异基因间充质干细胞在体内免疫调节作用的时间及剂量依赖性

背景：异基因间充质干细胞移植时,发挥作用需要的剂量、持续的时间及是否具有不良反应是目前研究的热点。 目的：观察异基因的骨髓间充质干细胞在体内免疫调节作用的时间、剂量依赖性。 方法：免疫系统正常的BALB/c小鼠模型,制备骨髓来源间充质干细胞,24只BALB/c小鼠随机分为4组,实验组每只小鼠分别通过尾静脉注射0.3 mL细胞悬液,分别含5×10⁵,5×10⁴,5×10³骨髓间充质干细胞,对照组小鼠仅注射0.3 mL生理盐水。进行淋巴细胞增殖检测、混合淋巴细胞反应、间充质干细胞移植对异基因小鼠免疫系统的影响等实验。 结果与结论：不同剂量的C57BL/6骨髓来源间充质干细胞经尾静脉注射给BALB/c受体小鼠后,骨髓间充质干细胞体内对免疫系统的调节呈剂量依赖性。间充质干细胞促进异基因移植物的植入,同时这种免疫下调作用在2周时最强,1个月逐渐减弱,2个月基本消失,提示间充质干细胞的免疫调节作用具有剂量依赖性,并且只能维持一段时间。     

The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells

Research on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) has evolved rapidly during the last decade prompted by their potential use for tissue repair and immunotherapy. Not only can MSC differentiate into cells of the mesodermal lineage, but they also exhibit immunomodulatory functions depending on their interaction with cells of both innate and adaptive immune systems. Most aspects of MSC biology remain to be elucidated. It is emerging even more clearly that these cells are not always a panacea. Only the knowledge of their physiological role and their interactions with other cells will allow us to use them as a therapeutic tool.     

间充质干细胞在免疫调节过程中的作用与应用进展

背景:间充质干细胞属于多能干细胞,能够从骨髓、脂肪、脐血等组织中分离而得。间充质干细胞对适应性免疫和固有免疫都具有免疫调节作用。目的:综述间充质干细胞对T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、NK细胞、树突状细胞的免疫调节作用及其临床应用前景。方法:应用计算机检索2000至2015年Pub Med和CNKI数据库相关文章,中文检索词为"间充质干细胞,免疫调节,T细胞,B细胞,NK细胞,树突状细胞",英文检索词为"mesenchymal stem cells,immunomodulator,T cells,B cells,NK cells,dendritic cells",从中筛选出与主题相关且论据可靠的文献,最终纳入61篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:间充质干细胞可通过细胞接触和可溶性细胞因子对T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、NK细胞、树突状细胞产生免疫调节作用。但是不同组织来源间充质干细胞的免疫调节不尽相同。在间充质干细胞的临床应用中,还需要考虑细胞分离方法、细胞来源、定植部位等重要因素。在间充质干细胞应用于临床之前,仍有许多问题有待进一步研究,以确保其安全性和有效性。     

Dose-dependent immunomodulatory effect of human stem cells from amniotic membrane: a comparison with human mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been used for allogeneic application in tissue engineering but have certain drawbacks. Therefore, stem cells (SC)s derived from other adult tissue sources have been considered as an alternative. However, there is only limited knowledge on their immunomodulatory properties. The aim of our study was to compare the immunomodulatory potential of human amniotic mesenchymal and human amniotic epithelial cells with that of human adipose-derived SCs under identical experimental conditions. We have demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) immune responses in mixed lymphocyte reactions (up to 66-93% inhibition) and phytohemagglutinin activation assays (up to 67-96% inhibition). The lowest SC-to-PBMC ratio able to inhibit PBMC proliferation significantly was 1:8. Subcultivation (passage 2-6) did not alter immunoinhibitory properties, whereas cryopreservation significantly reduced the immunomodulatory potential. Using transwell systems, we have demonstrated an inhibition mechanism that is dependent on cell contact. Additionally, in coculture with allogeneic PBMCs, SCs were well tolerated and at most provoked mild alloreactions in singular cases. This study demonstrates, for the first time, contact- and dose-dependent immunosuppression of mesenchymal and epithelial amniotic SC populations, as well as of adipose tissue-derived SCs. All three cell types may be considered as possible alternatives to BMSCs for allogeneic application in tissue engineering.     

Soluble factors-mediated immunomodulatory effects of canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs), which can differentiate into several lineages, have immunomodulatory properties similar to those of bone marrow-derived MSCs. However, the specific mechanism by which the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs occurs is not clear. In this study, we isolated canine AD-MSCs (cAD-MSCs) and induced their development into adipocyte, osteocyte, and neuron-like cells. We then investigated their phenotype and cytokine expression to determine whether they were able to exert an immunomodulatory effect and what the underlying mechanisms of this effect were. cAD-MSCs expressed CD44, CD90, and MHC class I and were also partially positive for the expression of CD34; however, they did not express CD14 and CD45. In addition, they expressed the mRNA of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL5, vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1/2, and cyclooxygenase-2 but not that of IL-10. Further, leukocyte proliferation induced by mitogens was suppressed when they were cocultured with irradiated cAD-MSCs, as well as with culture supernatants of cAD-MSCs alone. Moreover, TNF-alpha production significantly decreased, whereas TGF-beta, IL-6, and interferon-gamma production significantly increased in cAD-MSCs that were cocultured with leukocytes. Finally, immonomodulatory factors of MSCs, such as TGF-beta, HGF, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase (IDO), increased significantly in cAD-MSCs that were cocultured with leukocytes; however, the production of PGE2 and IDO showed different kinetics, and leukocyte proliferation was effectively restored by PGE2 and IDO inhibitors. Taken together, these results indicate that the immunomodulatory effects of cAD-MSCs are associated with soluble factors (TGF-beta, HGF, PGE2, and IDO). Therefore, it is suggested that cAD-MSCs have a potential therapeutic use in the treatment of immune-mediated disease.     

The immunomodulatory activity of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) are currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical settings because of their self-renewal and multipotent differentiative capacity or their immunosuppressive function. However, BM may be detrimental because of the highly invasive donation procedure and BM-MSC decline with age. Therefore, MSC derived from other sources have been considered as an alternative. However, there is only limited knowledge on their immunomodulatory properties. Human umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells are good substitutes for BM-MSC because of the immaturity of newborn cells. In this study, we successfully isolated MSC from UCB. The morphological phenotypes, cell cycle status, surface markers and differentiation potential of these clonally expanded cells are consistent with BM-MSC. Furthermore, UCB-MSC expanded in vitro retain low immunogenicity and an immunomodulatory effect. Flow cytometry analysis showed that UCB-MSC did not express CD40, CD40 ligand, CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. We have demonstrated that UCB-MSC are incapable of inducing allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and have a dose-dependent inhibition of PBMC immune responses in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and phytohaemagglutinin activation assays, even after interferon-gamma treatment. Additionally, we have found that UCB-MSC can suppress the function of mature dendritic cells. Using transwell systems, we have demonstrated an inhibition mechanism that depends on both cell contact and soluble factors. Based on the findings we conclude that banked UCB could serve as a potential alternative source of MSC for allogeneic application in the future.     

Role for interferon-gamma in the immunomodulatory activity of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) inhibit the proliferation of HLA-unrelated T lymphocytes to allogeneic stimulation, but the mechanisms responsible for this activity are not fully understood. We show here that MSCs suppress the proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as of natural killer (NK) cells, whereas they do not have an effect on the proliferation of B lymphocytes. The antiproliferative effect of MSCs was not associated with any effect on the expression of cell-activation markers, induction of cell apoptosis, or mimicry/enhancement of T regulatory cell activity. The suppressive activity of MSCs was not contact-dependent and required the presence of interferon (IFN)-gamma produced by activated T cells and NK cells. Accordingly, even activated B cells became susceptible to the suppressive activity of MSCs in the presence of exogenously added IFN-gamma. The suppressive effect of IFN-gamma was related to its ability to stimulate the production by MSCs of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity, which in turn inhibited the proliferation of activated T or NK cells. These findings suggest that the beneficial effect on graft-versus-host disease induced by in vivo coinfusion with the graft of MSCs may be due to the activation of the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs by T cell- derived IFN-gamma.     

Human heart, spleen, and perirenal fat-derived mesenchymal stem cells have immunomodulatory capacities

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have important tissue repair functions and show potent immunosuppressive capacities in vitro. Although usually isolated from the bone marrow, MSCs have been identified in other tissues, including the skin and liver. In the present study, we isolated and characterized MSCs from human heart, spleen, and perirenal adipose tissue. MSCs from these different tissue sites were similar to those derived from bone marrow in that they expressed comparable levels of the cell-surface markers CD90, CD105, CD166, and HLA class I, were negative for CD34, CD45, HLA class II, CD80, and CD86 expression, and were capable of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Like bone marrow-derived MSCs, MSCs from these different tissue sources inhibited the proliferation of alloactivated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), giving 85%, 79%, 79%, and 81% inhibition, respectively. Also in line with bone marrow-derived MSCs they inhibited proliferative responses of PBMCs to phytohemagglutinin, a nonspecific stimulator of lymphocyte proliferation, and reduced-memory T lymphocyte responses to tetanus toxoid. The results of this study demonstrate that MSCs from various tissues have similar immunophenotypes, in vitro immunosuppressive properties, and differentiation potential.     

Comparison of immunomodulatory properties of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and dental pulp stem cells

Substantial discoveries suggested that exosomes released from multiple sources of stem cells can affect the biological functions of target cells. In present period, the immunosuppressive properties of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs-E) have been extensively recognized, but few studies have been reported about exosomes secreted from dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs-E) in the field of medical immunity. Hence, the aim of this study is to compare the immunomodulatory capacity of BMMSCs-E and DPSCs-E. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were co-cultured with them respectively and the proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg) was detected to increase. Subsequently, we stimulated CD4+T cells with BMMSCs-E and DPSCs-E to observe their effects on the polarizations, chemokines secretion, apoptosis, and proliferation of CD4+T cells. We found that DPSCs-E inhibited the differentiation of CD4+T cells into T helper 17 cells (Th17) and reduced the secretions of pro-inflammatory factors IL-17 and TNF-α, while promoted the polarization of CD4+T cells into Treg and increased the release of anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 and TGF-β. What’s more, these capabilities of DPSCs-E were stronger than those of BMMSCs-E. In addition, DPSCs-E were more effective in inducing apoptosis of CD4+T cells compared with BMMSCs-E, and DPSCs-E inhibited the proliferation of CD4+T cells, which is similar to BMMSCs-E. We draw a conclusion that DPSCs-E have stronger immune-modulating activities than BMMSCs-E, and may be a new therapeutic tool for the treatment of immunological diseases.

     

Long-term immunomodulatory effect of amniotic stem cells in an Alzheimer's disease model

Amyloid beta (Aβ) plays a major role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and neuroinflammatory processes mediated by Aβ plaque-induced microglial cells and astrocytes contribute to AD pathogenesis. The present study examined human placenta amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs), which have potent immunomodulatory and paracrine effects in a Tg2576 (APPswe) transgenic mouse model of AD. AMSCs secreted high levels of transforming growth factor-β under in vitro inflammatory environment conditions. Six weeks after the intravenous injection of AMSCs, APPswe mice showed evidence of improved spatial learning, which significantly correlated with the observation of fewer Aβ plaques in brain. The number of ED1-positive phagocytic microglial cells associated with Aβ plaques was higher in AMSC-injected mice than in phosphate-buffered saline-injected mice, and the level of Aβ-degrading enzymes (matrix metallopeptidase-9 and insulin-degrading enzyme) was also significantly higher. Furthermore, the level of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α, was lower and that of anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β, was higher in AMSC-injected mice than phosphate-buffered saline-injected mice. These effects lasted until 12 weeks after AMSC injection. Taken together, these results collectively suggest that injection of AMSCs might show significant long-lasting improvement in AD pathology and memory function via immunomodulatory and paracrine mechanisms.     

Megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro: from the stem cells' perspective

Megakaryocytopoiesis is a complex network regulated by different megakaryocyte (MK)-stimulating factors (i.e., thrombopoietin [TPO], stem cell factor [SCF], interleukin 3 [IL-3], IL-6, IL-11 and GM-CSF). Although all of these factors can affect human and murine megakaryocytopoiesis at different levels of MK development, the effect on very primitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is not well understood. We have further characterized the in vitro biological activity of recombinant murine TPO, SCF and IL-3 on the maturation and proliferation of MK progenitors from different murine primitive hematopoietic cells in a fibrin clot system under serum-free conditions. Neither TPO nor SCF alone induced MK colony formation (CFU-MK) from Lin- Sca+ cells. However, isolated large and mature MKs were observed in the presence of TPO. In contrast, IL-3 exerted a potent effect on CFU-MK formation from Lin- Sca+ cells. On this population of HSC, a significant increase of large MK colonies with mature MK were obtained under those conditions in which TPO was combined with IL-3 or SCF plus IL-3. Similar results were obtained with murine bone marrow cells enriched by primitive progenitors from day 3 post-5-fluorouracil treated mice (5-FUBMC). In contrast, TPO-sensitive precursors were detected in fetal liver cells (FLC). These cells differentiate and proliferate to MK progenitors in the presence of TPO. A significant increase in the number of CFU-MK was induced when TPO was combined with either IL-3 or SCF. On these populations of primitive hematopoietic progenitors, IL-3 induced both the proliferation and differentiation of MK progenitors. Because erythropoietin and TPO share similarities between their molecules and their receptors, we studied whether these growth factors may modulate megakaryocytopoiesis from FLC. Flow cytometry analysis of FLC expressing erythroid markers demonstrated that these cells expressed c-Mpl receptor. In our in vitro studies, although EPO by itself did not induce MK colonies from FLC, it enhanced the proliferative activity of TPO. High ploidy and proplatelet-shedding MK were observed in Lin- Sca+ cells, 5-FUBMC and FLC stimulated with TPO alone or in combination with other MK-stimulating factors. Based on these observations, we propose that TPO, IL-3 and SCF constitute early MK-acting factors with differential proliferative and differentiative activities on murine stem cells. TPO by itself does not appear to be involved in the proliferation of MK progenitors from bone marrow HSC. TPO appears to induce in these cells the commitment toward MK differentiation. However, this growth factor may enhance the proliferative activity of IL-3. IL-3 is an early MK-stimulating factor able to induce in vitro the proliferation and differentiation of MK progenitors from HSC.     

外泌体在间充质干细胞分化过程中的作用

背景:目前对于外泌体的了解主要在于它可由多种细胞分泌产生并传递各种物质而产生后续调控作用。目的:综述外泌体在间充质干细胞分化微环境中起到的作用,以便为进一步深入研究提供参考。方法:以"外泌体、间充质干细胞、细胞分化"为中文检索词,以"exosome、MSC differentiation"为英文检索词,在CNKI和Medline、Embase数据库检索2001年1月至2016年9月的相关文章,将所有文章进行初步筛选后,对保留的文章进一步详细分析、归纳并总结。结果与结论:外泌体是一种直径40-100 nm,可由多种类型细胞分泌,包含有功能性蛋白、基因产物等功能性物质的一种微型囊泡。作为相邻细胞之间传递功能物质的桥梁,外泌体在细胞间相互作用微环境中受到越来越广泛的重视。在间充质干细胞分化方面,主要通过外泌体miR NA的分泌对各相关通路产生调控作用。     

Comparative study between human mesenchymal stem cells and etanercept as immunomodulatory agents in rat model of rheumatoid arthritis

Immunologic Research - To compare human adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) and etanercept as immunomodulatory agents for collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). CIA was induced by...     

Neurofibromin plays a critical role in modulating osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells

Mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene cause neurofibromatosis type 1, a pandemic autosomal dominant genetic disorder with an incidence of 1:3000. Individuals with NF1 have a variety of malignant and non-malignant manifestations, including skeletal manifestations, such as osteoporosis, scoliosis and short statures. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the osseous manifestations in NF1 are poorly understood. In the present study, utilizing Nf1 haploinsufficient (+/-) mice, we demonstrate that Nf1+/- mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSPC) have increased proliferation and colony forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) capacity compared with wild-type (WT) MSPC. Nf1+/- MSPC also have fewer senescent cells and have a significantly higher telomerase activity compared with WT MSPC. Nf1+/- MSPC have impaired osteoblast differentiation as determined by alkaline phosphatase staining, and confirmed by single CFU-F replating assays. The impaired osteoblast differentiation in Nf1+/- MSPC is consistent with the reduced expression of osteoblast markers at the mRNA level, including osteocalcin and osteonectin. Importantly, re-expression of the full-length NF1 GTPase activating related domain (NF1 GAP-related domain) is sufficient to restore the impaired osteoblast differentiation in Nf1+/- MSPC. Taken together, our results suggest that neurofibromin plays a crucial role in modulating MSPC differentiation into osteoblasts, and the defect in osteoblast differentiation may contribute at least in part to the osseous abnormalities seen in individuals with NF1.     

雌激素在骨髓间充质干细胞中的表达和作用

本文说明了雌激素在骨代谢中的作用,骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)分化功能以及雌激素在骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)成骨和成脂肪诱导分化过程中的作用及机制,有利于了解骨质疏松症的发病机制,为骨质疏松症的预防和治疗提供了理论基础。     

间充质干细胞归巢效应的研究进展

间充质干细胞(MSCs)是一种非造血祖细胞,具有低免疫原性及多向分化潜能,是细胞治疗的首选来源。目前已被科研工作者广泛应用于组织工程、免疫治疗、干细胞移植等多个相关领域。但目前科研工作者们仍然面临着一个难题,那就是低归巢率直接负面影响了其治疗效果。因此,提高MSCs归巢率是目前临床研究,同时也是使用MSCs治疗疾病的关键。本文就MSCs归巢机制的阐述及促进MSCs归巢的相关研究进展作一综述。     

人脂肪间充质干细胞的免疫调节作用

背景：脂肪间充质干细胞的免疫调节作用及其机制如何,目前了解甚少。 目的：观察人脂肪间充质干细胞体外对淋巴细胞增殖、细胞亚群和分泌细胞因子水平的影响,以了解其免疫调节作用。 方法：分离培养成人脂肪间充质干细胞,流式细胞仪鉴定细胞表型,分别成骨、成心肌细胞诱导,免疫细胞化学染色对诱导后的细胞进行鉴定。分离培养人外周血淋巴细胞,按不同浓度(1∶1,1∶10,1∶100)与脂肪间充质干细胞共培养,并添加植物血凝素刺激,同时设立对照组,3 d后收集上清。 结果与结论：脂肪间充质干细胞与淋巴细胞共培养后检测3种浓度组淋巴细胞的A值明显低于阳性对照组,其中1∶1浓度组最低(P < 0.05);CD4⁺CD25⁺Tregs亚群比例明显高于阳性对照组,且1∶1浓度组最高;细胞因子白细胞介素2、白细胞介素4、γ-干扰素水平明显减低,但白细胞介素10水平升高,且具有一定的浓度依赖性(P < 0.05)。提示脂肪间充质干细胞在体外能明显抑制淋巴细胞的增殖,这种抑制作用可能与其增加CD4⁺CD25⁺Tregs亚群数量,以及改变淋巴细胞分泌细胞因子的水平有关。     

The investigation of immunomodulatory effects of adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cell educated macrophages on the CD4 T cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are strong immunomodulatory cells investigated in numerous clinical studies on fatal pathologies, such as graft versus host disease and autoimmune diseases; e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. Macrophages are one of the critical cells linking the innate and adaptive immune system, and it has been shown that MSCs can differentiate between pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype of macrophages. However, it has not yet been fully clarified whether these differentiated macrophages are functional. In this study, we compared the immunomodulatory effects on the CD4 T cells of M1, M2a and M2c macrophages with the macrophages that directly and indirectly cultured with MSCs. We analyzed the changes in CD14, CD64, CD80, CD163 and CD200R expression to evaluate macrophage phenotypes, and the changes in CD4, IFN-g, IL-4, IL-17a and FoxP3 expression to evaluate T helper subsets using the FACS method. The changes in IL-1b, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17a and IFN-g in the media supernatants were analyzed using the Luminex method. We also performed WST-1 and Caspase-3 ELISA analyses to observe the proliferation and apoptosis status of the T cells. MSCs were found to differentiate macrophages into a distinctive phenotype, which was close to the M2c phenotype, but was not considered as an M2c cell due to the low expression of CD163, a characteristic marker for M2c. While MEM-D, MEM-ID and MSCs showed similar inhibitory effects on the Th2 and Th17 cells, the most significant increase in Treg cell frequencies was seen in MEM-D cells. Macrophages can alter their phenotypes and functions according to the stimuli from the environment. The fact that macrophages educated with MSCs suppressed the production of all the cytokines we evaluated even after the removal of MSCs suggests that these cells may be differentiated by MSCs into a suppressive macrophage subgroup. However, the Treg cell activation caused by direct interactions between MSCs and macrophage cells may be the most prominent observation of this study compared to previous work. As a result, according to our data, the interactions between MSCs and macrophages may lead to differentiation of macrophage cells into an immunosuppressive phenotype, and these macrophages may suppress the T lymphocyte subgroups at least as effectively as MSCs. However, our data obtained from in vitro experiments should be supported by future in vivo studies.     

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from infrapatellar fat pad of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis have comparable immunomodulatory properties

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) possess immunosuppressive properties, but their activity is dependent on stimuli provided by local environment. It is possible that proinflammatory milieu of rheumatoid joint affects ASCs function. To verify this hypothesis, rheumatoid ASCs (RA-ASCs) and osteoarthritic ASCs (OA-ASCs) derived from infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) of the knee joint have been compared. RA- and OA-ASCs isolated from patients were cultured in vitro. Their secretory and proliferative activity was measured. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors were co-cultured with ASCs. Then, PBMCs proliferation was measured by ³H-thymidine incorporation method, cytokines secretion by immunoassays, T cells activation and regulatory T cells (Tregs) percentage – by flow cytometry. RA- and OA-ASCs properties in vitro were comparable, however, some differences in secretory activity occurred. RA- and OA-ASCs inhibited PBMCs proliferation and induced interleukin 10 production but up-regulated interleukin 17?A secretion and failed to limit release of other proinflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor [TNF], interferon γ [IFNγ], CCL5) by PBMCs. RA- and OA-ASCs did not suppress activation markers expression on T cells and did not trigger Tregs expansion. The present study shows that IPFP-ASCs from RA and OA patients have comparable functions in vitro. Their immunosuppressive activity seems to be impaired comparing to available data.