, and comorbidities. RESULTS: The adjusted rate for PCI during the index admission was significantly lower by 39% (rate ratio [RR], 0.61; 95% CI, 0.38-0.98) among Indigenous versus non-Indigenous patients with AMI; the adjusted rate for subsequent PCI was significantly lower by 28% (RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54-0.96). Adjusted rates for bypass surgery were similar in the two cohorts. For any coronary procedure (ie, PCI or bypass surgery), the adjusted rate was significantly lower by 22% (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.94) among Indigenous patients with AMI. Diabetes, chronic renal failure, pneumonia, and chronic rheumatic fever were at least twice as common among Indigenous patients with AMI as in the rest of the cohort, and chronic bronchitis and emphysema and heart failure were at least 60% more common. If a patient had at least one comorbidity, then their probability of having a coronary procedure was reduced by 40%. CONCLUSIONS: There are likely to be several reasons for the lower rates of coronary procedures among Indigenous patients, but their high rates of comorbidities and the association of comorbidities with lower procedure rates was an important finding. As investment in primary care can reduce the prevalence and severity of comorbidities, we suggest that adequate primary health care is a prerequisite for effective specialist care.     

208例成人病性发作患者的视频脑电监测结果分析

目的探讨视频脑电监测技术对成人痫性发作的鉴别诊断作用。方法采用美国尼高力公司生产的32导程视频脑电仪描记系统,对208例经体检疑诊痫性发作的成人患者进行24h长程视频头皮脑电监测,通过回放分析患者发作期、发作间期、发作后脑电图表现,分析其阳性及阴性似然比。结果通过临床查体、发作过程观察结合同步脑电图表现以及用药是否有效等手段得出可靠的临床癫痫确诊患者191例,其中脑电图阳性（脑电图上出现尖波、棘波、尖慢波、棘慢波、多棘慢波或快节律等痫性波）者146例,这包括捕捉到发作者104例,这104例患者同步脑电图均出现痫样放电,阴性者45例,非癫痫患者17例,其中脑电图阳性者13例,阴性者4例,这包括出现发作者5例,同步脑电图均未发现痫样放电。阳性似然比为99．9％,阴性似然比为100．0％。208例患者仅通过询问病史,体检而未行脑电图检查,诊断癫痫患者142例,非癫痫患者66例,阳性似然比为86．0％,阴性似然比为88．1％。两组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P〈O．05）。结论视频脑电可以有效提高成人痫性发作患者的确诊率,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

奥卡西平治疗儿童难治性癫痫的自身对照性研究

目的观察奥卡西平(OXC)治疗儿童难治性癫痫的长期疗效、耐受性和安全性。方法应用奥卡西平(OXC)治疗31例难治性癫痫患儿,起始剂量为4~5 mg/(kg.d-1),维持剂量为25~45 mg/kg.d-1,以治疗前3个月癫痫发作频度为对照,对治疗后12个月内的疗效、不良反应、耐受性及安全性进行自身对比观察。结果应用OXC后6个月、12个月后,患儿发作频率均较用药前明显减少,发作频率减少≥50%的患儿占45.2%(14/31),用药前后差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。用药后6个月与12个月发作频率比较差异无统计学意义。不良反应的发生率为12.9%(4/31),因不良反应和经济原因退出观察者2例(5.88%)。常见的不良反应为乏力、头晕、头痛、恶心、纳差、皮疹。结论奥卡西平治疗儿童难治性癫痫疗效明显、稳定、不良反应轻、耐受性好、安全性高。在年龄小于5岁的患儿中应用OXC的安全性有待大样本研究。     

麻将反射性癫痫的临床特点

目的：分析麻将反射性癫痫的临床特点,探讨其可能的病因和发病机制。方法：对2016至2018年在中南大 学湘雅三医院门诊诊断的15例麻将反射性癫痫患者(研究组)的病史、脑电图、头部MRI等临床资料进行系统整理,并 与文献报道的84例麻将反射性癫痫患者(文献组)资料进行比较。结果：研究组和文献组麻将反射性癫痫均好发于中 年男性,发病年龄分别为(44.53±10.58)岁和(41.48±17.85)岁。研究组发作前打麻将至癫痫发作的时间为(4.00±2.45) h; 73.3%的患者有疲劳感;发作形式以全面性发作为主,其中全面性强直-阵挛性发作者占93.3%;仅有9.3%的患者长程 脑电图记录到痫性放电;头部MRI均未见明显结构异常。2组性别、发病年龄、发作前打麻将时长、发作类型及头部 MRI改变等方面比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论：精神疲劳和认知负荷过重是导致麻将反射性癫痫发作 的可能机制。     

Gastaut型特发性儿童枕叶癫痫的临床及脑电图分析

目的探讨Gastaut型特发性儿童枕叶癫痫（COE-G）的临床特点、脑电图及预后情况。方法对2003年6月至2010年3月深圳市儿童医院确诊为COE-G的13例患儿应用抗癫痫药物进行治疗,治疗前及治疗后做EEG检查,随诊分析其预后情况,并进行临床特点总结及脑电图资料分析。结果发病年龄中位数为8.7岁,男6例,女7例,临床特征为较频繁的日间视觉症状,常有头眼偏斜及偏头痛症状。患儿均有日间发作,1例夜间也有发作。初级视幻觉9例（69.2%）,失明或视力模糊7例（53.8%）,头痛5例（38.5%）,继发强直阵挛发作3例（23.1%）。发作间期脑电图显示枕区为主的后头部高幅棘波、棘慢波放电,单侧或双侧枕区出现,左右可不同步,常为闭眼诱发,睁眼抑制;伴同侧后颞区棘波活动4例（30.1%）,弥漫性棘波放电1例（7.7%）。发作期脑电图为一侧枕区或后颞区起源的低幅棘波节律持续发放,波幅渐增高并向同侧前头部或对侧后头部扩散。大部分单药治疗有效,部分需要联合用药。11例（84.6%）惊厥缓解,其中一半在青春期晚期终止药物。2例对多种抗癫痫药物反应不佳,1例有轻度认知障碍。结论 COE-G起病较晚,具较确切特征表现,日间视觉症状突出,大多发作频繁,脑电图以枕区棘波放电为特点,抗癫痫药物控制效果较好,预后大多良好。     

Type 2 diabetes in Indigenous and non-Indigenous children and adolescents in New South Wales

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in 2001-2006 in young people < 19 years and the characteristics of T2DM in the Indigenous group. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective population-based incidence study, New South Wales. PARTICIPANTS: Primary ascertainment was from the Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group NSW Diabetes Register, with secondary ascertainment from the National Diabetes Register (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of T2DM in young people in NSW; incidence of T1DM and T2DM in Indigenous young people; characteristics at diagnosis. RESULTS: There were 128 incident cases of T2DM (62 boys, 66 girls) in the study period. The median age at diagnosis was 14.5 years (interquartile range, 13.0-16.4), and 90% were overweight or obese (body mass index > 85th percentile for age). Mean annual incidence was 2.5/100,000 person-years (95% CI, 2.1-3.0) in 10-18-year-olds. Of the ethnic groups represented, white Australian comprised 29%, Indigenous 22%, Asian 22%, North African/Middle Eastern 12% and Māori/Polynesian/Melanesian 10%. The incidence of T2DM was significantly higher in the Indigenous than the non-Indigenous group (incidence rate ratio, 6.1; 95% CI, 3.9-9.7; P<0.001), but incidence rates of T1DM were similar (15.5 v 21.4/100,000, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: T2DM accounts for 11% of incident cases of diabetes in 10-18-year-olds, and the majority are overweight or obese. The high rate among Indigenous Australian children supports screening for T2DM in this population.     

颞叶癫痫的临床特征脑电图改变及疗效分析

目的：探讨颞叶癫痫的病因、临床特征、发作期及发作间期脑电图特点和治疗效果。方法：对23例诊断为颞叶癫痫的住院病人的临床特征、脑电图和神经影像学资料及治疗效果进行回顾性分析．结果：23例患中有18例有强直阵挛性发作(GTCS)，21例有复杂部分性发作(CPS)，其中5例合并有单纯部分性发作(SPS)。患常规脑电图和24h脑电监测(Video-EEG，VEEG)，共记录到18次临床发作，均为CPS。VEEG除一例正常外，8例主要表现为起源于单侧或双侧颞叶或额叶的棘波。常规脑电图3例未见明显异常，其余均有单侧或双侧颞叶的棘波、棘慢波综合、尖波、尖慢波发放，19例蝶骨电极14例为阳性。2例患服丙戊酸钠，其余患停服原抗癫痫药，改为卡马西平(得理多)，发作控制出院。结论：颞叶癫痫是一组部分性症状性癫痫综合征，多表现为复杂部分性发作，病因多为血管畸形、良性肿瘤、海马硬化。EEG常见单侧或双侧颞叶的棘波。卡马西平(得理多)是治疗颞叶癫痫的首选药物，正确的诊断可以提高对病因和对症治疗的效果。