心肌组织多普勒速度显像定量评价健康老年人心室功能

目的　探讨健康老年人左、右心室功能变化特点 ,为临床老年人心脏功能评价提供参考。　方法　应用脉冲组织多普勒技术观察 5 4名健康老年人三尖瓣环和二尖瓣环不同位点的收缩峰值速度 (Sm)、舒张早期峰值速度 (Em)和舒张晚期峰值速度 (Am)、Em/Am比值 ,并以 5 1名非老年人为对照组 ,分析老年人心脏功能变化规律。　结果　除左室下壁、后壁 ,老年组其余二尖瓣环位点的Sm均显著低于非老年组〔后间隔、左室侧壁、左室前壁、前间隔 2组分别为 (7 8± 1 3)、(9 6±1 2 )、(9 3± 2 1)、(7 6± 1 3)cm/s与 (7 2± 1 2 )、(8 4± 1 9)、(8 3± 1 8)、(6 7± 1 2 )cm/s〕 ,而左心室射血分数 (EF)无显著变化。老年组二尖瓣环和三尖瓣环各位点的Em、Em/Am均显著低于非老年组。　结论　老年人心肌组织收缩和舒张功能均有不同程度的降低 ,二尖瓣环Sm对衰老引起的收缩功能变化比EF敏感。对舒张功能障碍的评价 ,组织多普勒超声比传统的心动超声更敏感。     

多普勒组织成像评价肥厚型心肌病左室舒张功能

目的应用多普勒组织成像脉冲技术测量二尖瓣环舒张速度,以评价肥厚型心肌病左室舒张功能.方法对90例肥厚型心肌病患者及50例正常人进行常规超声心电图及多普勒组织成像检查,测量各房室内径,室壁厚度,射血分数及二尖瓣环各点舒张早期峰值速度(Ea)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Aa).两组指标比较采用成组t检验.结果肥厚型心肌病患者室间隔厚度(25.5±6.6)mm,左室后壁厚度(9.9±2.3)mm,左室内径(42.9±5.9)mm,左房内径(39.9±4.7)mm,LVEF(71.9±4.3)%,二尖瓣血流E/A为1.42±0.7.肥厚型心肌病患者Ea较正常人减低.Aa无明显差异.结论肥厚型心肌病左室长轴主动松弛功能较正常人减低.     

Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者高位右室间隔部起搏VAT与DDD模式对左心功能的影响

目的通过研究Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者高位右室间隔部起搏(HRVS)时,VAT与DDD模式对心功能的影响,探讨心房的生理收缩和舒张对左心功能的作用。方法 32例Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者,在HRVS时,分别给予DDD模式或VAT模式工作,于调控即刻通过超声心动图测定二尖瓣口快速充盈期峰值血流速度(Ep),二尖瓣口左房收缩期峰值血流速度(Ap),二尖瓣环后壁处收缩期脉冲组织多普勒峰值速度平均值(Vs),二尖瓣环后壁处舒张早期脉冲组织多普勒峰值速度平均值(Ve),二尖瓣环后壁处舒张晚期脉冲组织多普勒峰值速度平均值(Va),二尖瓣血流频谱等容舒张时间(IVRT),通过Ep/Ap,Ve/Va,Ep/Ve和IVRT评价左室舒张功能,通过Vs,LVEF和LVFS评价收缩功能。结果 HRVS时DDD较VAT模式Ep/Ap、Ve/Va、Ep/Ve,IVRT差异有显著性(0.97±0.11 vs 1.01±0.11,0.89±0.09 vs 0.97±0.07,6.00±0.45 vs 6.24±0.36,100.4±14.32 vs 89.99±7.94;P均<0.01),Vs、左室射血分数和左室短轴缩短率无显著性差异。结论Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞时,HRVS起搏时,DDD模式较VAT模式使左室舒张功能下降,收缩功能无影响,表明了心房生理性起搏的重要性。     

超声心动图评价2型糖尿病冠心病患者的左心功能

目的:采用超声心动图评价2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者的左室结构和功能、左房结构和收缩功能。方法:50例2型糖尿病冠心病患者、26例单纯2型糖尿病患者及26例正常对照者,用超声心动图测定左室质量指数(LVMI)、二尖瓣舒张早期及晚期峰值血流速度(Em、Am)、二尖瓣环运动舒张早期及晚期峰值速度(Ea、Aa)左房容积指数(LAVmaxI和LAVminI)、左房灌注分数(LAFF)、左房射血力(LAEF)等指标。结果:与正常对照组相比,糖尿病组左室收缩功能指标无显著差异,但Em/Am及Ea/Aa显著降低(P0.01),Em/Ea显著升高(P0.05),LVMI和LAVmaxI显著增大(P0.05),LAEF及LAFF显著增高(P0.05和P0.01)。与单纯糖尿病组相比,糖尿病冠心病组的LVMI和LAVmaxI(P0.05)、LAEF及LAFF(P0.01)进一步增高。结论:在左室收缩功能正常的糖尿病患者中,已经存在左室舒张功能降低、左房增大和左房收缩功能增强;糖尿病合并冠心病时左房结构及收缩功能异常进一步加重。     

应用超声定量组织速度成像评价慢性心力衰竭病人左心房功能

目的应用超声定量组织速度成像技术评价慢性心力衰竭病人的左心房功能。方法共纳入48例慢性心力衰竭病人(心衰期)和41名健康人(对照组)。行常规超声心动图检查,应用二维超声测量左房内径,应用定量组织速度成像技术测量二尖瓣频谱E峰值流速(Ve)、A峰流速(Va)、二尖瓣舒张期血流峰值速度比值(Ve/Va);利用定量组织速度成像技术测量二尖瓣环舒张早期运动峰值速度(E’)、舒张晚期运动峰值速度(A’)及二尖瓣环舒张期运动峰值速度比值(E’/A’),并与二尖瓣频谱血流速度各指标做相关性分析。结果与对照组比较,心衰组左房内径、左房内径指数、左房容积指数、左房每搏量、左房射血分数均有统计学意义;与对照组比较,心衰组二尖瓣血流频谱E峰、A峰峰值流速及Ve/Va比值无统计学意义。心衰组E’、A’及E’/A’均显著低于对照组。结论心衰组二尖瓣环舒张期运动速度低于正常人,提示心衰病人左心房功能减低;应用定量组织速度成像技术可评价心衰病人左心房功能。     

心肌局部运动增龄变化的组织多普勒超声改变及影响因素研究

目的探讨心肌局部运动的增龄变化及超声多普勒组织成像改变规律。方法按年龄将112名健康人分为4组:青少年组(≤18岁)24名;青年组(18～39岁)30名;中年组(40～59岁) 29名;老年组(≥60岁)29名。应用定量组织多普勒技术观察各组左心室各节段心肌收缩期峰值速度(Vs)、舒张早期峰值速度(Ve)、心房收缩期峰值速度(Va)和Ve／Va比值,并分析不同年龄组心肌局部运动的特点及其影响因素。结果同一室壁各节段心肌运动速度显著不同,由二尖瓣环水平、基底段、中部到远端运动速度逐渐减低。不同室壁心肌运动速度不同,侧壁、后壁、前壁、下壁较高[环部Ve分别为(9．85±3．02)、(9．80±3．09)、(8．86±3．16)、(8．23±2．48)cm／s],前后间隔最低[环部Ve分别为(6．89±2．60)、(7．94±2．64)cm／s]。各节段心肌运动速度与性别无关,与年龄、ST段时值均数、体质指数、心率相关,其中与年龄的相关性最好。结论左心室各节段心肌收缩及舒张速度呈现规律性的变化,年龄为影响各节段心肌收缩、舒张运动速度的主要因素,各节段心肌舒张功能的增龄性改变更明显。     

组织多普勒成像技术评价老年高血压患者右心室功能的临床研究

目的探讨组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术评价老年高血压患者右心室功能的临床价值。方法选择老年高血压患者34例(高血压组)和健康老年人44例(对照组)。经胸超声心动图检查,应用TDI技术于心尖四腔观获取右心室侧壁三尖瓣环处心肌运动频谱图,测量舒张早期峰值速度(Em)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Am),并计算Em和Am比值。同时测量收缩期峰值速度(Sm)、等容收缩期心肌加速度。结果高血压组Em(5.91±1.56)cm/s、Am(12.79±2.63)cm/s、Sm(10.82±1.45)cm/s均明显低于对照组Em(7.57±2.11)cm/s、Am(14.27±2.03)cm/s、Sm(12.68±2.33)cm/s,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000,P=0.006,P=0.000);Em/Am高血压组(0.47±0.12)明显低于对照组(0.54±0.15),差异有统计学意义(P=0.048)。结论 TDI可以准确、直观地评价老年高血压患者右心室功能。     

多普勒组织成像测定二尖瓣环运动速度评价急性心肌梗死后患者左心室功能

目的 :应用多普勒组织成像 (DTI)技术测定二尖瓣环运动速度 ,定量分析急性心肌梗死后患者左心室收缩和舒张功能。方法 :研究对象为 6 1例确诊首次急性心肌梗死的患者和 2 0例正常人。常规行超声心动图检查及DTI技术测定二尖瓣环运动速度频谱。记录心尖四腔、心尖二腔和心尖长轴切面多普勒组织成像二尖瓣环运动速度。测定二尖瓣环运动速度参数包括 :二尖瓣环收缩速度 (Sm) ,二尖瓣环舒张早期速度 (Em) ,二尖瓣环舒张晚期速度 (Am) ,二尖瓣环舒张早期速度的比值 (E Em)。结果 :与对照组相比 ,急性心肌梗死后患者DTI可敏感地显示出二尖瓣环收缩和舒张运动速度显著下降(P <0 0 5 ) ;E Em也有显著差别 (P =0 0 13)。DTI二尖瓣环收缩速度与二尖瓣环舒张早期速度之间 ,二尖瓣环收缩速度与左心室射血分数和室壁运动积分之间存在显著的相关性。平均二尖瓣环收缩期速度≥ 8 9cm s预测射血分数 (EF)≥ 5 5 %的敏感性、特异性分别为 88 2 %、70 % ,准确率为 81 5 %。结论 :DTI测量二尖瓣环运动速度 ,作为定量检测急性心肌梗死患者近期心脏功能状态的新方法 ,具有一定的应用价值。     

组织多普勒技术对美托洛尔治疗前后的左室舒张功能的评价

目的应用组织多普勒成像(TDI)技术测量室间隔、侧壁等的舒张、收缩速度,评价美托洛尔对左室舒张功能的影响。方法原发性高血压(EH)左室肥厚患者23例,在服用美托洛尔2mg·kg-1·d-1前后,用TDI法分别测其二尖瓣环水平间隔、侧壁、前壁、下壁的收缩期峰值速度(Sm),舒张早期峰值速度(Em),舒张晚期峰值速度(Am),比较用药前后各部位Em/Am比值。结果服用美托洛尔3个月后,患者舒张功能均有明显改善。EH组左室各部位心肌Em增大,Am减少,Em/Am均明显提高。结论美托洛尔能够改善肥厚心肌的舒张功能,二尖瓣环水平的Em、Am的测定能克服二尖瓣血流的假性正常化,对用药后的变化也能够敏感地表现出来,可作为定量无创评价左室舒张功能的良好指标。     

斑点追踪技术测量二尖瓣环位移评价原发性高血压左室肥厚患者左心室舒张及收缩功能

目的应用二维斑点追踪技术测量二尖瓣环位移评价原发性高血压病患者左室肥厚的左心室舒张及收缩功能。方法高血压病左室肥厚患者23例,30例健康对照者。选择心尖四腔心切面存图。应用斑点追踪二尖瓣环位移(TMAD)软件描绘二尖瓣环间隔部和二尖瓣环左室侧壁2个点相对于心尖部的运动曲线,得到二尖瓣环中点处最大位移(MAD)。应用实时三维超声心动图获得左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室最大充盈速率(PFR)。结果高血压病心肌肥厚组PFR、MAD低于正常对照组(P均<0.05);LVEF与MAD有良好的相关性(P<0.05)。结论利用二维斑点追踪技术测量二尖瓣环位移可以准确、方便地评价左室舒张和收缩功能。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.