新型约束护理用具在危重患者中的应用

目的：探讨新型约束护理用具在重症监护病房（ICU）危重患者中的应用效果.方法：采用透气性强的棉织品材料改良三种约束工具：双保险约束带、球拍手套和安全背心.随机将100例急性生理和慢性健康评分系统（APACHEⅡ）评分≥10分患者分为观察组（51例）和对照组（49例）,分别应用改良式约束护理工具及传统约束用具,对患者进行防护性约束,比较两组患者并发症的发生率、家属满意率及护士心理压力.结果：观察组患者并发症发生率低于对照组（P＜0.05）;家属满意率方面,观察组明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）;护士的心理压力方面,观察组明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论：改良式约束护理用具能有效降低护理并发症,提高家属对约束用具的满意度.     

术中血气分析在危重患者中的应用

目的探讨术中血气分析在危重患者中的应用。方法对2011年10月至2012年10月82例患者采用外周动脉穿刺,留置动脉留置针进行血气分析的患者进行回顾性分析。结果本组病例在观察期间对血气分析各项目进行了及时监控,动脉穿刺成功率在90％以上。结论血气分析监测对指导术中危重患者的临床治疗、判断疗效具有重要意义。     

A new mechanical method to influence pulmonary perfusion in critically ill patients

A new device, the Roto-Rest bed, has been used in critically ill patients to effect lateral to lateral position changes and continuous rotation to influence distribution of pulmonary blood flow. Selection of extreme lateral position can be made particularly in cases of respiratory failure with primarily unilateral involvement. Dependent positioning of the uninvolved lung to match ventilation and perfusion can be accomplished simply. Rapid resolution of a large pulmonary contusion serves to illustrate the clinical use of the apparatus.     

危重病人无创置入鼻肠管新方法的研究

[目的]研究危重病人床边无创留置鼻肠管的新方法,提高危重病人床边留置鼻肠管的成功率.[方法]对45例危重病人无创置入鼻肠管,协助病人取右侧卧位,在鼻肠管管腔内注满8.4％碳酸氢钠溶液,导管末端连接于V导联,记录胃部心电图QRS主波波形的变化,当波形极性发生变化时,提示导管头端通过幽门;用X线腹部摄片方法进一步确认导管尖端位置,观察置管成功率、置管时间、置管期间生命体征的变化及置管并发症.[结果]36例病人置管成功,成功率为80.0％,平均置管时间为80.2 min,无恶心、呕吐、生命体征明显改变等并发症.[结论]无创置入鼻肠管新方法成功率高,操作简单、安全.     

Development of a new eye care guideline for critically ill patients.

Ventilated, critically ill patients have an increased risk of corneal exposure and microbial keratitis; however there is evidence that eye care is a neglected area of patient care. An audit of eye surface disease and eye care documentation revealed a problem within one general intensive care unit (GICU). An education programme was developed to highlight the incidence of eye surface disease and importance of eye care in the ventilated patient.     

参附注射液在危重症患者中的应用进展

参附注射液是我国传统医学和现代医学融合发展的结晶,随着近些年对其作用机制的不断探索及临床研究的逐渐深入,其适用范围不断拓展,尤其在救治急危重症患者中的有效性和安全性不断得到肯定,日益受到学者们的关注。本文就参附注射液的作用机制以及在危重症患者,特别是休克及心肺复苏患者中的应用进行综述,以期对将来基础医学和临床研究有所帮助。     

肠内营养支持在危重病中的应用研究

目的：观察肠内营养在危重病中的支持效果。方法：将ＩＣＵ中２６例危重患者随机分为肠内营养支持组（１４例）和肠外营养支持组（１２例）,在营养支持前１日及营养支持第１０日测量三头肌皱厚度,上臂肌围,血清白蛋白及血红蛋白,每日计算氮平衡并观察相关并发症情况。     

危重患者胸腔积液超声测量新方法的建立与应用

目的 探索危重患者胸腔积液超声精确测量的新方法 .方法 选择收住急诊ICU的危重患者46例,应用超声在平卧位、呼气末测定胸腔积液的高度(H)、中间层积液的面积(S)和在后背正中线、腋后线处的厚度(T1、T2),以H×S估算胸腔积液量(Vc),胸腔置管充分引流获取实际积液量.分析胸腔积液实际量与积液高度、厚度、面积及估算量的相关性,比较不同指标和方法 估算积液量的准确性.结果 在总组和各亚组中,胸腔积液实际量与S、(H和S)、Vc的相关性明显好于T1、T2和H.超声测量新方法 获取的估算量与实际积液量有较好的相关性(r=0.778,P＜0.001),而且非常接近实际积液量(平均相差56 ml),尤其在积液量＜500 ml时两者的差别无统计学意义[(417±94)ml对(402±95)ml,t=1.095,P=0.285].Logistic逐步回归分析和受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析均表明,以H、S、T1、T2预测实际积液量＞500 ml、400 ml和300 ml,其中以S最为可靠,其阈值分别为30.3 cm2、28.3 cm2和23.1cm2,相应的敏感性和特异性分别为0.77和0.88,0.72和1.0,0.95和1.0.结论 基于积液面积测定基础上建立的胸腔积液超声新测量方法 较传统方法 更可靠和精确,具有重要的临床价值,且测定技术简单,值得推广应用.

Abstract：

Objective To develop a new method to measure pleural effusion volume by ultrasound in critically ill patients. Methods Forty-six critically ill patients admitted to emergency ICU were involved.The height of effusion (H),area of effusion at the middle section (S), thickness of effusion at middle-back line (T1) and posterior axillary line (T2) were measured by ultrasound in supine position at the end of expiration. The measured volume of pleural effusion (Vc) was calculated by H×S,and the actual volume of drainage (V) within 2 hours was also recorded. The correlation of actual volume of pleural effusion (V)with effusion height (H) ,thickness (T1, T2), area (S) and the calculated volume (Vc) were analyzed to decide the most accurate index and method. Results There was much better correlation between actual volume of effusion and S, (H & S), Vc, than these between V and T1 ,T2, H in all patients and subgroup, Vc had good correlation with V and very close to V(the average difference was 56 ml) when the actual volume was less than 500 ml,there was no difference[(417 ± 94)ml vs (402±95)ml, t = 1.095, P = 0. 285]. Both Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed S was the most reliable index to predict the actual volume to exceed 500 ml,400 ml,and 300 ml when compared with H,S,T1 and T2. The corresponding threshold was 30.3 cm2 , 28.3 cm2 and 23. 1 cm2 , with the sensitivity and specificity of 0. 77 and 0. 88,0.72 and 1.0,0.95 and 1.0, respectively. Conclusions This new method based on measuring the area of effusion by ultrasound is more efficient and reliable than those traditional ones to measure the volume of pleural effusion. It's clinically valuable and easy to perform, and deserves broad application.     

Instrumentation for monitoring gas exchange and metabolic rate in critically ill patients

In the critically ill patient the monitoring of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) can identify abnormalities in tissue perfusion and metabolism. A patient's metabolic utilization can be calculated by indirect calorimetry, once VO2 and VCO2 are measured. This paper evaluates a compact instrument designed for monitoring VO2 and VCO2 in the critically ill adult. Accuracy was measured under controlled laboratory conditions using oxygen-enriched air, PEEP, and intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV). Accuracy averaged 1.3% for VO2 and 0.9% for VCO2 when room air was used. Accuracy was 11.7% for VO2 and 6.8% for VCO2 when 80% oxygen was used. PEEP of 30 cm H2O had little effect on accuracy. IMV at 2 breath/min (room air) resulted in an accuracy of 4.0% and 4.1% for VO2 and VCO2, respectively.     

Clinical evaluation of a continuous intra-arterial blood gas system in critically ill patients

Objective To evaluate the clinical performance of a new, continuous intra-arterial blood gas monitoring system (CIABG) in abnormal ranges of blood gases, and during episodes of low blood pressure, in critically ill patients.Design Prospective study.Settings Medical ICU, University Hospital.Methods The CIABG system, based on fluorescent dyes, consists of a fiber-optic sensor introduced through an arterial catheter. Twenty-one sensors were evaluated in 15 acutely ill patients. A high failure rate (6/21) was found, due to the brittleness of the fibers. The bias, between CIABG and standard method, and precision were determined for each fiber and for the overall values. Analysis focused on the data collected in patients with arterial oxygen tension (PaO₂) values below 75 mmHg, pH lower than 7.35 and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO₂) values exceeding 50 mmHg and during episodes of low blood pressure. The accuracy of the CIABG to follow sequential changes in blood gases was studied among the abnormal values.Results Measurements with CIABG among the abnormal values showed biases of +2 mmHg, +0.1 mmHg and +0.005 for PaO₂, PaCO₂ and pH, respectively, and precisions of 9.0 mmHg, 3.5 mmHg and 0.027, respectively. Bias and precision were not influenced by hemodynamic instability. A substantial difference in the performance of individual CIABG was observed for PaO₂ analysis, with 30% of the fibers having a much poorer performance than the others. The sensors were kept in place for 5±2 days and the drift rate per day was 0.005 for pH, 0.6 mmHg for PaCO₂ and –1.2 mmHg for PaO₂.Conclusion In situations of severe hypoxemia, hypercapnia and acidosis, the agreement between CIABG and arterial blood sampling (ABS) is better for PaCO₂ and pH than for PaO₂, and is not influenced by episodes of low blood pressure.     

New method of classifying infections in critically ill patients

OBJECTIVE: To develop a systematic classification describing the contribution made by infection to the outcome from sepsis. CONTEXT: The emergence of effective therapies for sepsis means that accurate methods of risk assessment are of increasing importance. Although there are well-validated instruments for describing risk factors in the host, the contribution made by the infection is less well served. DESIGN AND METHODS: A systematic literature review of the English language literature published during the last 30 yrs of studies describing the outcome of infections, categorized by micro-organism and site of infection. RESULTS: We surveyed 510 published articles including 55,854 clinical infections, and we generated specific risk codes for bacteremia, meningitis, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, peritonitis, and urinary tract infections. Both the nature of the organisms and the site of infection have a significant impact on survival from sepsis, and there is a significant interaction between them. CONCLUSION: We have described a novel approach to permit a better assessment of the contribution made by the infection to mortality in patients with sepsis or septic shock.     

Clinical validation of a new metabolic monitor suitable for use in critically ill patients

This report documents the validity of clinical measurements of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) made with a new metabolic gas monitor (MGM) suitable for use in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support. Paired samples of inspired and expired gases were obtained, and exhaled minute volume was measured in 12 patients receiving supplemental oxygen, intermittent mandatory ventilation, and PEEP. Gas volume was measured with a calibrated spirometer and oxygen and CO2 fractions were measured by mass spectrometry. Measured and derived values were compared to those obtained from the MGM connected in series with the ventilator circuit. There were no statistically significant differences between values obtained from the mass spectrometer/spirometer vs. the MGM in exhaled volume (8.60 +/- 3.81 vs. 8.58 +/- 3.72 [SD] L/min), fraction of inspired oxygen (0.451 +/- 0.011 vs. 0.452 +/- 0.010), fraction of expired oxygen (0.413 +/- 0.013 vs. 0.415 +/- 0.012), VO2 (290 +/- 113 vs. 275 +/- 88 ml/min), VCO2 (245 +/- 95 vs. 247 +/- 96 ml/min), or respiratory quotient (0.85 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.88 +/- 0.08). The fraction of expired CO2 measured by the MGM was significantly greater (0.034 +/- 0.006 vs. 0.035 +/- 0.006; p less than .001) than that measured by mass spectrometer/spirometer. Twelve additional patients were studied to compare metabolic measurements made on 45% oxygen with those made at other fraction of inspired oxygen values. There was no significant difference between values measured on 45% oxygen and those measured on 30% to 50% oxygen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

气相色谱-质谱法萃取丙酮呼吸试验在糖尿病中的初步应用

目的探讨气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法萃取丙酮呼吸试验用于糖尿病(DM)检测。方法按照美国糖尿病协会(ADA)推荐的新DM诊断标准随机选取15例2型DM患者,空腹8 h以上,采用Ted lar气袋收集呼出气体,气体样品在30 m in内进行分析。采用GC-MS和固相微萃取(SPME)方法,通过聚二甲基硅烷/二乙烯基苯(PDMS-DVB)纤维萃取呼出气体的丙酮,并迅速与五氟苯基羟胺的氢氯化物(PFBHA)在纤维上反应,在数十秒内生成丙酮肟,由GC分析测定肟的含量。结果DM患者呼出气体中丙酮含量均高于1.71 ppmv,而在对照组中测定值均低于0.77 ppmv。结论采用GC-MS和SPME法是测定人体呼吸中丙酮含量敏感而有效的方法,可能尝试作为DM全新检测和监测手段。     

危重病人床边评估指引在ICU中的应用

[目的]探讨危重病人床边评估指引在重症监护病房(ICU)中的应用效果.[方法]制订危重病人床边评估指引,规范护士对危重病人的评估顺序,掌握评估时机,提高护理体检技能.[结果]实施危重病人床边评估指引2年后,护理文书书写合格率、基础护理合格率、危重病人抢救成功率明显提高,不良事件发生率明显降低.[结论]应用危重病人床边评估指引可有效提高ICU临床护理质量.     

功能残气量在重症患者中的应用进展

功能残气量（FRC）是平静呼气末肺内残留的气体量,具有重要的生理功能。在需要机械通气的重症患者中呼气结束时的肺容积被称为呼气末肺容积。目前临床上有多种检测和监测FRC的方法,包括CT测量法、氦气稀释法、氮气冲洗法、电阻抗断层成像技术等方法,其中氮气冲洗法中的氮气洗入/洗出技术更适合在重症患者中开展。FRC可以作为评估机械通气患者肺部疾病病情并指导个性化的保护性机械通气策略的方法,来降低呼吸机相关性肺损伤（VILI）。FRC在机械通气患者中的临床应用越来越受到重视,在病情评估、ARDS患者中的肺保护通气设置和麻醉时肺部情况监测等方面具有重要临床意义。本文对FRC的病理生理功能、检测方法及在重症患者中的应用进行综述。     

868例危重患者碱中毒的分析

目的：探讨危重患者碱中毒类型、特点及原因。方法：分析了８６８例危重患者１４７０例次动脉血气、血电解质参数及临床资料。结果：危重患者碱中类型依次为呼吸性碱中毒（呼碱,６６８例次,４５．４４％）,代谢性碱中毒（代碱,３６２例次,２４．６３％）,呼碱并代碱（２７０例次,１８．３７％）,呼碱型三重酸碱失衡（１０２例次,６．９４％）,呼吸性酸中毒（呼酸）并代碱（６８例次为４．６３％）。其中７７３例次ＰａＯ２     

安宁疗护咨询在危重症患者中的应用进展

ICU与安宁疗护的结合,有助于提高ICU患者的生命质量,减少过度医疗。ICU安宁疗护咨询是以ICU临终患者和家属为中心,由安宁疗护咨询者提供有关症状控制、医疗决策制订和安宁疗护转诊信息的共享照护实践,是整合安宁疗护和ICU护理的有效途径。该文对ICU安宁疗护咨询的概念和内容、实施效果及障碍进行综述,为国内ICU开展安宁疗护咨询提供参考。     

危重病人床头抬高依从性的调查分析

目的了解ICU危重病人床头抬高30°～45°依从性的执行情况。方法由经过培训的护理人员对1 485例ICU危重病人,从6个不同时间点:8∶00、12∶00、16∶00、20∶00、24∶00、4∶00对床头抬高依从性进行调查,并比较护士年资、班别对床头抬高依从性的影响。结果符合床头抬高30°～45°的共352例次,依从性仅23.7%,白天平均床头抬高依从性较夜晚高31.87%;护士年资、班别比较差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论ICU危重病人床头抬高30°～45°依从性低,影响依从性的因素比较多,在执行过程中应积极采取培训及干预措施.以提高床头抬高依从性效果。