Assessment of health-related quality of life in patients treated with hemodialysis in Serbia: influence of comorbidity, age, and income

The importance of measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) is being increasingly recognized, but few studies, especially from the Balkan region, have addressed this issue. The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate HRQoL in an outpatient university-affiliated dialysis facility in South Serbia; (ii) to determine the effects of age, presence of comorbidity, primary kidney disease, dose of HD, and family income; and (iii) to make comparisons of the HRQoL in Serbian patients on chronic HD with that reported by others previously. The study enrolled 192 patients on HD for more than 3 months. Comorbidity was assessed using the index of coexistent diseases (ICED), including two subindexes: index of disease severity (IDS) and index of physical impairment (IPI). Patient's self-assessment of HRQoL was measured by the 36-item short form health survey questionnaire (SF-36), encompassing eight summary scales and two summary dimensions. Ten of the baseline variables had significant associations with parameters of HRQoL. Fitting these variables in linear regression models resulted in 41.9% variance for physical dimension of HRQoL (physical component summary score [PCS]), and 32.5% for mental dimension of HRQoL (mental component summary score [MCS]). However, statistically significant effect had only IDS, IPI, and age for PCS, and income of patients for MCS. We found that an increase in IDS score for one unit is associated with a decrease of PCS by 13.2%, and SF-36 score (total quality of life) by 15.2%. The increase of IPI score by one unit decreases PCS by 16.1% and SF-36 score by 17.5%. A 5-year increase in age is associated with a decrease of PCS by 3.1%, and SF-36 score by 3.8%. The monthly income increase of 10 euros per family member increases MCS by 5.2% and SF-36 score by 3.0%. HRQoL in patients on HD was found markedly impaired. Comorbid conditions have negative and statistically significant correlation with parameters of HRQoL, and could explain poor HRQoL to a remarkable extent. Older age and poor income substantially reduce HRQoL in HD patients.     

A simple risk score predicts poor quality of life and non-survival at 1 year follow-up in dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Quality of life (QoL) in end-stage renal disease patients has become an important focus of attention in evaluating dialysis. We studied risk factors of poor QoL at 1 year follow-up. METHODS: Of a baseline sample of 80 dialysis patients, we contacted 60 patients who were alive at 1 year follow-up. QoL data were obtained for 46 (76.7%) of these patients. QoL measured with the SF-36 [physical health component score (PCS) and mental health component score (MCS)] at 1 year-follow-up was predicted by means of multivariate regression analysis by data collected at baseline using INTERMED-an observer-rated method to assess biopsychosocial care needs-and several indicators for disease severity and comorbidity. RESULTS: The regression models explained 32% of the variance in PCS and 40% in MCS. INTERMED score (P < 0.01) was the only independent risk factor for low MCS, while for low PCS, diabetic comorbidity (P = 0.02) and age (P = 0.03) were independent risk factors. A simple risk score consisting of INTERMED > or =21, diabetic comorbidity and age > or =65 was significantly correlated with non-survival (P = 0.02) and with PCS (P < 0.01) and MCS (P < 0.01) in surviving patients, although not with hospital admissions during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A simple risk score based on INTERMED, age (> or =65) and comorbid diabetes (yes/no) can be used to detect patients at risk of poor QoL and non-survival at an early stage of treatment.     

Health-related quality of life in patients on peritoneal dialysis in Serbia: comparison with hemodialysis

Abstract:  Patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important indicator of the effectiveness of the medical care they receive. Patients who reach end-stage renal disease are older and have a considerable extent of comorbidity. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate HRQoL in patients at the initiation of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) treatment (incident cohort) and in patients on long-term CAPD therapy (prevalent cohort), and (ii) to compare influence of comorbidity on HRQoL in CAPD and hemodialysis (HD) patients. In a cross-sectional study we enrolled 99 CAPD and 192 HD patients. HRQoL was assessed with the 36-item Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36). HRQoL summary scales in both incident and prevalent groups of CAPD patients were similar for physical component summary score (PCS) and for mental component summary score (MCS). Generally, higher values were found in mental health domains in comparison to PCS. In the incident group of patients, 1 year of peritoneal dialysis treatment was associated with a slight improvement in both PCS and MCS, but statistical significance ( P  < 0.05) was found in the role-physical limitation (RP), bodily pain (BP), and vitality (VT) scales only. CAPD patients with the highest disease severity (Index of Disease Severity [IDS]-3) and physical impairment (Index of Physical Impairment [IPI]-2) scored significantly higher parameters of HRQoL than HD patients. Comorbidity had negative influence on HRQoL, but statistically significant correlation has been found in HD patients only. In conclusion, comorbid conditions had negative correlation with parameters of HRQoL in both CAPD and HD patients. One year after starting CAPD, patients reported better scores in some domains, especially in RP, BP, and VT scales. Assessment of HRQoL and comorbidity might be useful in clinical practice in the follow-up of patients treated with both CAPD and HD.     

Predictors of health-related quality of life in hypertensive recipients following renal transplantation

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) improves after renal transplantation. However, it is unclear which variables are the strongest determinants of HRQoL following renal transplantation. In this study, we wanted to assess whether antihypertensive medication, donor type, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-compatibility or other variables could predict HRQoL 6-12 months after transplantation. METHODS: The study was a follow up of 124 patients recruited to a single center, randomized, double-blind clinical trial, comparing the effects of lisinopril and nifedipine in hypertensive renal transplant recipients. HRQoL was assessed with the Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire. Bivariate and multiple linear regression analysis were used to assess the relationship between potential predictors and the physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scales of the SF-36. RESULTS: Average scores 6-12 months after transplantation did not differ between patients randomized to lisinopril or nifedipine, or between cadaveric and living donor recipients on any of the eight SF-36 scales, or the two summary scales. In multivariate analyses, recipient age (p = 0.01) and cold ischemia time >14.5 h (p = 0.04) were independent predictors of the PCS score. Recipient age (p = 0.05), 2-4 HLA-AB mismatches (p = 0.05) and donor age (p = 0.03) were independent predictors of the MCS score. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence of differences in HRQoL according to lisinopril or nifedipine, or living vs. cadaveric donor transplantation. HRQoL was significantly reduced with longer cold ischemia time and more than one HLA-AB mismatches, after adjusting for age. These donor kidneys related issues need confirmation.     

Nutritional status and depression, sleep disorder, and quality of life in hemodialysis patients.

OBJECTIVE: The malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS) is a scoring system that measures malnutrition and inflammation. We sought to explore its associations with depression, sleep disturbance, and quality of life. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. SETTING: This study took place at the Baskent University Outpatient Hemodialysis Unit (Ankara, Turkey). PATIENTS: We enrolled 67 hemodialysis patients (male/female, 34/33; age, 47.7 +/- 11.4 years [mean +/- SD]; hemodialysis duration, 103.7 +/- 59.1 months [mean +/- SD]). INTERVENTION: We retrospectively recorded patients' monthly clinical and laboratory findings from the previous 6 months. The same physician calculated MIS scores. We interviewed all patients, and each completed a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) assessment. We used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess quality of sleep, and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short form (SF-36) questionnaire to evaluate health-related quality of life. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures involved the univariate and multivariate relationships of the MIS with BDI, PSQI, and SF-36. RESULTS: Patients with PSQI scores of < or = 5 ("good sleepers") had lower MIS scores than did poor sleepers (6.8 +/- 2.5 vs. 8.8 +/- 3.2, P < .05). Patients with moderate-to-severe depression (BDI score > or = 19) had higher MIS scores (9.0 +/- 3.2 vs. 6.5 +/- 2.5, P = .005) and higher PSQI scores (7.6 +/- 2.1 vs. 4.7 +/- 1.8, P = .001), compared with patients with BDI scores < 19. Increased MIS scores were correlated with increased comorbidity (P = .01) and poor SF-36 scores (P = .009). CONCLUSION: Increased MIS is significantly associated with the presence of depression, sleep disorders, and poor quality of life. This close relationship may help establish the MIS as an important determinant of the increased morbidity and mortality of hemodialysis patients.     

Quality of sleep and quality of life in renal transplantation patients

INTRODUCTION: Sleep and sleep-related disorders are common among end-stage renal disease patients. In the general population and hemodialysis patients, insomnia impairs health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of sleep problems among renal transplantation patients and the relationship between the quality of sleep and the HRQOL. METHODS: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for measuring quality of sleep, WHOQOL-BREF for quality of life, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were applied to 100 renal transplant patients. RESULTS: Thirty (30%) subjects were "poor sleepers" (global PSQI > 5). Poor sleepers were younger (mean age: 31 vs 37); less educated (mean years of education: 7.80 vs 9.55), and more depressed (mean BDI scores 13.63 vs 7.18). There were significant inverse correlations between global PSQI and physical health (r = -0.31; P < .001) and psychological state (r = -.20; P = .04) with a significant correlation with BDI scores (r = .36; P < .001). The BDI score (P < .001) was the only significant factor of physical health, psychological state, and social functioning. BDI score (P < .001) and education (P < .022) were significant predictors of environmental conditions. CONCLUSION: Sleep problems are not as common among transplant as dialysis patients, but still higher than the general population. Poor sleep seems to be a part of depressive symptomatology. Severity of depression and lower education were more negatively effective factors on the quality of life of these patients than the quality of sleep.     

Sleep Quality and Depression in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Background. Sleep quality (SQ) is a significant problem in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, yet the underlying factors are not well known. In addition, depression and impaired quality of life (QOL) are main problems in PD patients. We measured the SQ and investigated the effect of depression, QOL, and some other factors on SQ in PD patients. Methods. Data were collected from 124 PD patients (59 male, 65 female) in our center. Demographic data and laboratory values were analyzed. All patients were asked to complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Depression Index (BDI), and SF-36. Results. Mean age of the patients was 52.6 ± 14.3 year. The prevalence of poor SQ was 43.5%, defined as global PSQI score >5. The prevalence of depression was 25.8%, defined as BDI scores >17. The poor sleepers had higher BDI scores, poor QOL, older age, and lower duration of PD compared to the good sleepers. There was not a difference in hemoglobin, albumin, C-reactive protein, Kt/V, urea, creatinine, lipid parameters, gender, marital status, cigarette smoking, mode of PD, and comorbidity between poor and good sleepers. The global PSQI score was correlated negatively with both PCS and MCS (r?=??0.414, r?=??0.392, respectively; p < 0.001) and correlated positively with BDI scores and age (r?=?0.422, p < 0.001 and r?=?0.213, p = 0.018, respectively). In multivariate analysis, only BDI scores were found to be factors that could predict the patients being poor sleepers. Conclusion. Poor SQ is a significant problem in PD patients, and we found an association with depression, QOL, and age. Regular assessment and management of SQ may be important especially with PD patients who are depressive and elderly to increase QOL.     

肩袖撕裂患者肩部力量和肩部功能的相关性研究

目的探讨肩袖撕裂患者手术前肩部力量和肩部功能状况及两者之间的关系。 方法选择2016年3月至2019年7月在本院进行手术治疗的全层肩袖撕裂患者243例。在患者手术前应用等速肌力测试检测患者肩部力量，应用临床评分系统测量患者肩部功能。根据患者撕裂程度大小将患者分为4组：小型撕裂组、中型撕裂组、大型撕裂组、巨大型撕裂组。分析每组患者肩部力量和肩部功能的相关性。 结果在肩袖小型撕裂患者中，外展力量和视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale，VAS）存在负相关（r=-0.307，P=0.018）；在肩袖中型撕裂患者中，外展力量和美国加州大学肩关节评分系统（ University of California at Los Angeles ,UCLA）（r=0.262，P=0.015）、SF-36躯体健康总评（physical component summary,PCS）（r=0.226，P=0.038）存在正相关；外旋力量和UCLA评分存在正相关（r=0.289，P=0.007）；在肩袖大型撕裂患者中，外展力量和Constant评分（r=0.282，P=0.043）、加州大学肩关节评分系统（American shoulder and elbow surgeon' form , ASES）（r=0.309，P=0.026）、SF-36PCS评分（r=0.317，P=0.022）存在正相关；外旋力量和UCLA评分（r=0.288，P=0.038）、Constant评分（r=0.293，P=0.035）、ASES评分（r=0.329，P=0.017）存在正相关；内旋力量和UCLA评分（r =0.383，P=0.005）、Constant评分（r=0.401，P=0.003）、ASES评分（r=0.314，P=0.023）、SF-36PCS评分（r=0.285，P=0.041）、SF-36精神健康总评（mental component summary , MCS）（r=0.304，P=0.028）存在正相关；在肩袖巨大型撕裂患者中，外展力量和VAS评分（r=-0.308，P=0.035）存在负相关，和UCLA评分（r=0.413，P=0.004）、Constant评分（r=0.489，P=0.000）、ASES评分（r=0.473，P=0.001）、SF-36PCS评分（r=0.772，P=0.000）、SF-36 MCS评分（r=0.293，P=0.046）存在正相关；外旋力量和VAS评分（r=-0.292，P=0.046）存在负相关，和UCLA评分（r=0.629，P=0.000）、Constant评分（r=0.413，P=0.004）、ASES评分（r=0.695，P=0.000）、SF-36 PCS评分（r=0.583，P=0.000）存在正相关；内旋力量和VAS评分（r=-0.309，P=0.035）存在负相关，和UCLA评分（r=0.512，P=0.000）、Constant评分（r=0.709，P=0.000）、ASES评分（r=0.802，P=0.000）、SF-36PCS评分（r=0.501，P=0.000）存在正相关。 结论撕裂程度可能是决定患者肩部力量和肩部功能相关程度的关键因素，部分修复不可修复的巨大撕裂非常重要。     

Differences in health-related quality of life between elderly and younger patients on hemodialysis

BACKGROUND: It has been demonstrated that elderly patients have a great capacity of adaptation to renal replacement therapy (RRT). The aim of this study was to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of a cohort of patients at 3 and 12 months after the start of hemodialysis, searching for differences between elderly (aged>or=65 years) and younger (aged <65 years) patients. METHODS: This was a longitudinal prospective study of 93 patients starting RRT. HRQoL was assessed using the SF-36 health survey and the physical symptom dimension of the Kidney Disease Questionnaire (KDQ) at 3 and 12 months from the start of RRT. Physical component summary (PCS), mental component summary (MCS) and standardized scores, in which a lower score indicated lower HRQoL, by age and sex were obtained. RESULTS: Mean (SD) age was 66 years (12.26 years). At 3 months, differences between younger patients and elderly ones were statistically significant in the general health dimension, and at 12 months in physical functioning, role physical, general health dimensions and PCS, indicating less loss of HRQoL in elderly patients. At 3 months it was found that the functional state measured on the Karnofsky scale was independently associated with PCS (p=0.003), and hematocrit to MCS (p=0.036). At 1 year, PCS was independently associated with age (p=0.043) and Karnofsky score (p=0.039). CONCLUSIONS: Using scores standardized by age and sex, elderly patients had less loss of HRQoL in the physical aspects, than younger patients at 1 year from the start of hemodialysis.     

Quality of sleep in patients with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Sleep disorders are common in patients with renal failure on dialysis; however, the prevalence of "poor sleep" in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not yet on dialysis is not known. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of "poor sleep" in CKD patients and to examine the association between quality of sleep and the degree of renal impairment in this population. METHODS: Quality of sleep was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in 120 prevalent CKD patients. RESULTS: Sixty-three subjects (53%) had "poor sleep" defined as a global PSQI score >5. There was no statistically significant relationship between the global PSQI score and the blood urea nitrogen level (BUN), serum creatinine level or calculated creatinine clearance, but the sleep efficiency component score correlated with BUN (r = 0.19, P = 0.04) and serum creatinine (r = 0.20, P = 0.03). A history of depression was the only independent predictor of "poor sleep" (global PSQI >5). CONCLUSIONS: "Poor sleep" is common in CKD patients. Quality of sleep decreases in the early stages of CKD and does not appear to be associated with the subsequent degree of renal failure. Large prospective longitudinal studies of quality of sleep in CKD patients are needed to confirm the high prevalence of impaired quality of sleep in this population and examine the association between renal function and quality of sleep while controlling for potential confounding variables.     

Self-assessed physical and mental function of haemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component summary scales of the Short Form 36 (SF-36) health survey are validated measures of quality of life (QOL) and functional status. We sought to evaluate the PCS and MCS in haemodialyis patients as compared to the general population and other chronic diseases. METHODS: A cohort of 134 haemodialysis patients (mean age 60.9+/-14.3 years, males 63.4%, Caucasians 66.4%) was followed from January 1996 to December 1998 (mean follow up 14.5+/-5.7 months). SF-36 questionnaires were administered every 3 months and PCS and MCS were calculated. Results were compared to the general population and other chronic diseases. Correlators of PCS and MCS, change in QOL over time, and the correlators of this change were determined. RESULTS: Mean PCS was 36.9+/-8.8 and mean MCS was 47+/-10.7. Compared to the general US population, these represent a decline of 8.7+/-0.8 for PCS (P<0.0001) and 2.7+/-0.8 for MCS (P<0.001). PCS and MCS in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were lower than in most other chronic diseases studied. Univariate correlators of PCS in haemodialysis patients included age, male sex, haematocrit, serum albumin, and severity of comorbid cardiac and pulmonary illnesses. Multivariate analysis demonstrated independent correlators of PCS to be male sex, serum albumin and severity of comorbid cardiac and pulmonary diseases. Univariate as well as multivariate correlators of MCS included: serum albumin, KT/V(urea), and status living alone. A trend analysis revealed that both PCS and MCS tended to decline in the initial months of dialysis but stabilized over time. Status living alone was a significant predictor of improvement in MCS by univariate as well as multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Self assessed physical and mental health of haemodialysis patients is markedly diminished compared to the general population and other chronic diseases.     

Sleep quality and its correlates in renal transplant patients

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate correlated morbidity measures with poor sleep quality among kidney transplanted patients. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 125 Iranian kidney transplant patients in 2006, we employed self-administered questionnaires to evaluate the quality of sleep (PSQI), quality of life (SF-36), anxiety and depression, sexual activity, marital relationship, and medical comorbidity. Patients with PSQI score of >5 were considered to be "poor sleepers." Students t-test was used to compare the morbidity measures between the two groups: "poor sleeper" versus "good sleepers." RESULTS: Seventy-eight (62%) patients were poor sleepers. This group showed a higher total medical comorbidity score (P=.009), more bodily pain, poorer general mental health, and less physical function on SF- 36 (P=.02), less sexual function, and more severe anxiety (P=.02). There was no significant difference between poor sleepers and good sleepers in the mean of other subscores of the SF-36, marital status, and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: A poor quality of sleep is common after kidney transplantation. This problem is associated with higher medical comorbidity and poorer emotional state. Therefore, more attention should be paid to evaluation of sleep quality in this patient population.     

Health-related quality of life in morbidly obese patients: effect of gastric bypass surgery

Background: The effect of gastric bypass on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of morbidly obese patients was investigated in a cross-sectional study. Methods: A postoperative group of 78 patients on average 13.8 years after gastric bypass was compared with a preoperative control group of 110 patients. The SF-36 was used to assess HRQoL. In preoperative patients, the SF-36 was self-administered, while in the postoperative group, telephone interviews were conducted. In the postoperative sample, multiple stepwise linear regression analyses were carried out to examine putative predictors of the physical (PCS) and the mental (MCS) composite scores of the SF-36. Results: Significant differences between the preand postoperative group were found for all subscales except Mental Health, in favor of the postoperative group. On average 13.8 years after gastric bypass, most of the sub-scales were similar to the US norm values. However, the Bodily Pain and the overall Physical Composite scale (PCS) scores were lower (more impaired) in the postoperative group compared with the US norms. Female patients, patients who were hospitalized since the surgery, and those who had lost less weight had more impaired values on the PCS and patients who reported binge-eating disorder (BED) at follow-up had more impaired values on the Mental Composite Scale (MCS) of the SF-36. Conclusion: HRQoL was significantly better in postoperative gastric bypass patients in comparison to a sample of preoperative patients. However, HRQoL, specifically the physical domain of the SF-36, was more impaired in long-term follow-up patients compared with US norm values. The reoccurrence of BED after surgery negatively influenced the mental domain of the SF-36.     

The association between bladder-emptying methods and health-related quality of life among Iranian individuals with spinal cord injury

Objectives: In this study, we compared the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) using different bladder emptying methods including normal spontaneous micturition (NSM), micturition with assisted maneuvers (MAM), aseptic intermittent catheterization by patient (IC-P), aseptic IC by an attendant/caregiver (IC-A) and indwelling catheterization.

Design: Cross-sectional.

Setting: Tertiary rehabilitation center.

Participants: Patients referred to Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center between 2012 and 2014.

Outcome measures: HRQoL was assessed by Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Hierarchical regression analysis with adjustment for probable confounders (demographic and injury-related variables) was performed to assess the relationship between bladder-emptying method and total SF-36 score.

Results: Patients with injury at cervical sections had significantly lower scores in domain of physical functioning (PF), physical component summary (PCS) and total score (P: 0.001, <0.0001 and 0.027, respectively). Longer time since injury was associated with better scores of PCS, Mental component summary (MCS) and total score (P: 0.002, <0.0001 and 0.003, respectively). Regression analysis showed that the effect of bladder-emptying method on total score of SF-36 was significant (P < 0.0001) and this relationship remained significant after adjustment for probable confounders in the second step of hierarchical regression analysis (R: 0.923, R²: 0.852, Adjusted R²: 0.847, P?<?0.0001). Patients with NSM had the highest scores in SF-36 instrument and individuals with indwelling catheterization had the poorest HRQoL in all domains.

Conclusion: This study shows that the type of bladder management method affects HRQoL significantly in patients with SCI. Intermittent catheterization are recommended to be administered instead of indwelling catheterization to improve HRQoL.     

SF-12量表评价全髋关节置换术患者生存质量

[目的]评估SF - 12量表用于评价全髋关节置换术后患者生存质量的适用性.[方法]Harris髋关节功能评分量表(Harris hip score,HHS)、SF - 12生存质量量表(MOS 12 -item Short Form Health Survey,SF - 12)评估接受全髋关节置换术治疗的患者283例381髋,采用内部一致性信度(Cronbach's alpha系数)评估SF - 12量表的信度;采用集合效度、区分效度和结构效度评估SF - 12量表的效度;Pearson相关分析评估HHS与生理总分、心理总分关联度;单因素方差分析评估生理及心理总分分级的组间差异性.[结果] SF-12量表总的Cronbach's alpha系数为0.879,各维度Cronbach's alpha系数均＞0.8;集合效度及区分效度定标实验均为100％;结构效度因子分析产生两个公因子生理及心理总分,累积解释72.229％的总方差,8个维度因子负荷与理论假设基本符合;HHS与生理总分、心理总分均为强相关(r1=0.745,r2=0.703,P＜0.01);组间差异F1=85.282,F2=61.377,P＜0.01.[结论]SF-12量表具有良好的信度和效度,适用于评价全髋关节置换术后患者的生存质量,评估效果良好.     

Important determinants of quality of life in a peritoneal dialysis population in Turkey

Background: Patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important indicator for predicting the effectiveness of treatment, morbidity, and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the level of HRQoL and the most important factors affecting HRQoL in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed with 156 patients, 30 of whom (19.2%) had automated PD (APD), were over 18 years of age, and were followed up at the Erciyes University Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) Unit during the previous year. HRQoL, depression, and fatigue were measured by means of the Short Form-36 (SF-36), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), respectively. Results: The mean mental component summary (MCS) score was 42.1 ± 11.9 and physical component summary (PCS) score was 39.1 ± 11.2, which was lower than MCS. Depression was the strongest predictor for both diminished mental (β = ?24.4, p < 0.001) and physical (β = ?16.5, p < 0.001) HRQoL. Fatigue was the next strongest predictor for diminished physical HRQoL only (β = ?7.74, p < 0.001). Depression and fatigue accounted for 37% of physical HRQoL impairment. Depression as a sole factor was responsible for 31% of mental HRQoL impairment. Age, hospitalization, total cholesterol, serum albumin levels, and Kt/V urea had affected the SF-36 in some domains score but not in all. Conclusion: HRQoL in our PD patients can be evaluated at a slightly poor level compared to the results of previous studies. Impaired HRQoL is more closely associated with depression and fatigue. Depression was the strongest predictor of both mental and physical HRQoL. Fatigue was the next strongest predictor for physical HRQoL only.     

Differences of prognosis in hemodialysis patients with different quality of life

Objective To compare the one-year survival rates of maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients with different quality of life, and analyze related factors affecting the prognosis of patients. Methods Patients on hemodialysis for at least 3 months were enrolled. A short form 36 health survey questionnaire (SF-36) and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) were used to evaluate the quality of life and quality of sleep. To observe one-year all-cause mortality and Cox regression model was used to analyze the factors associated with survival outcomes. Results A total of 159 patients undergoing hemodialysis were included, in which 136 patients completed the follow-up after one - year observation. The one - year survival rate in patients with both high physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores was significantly better than the patients with low PCS and MCS scores (P ﹤ 0.05). PCS, hemoglobin and serum albumin were the protection factors for HD patients. Conclusions Quality of life is strongly associated with prognosis in HD patients. Enhancing quality of life is of clinical significance in the improvement of HD patients' survival rate.     

长程血液透析对维持性血液透析患者生活质量的影响

目的 研究长程血液透析(LSHD)对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者生活质量的影响.方法 选取首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院血液净化中心40例MHD患者,通过问卷调查和收集临床资料相结合的方法,进行前瞻性配对临床研究.根据临床资料、检验指标、睡眠质量将患者配对分组为普通透析(HD)组和LSHD组,各20例,进行6个月的临床试验,观察两组患者临床表现、生化指标及生活质量的情况.结果 LSHD组的Kt/V(1.73±0.36比1.41±0.23,P＜0.05)、血红蛋白[(124.67±9.08)比(110.55±9.01) g/L,P＜0.01]、血清白蛋白[(45.01±2.66)比(39.28±2.63) g/L,P＜0.01]显著高于HD组 ;血压控制比例(14/20比5/20,P=0.010)和睡眠质量(16/20比5/20,P=0.001)显著优于HD组 ;生活质量SF-36评分显著高于HD组(P＜0.05),差异均有统计学意义.结论 长程透析可以改善MHD患者睡眠质量、营养状况,从而改善生活质量.     

Different evaluations of the health related quality of life in dialysis patients

BACKGROUND: Sometimes patients on dialysis treatment cannot express their health-related quality of life (HRQoL); and therefore, it is necessary to use the assessment made by their carers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the agreement between dialysis patients' HRQoL and the assessment made by their carers, and to investigate which variables were associated with the differences found. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-two pairs of patients and carers were selected from 14 dialysis units. Patients' HRQoL was evaluated by the patients themselves and by their family carer (FAM), nurse (NUR) and physician (PH) using the Karnofsky scale (KS) and the EuroQOL5D (EQ5D) scale. Patients and their family carers answered the Medical Outcome Survey 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and the family carers answered the Zarit burden interview. Physicians scored the patients' comorbidity index and nurses evaluated the Barthel index (BI). RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) between the ratings provided by patients and their carers were: KS: 0.80(FAM), 0.76(NUR) and 0.62(PH); EQ5D: 0.42(FAM), 0.48(NUR) and 0.29(PH). The agreement between the EQ5D dimension scores varied from moderate for mobility and self-care to insignificant for pain and anxiety/depression. The variables associated to the size of the differences found were the Zarit burden interview score and the mental component score (MCS) (SF-36) of the carer, the physical component score (PCS) (SF-36), the BI score and patient comorbidity, and the physician's age and experience. CONCLUSIONS: Family carers and health care providers of dialysis patients are reasonably aware of the patient's level of function and well being and can be useful sources of proxy HRQoL information. Nevertheless, discrepancies can occur, depending in part on the different characteristics of patients and their caregivers.     

维持性血液透析患者睡眠质量和日间嗜睡状况的研究

目的 本研究调查维持性血透患者的睡眠质量和日间嗜睡状况,探讨影响睡眠质量的相关因素。 方法 112例维持性高通量血透患者和53例健康人对照进行匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）问卷评估睡眠质量和Epworth Sleep Scale（ESS）问卷评估日间嗜睡程度,并比较结果。比较睡眠好（PSQI总分≤5）和睡眠差（PSQI总分>5）的患者PSQI 7部分得分及各种睡眠障碍的原因;观察不同时间段血透患者的睡眠情况;多元线性回归和logistic回归分析年龄、透析龄等临床基本资料以及血钙、磷、血红蛋白等生化指标与睡眠质量的相关性。 结果 血透患者PSQI总分高于对照组（7.02±4.94比3.28±2.79,P < 0.05）,而ESS总分低于对照组[3（0～6）比8（4.25～11.75）,P < 0.05]。58%的血透患者睡眠差,入睡时间明显延长（30 min比15 min,P < 0.05）,失眠是主要原因。早、中、夜班血透睡眠质量无显著差异。年龄（OR = 1.75,P = 0.003）、透析龄（OR = 1.26,P = 0.008）、血红蛋白（OR = 0.64,P = 0.008）、钙磷乘积（OR = 1.60,P = 0.02）与睡眠质量评分显著相关。 结论 血透患者普遍存在睡眠不良,老年、透析龄长、贫血、钙磷乘积升高是危险因素。