老年2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者的危险因素分析

目的研究老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)患者的临床特征及胰岛素抵抗(IR)水平,并探讨其主要危险因素。方法回顾分析老年T2DM患者112例,其中非NAFLD组50例,合并NAFLD组62例。比较两组之间的体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、血脂、肝酶及胰岛素抵抗等指标,并采用Logistic回归分析T2DM患者合并NAFLD的危险因素。结果 NAFLD组BMI、WHR、三酰甘油(TG)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)较非NAFLD组均显著升高。Logistic多元回归分析显示WHR、TG、HOMA-IR是T2DM合并NAFLD患者的危险因素,而HOMA-IR为主要危险因素。结论老年2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者存在严重的代谢紊乱与胰岛素抵抗。     

非酒精性脂肪肝患者载脂蛋白B及尿酸水平检测结果分析

目的分析非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)患者载脂蛋白B(ApoB)、血清尿酸(SUA)水平的检测结果。方法将本院收治的150例NAFLD患者纳入研究组,将同期收治的150例体检检查健康人员作为对照组。检测2组患者低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、腰臀比(WHR)、体质量指数(BMI)、总胆固醇(TC)、ApoB、肌酐(Cr)、血清尿酸(SUA)水平。采用多元Logistic回归分析法分析SUA、ApoB与NAFLD相关性。同时,对2组患者吸烟、冠心病、糖尿病、高血压发生情况进行比较。结果研究组LDL-C、TG、ALT、WHR、TC、BMI、SUA、ApoB水平均比对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);研究组Cr水平显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);多元Logistic回归分析结果显示,SUA、ApoB水平呈独立正相关,是NAFLD的独立危险因素;研究组吸烟、冠心病、糖尿病、高血压发生率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 SUA、ApoB水平与NAFLD病情呈正相关,SUA、Apo B水平越高者心血管疾病发生率越高。因此确诊后应及时进行血脂干预,控制病情。     

2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者的临床特征及危险因素探讨

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(2-DM)合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的危险因素。方法:156例住院2-DM患者,根据腹部B超结果分为合并NAFLD组77例,不合并NAFLD组79例,将以上2组资料与46例单纯NAFLD患者(对照组)进行比较,分析2-DM合并NAFLD患者的临床特征及危险因素。结果:单纯NAFLD组体质量指数(BMI)、血尿酸(UA)、三酰甘油(TG)较2-DM合并NAFLD及不合并NAFLD组均显著增高(P均<0.05),而肾小球滤过率(GFR)则显著低于2组(P<0.05)。2-DM患者中,与不合并NAFLD组患者相比,合并NAFLD组患者有BMI、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、UA、TG、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、载脂蛋白B(apoB)的显著增高(P均<0.05),高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、载脂蛋白A(apoA)、GFR显著降低(P均<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示:BMI升高、HDL降低、UA升高是2-DM合并NAFLD的危险因素(P均<0.05)。结论:2-DM患者合并NAFLD与高BMI、高UA、血脂紊乱相关。     

老年2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝的相关因素分析

目的:探讨老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的相关因素.方法:将147例老年T2DM患者分为合并NAFLD组79例,不合并NAFLD组68例,分别测定体质指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、臀围(HC)、血压、血糖、血脂、肝功能、血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、空腹胰岛素(FINS),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).比较两组间的差异.结果:DM + NAFLD组BMI、WC、HC、ALT、AST、TG、LDL-C、Hcy、FINS、HOMA-IR明显高于单纯DM组(P ＜ 0.05),Logistic回归分析显示WC、ALT、TG、Hcy、HOMA-IR分别是T2DM患者合并NAFLD的独立危险因素.结论:导致老年T2DM合并NAFLD的主要原因是胰岛素抵抗、肥胖、脂代谢异常和高同型半胱氨酸血症.     

乌鲁木齐地区非酒精性脂肪肝患病率及危险因素分析

目的探讨新疆乌鲁木齐地区非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的患病特点及危险因素。方法 2574例体检者资料为研究对象,将研究对象分为NAFLD组和非NAFLD组,分析两组的生化指标及相关疾病患病率,采用多因素Logistic回归分析评价NAFLD的危险因素。结果本研究NAFLD总患病率为36.13%,在60~69岁组最高,男性患病率高于女性。NAFLD组的年龄、体质量指数、舒张压、收缩压、腰围、臀围、腰臀比、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、尿酸(UA)、空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)值均较非NAFLD组高。NAFLD组高TG、高TC、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高LDL-C、高血压、空腹血糖调节受损或糖尿病、肥胖、高尿酸血症及肝功能异常的患病率高于非NAFLD组。多因素Logistic回归结果显示性别、年龄、SBP、ALT、FBG、UA、TG及LDL-C与NAFLD密切相关,为NAFLD的危险因素。结论乌鲁木齐地区NAFLD的患病率较高,较前有增加趋势;与肥胖、血脂异常、血糖代谢紊乱、高血压、高尿酸血症等多种代谢紊乱相关。     

2型糖尿病并发高血压的危险因素分析

目的:探讨糖尿病并发高血压的相关危险因素.方法:223例2型糖尿病患者中81例并发高血压患者和142例未并发高血压患者进行有关因素的实验室检测,采用逐步回归和Logistic回归方法分析糖尿病并发高血压的危险因素.结果:逐步回归分析结果表明空腹血糖(FBG)控制情况、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、体质指数(BMI)及尿β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)与糖尿病并发高血压之间有统计学意义,Logistic回归分析显示随着BMI、FBG、LDL-C和β2-MG的增高,2型糖尿病合并高血压的危险性增大.结论:BMI、FBG、LDL-C和β2-MG增高可增加2型糖尿病并发高血压发生的危险性.     

2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病与动脉硬化的关系

目的分析2型糖尿病患者合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)与动脉硬化的关系。方法选取2013年1月~5月在我院内分泌代谢科住院的2型糖尿病患者共398例,超声检测肝脏及双侧颈动脉、股动脉、腘动脉内中膜厚度(IMT),以IMT≥1.0mm定义为动脉硬化。比较合并或不合并NAFLD两组患者代谢指标、动脉硬化患病率的差异,评估影响动脉硬化的因素。结果 (1)研究人群NAFLD患病率为32.66%。与未合并NAFLD组相比,合并NAFLD组患者BMI、血压、血糖、血脂等指标更高。(2)合并NAFLD组患者高脂血症、代谢综合征、动脉硬化的患病率显著高于未合并NAFLD组。(3)NAFLD增加动脉硬化的患病风险,多元逐步回归分析显示收缩压及LDL-C与颈动脉IMT相关。结论 2型糖尿病合并NAFLD增加动脉硬化的患病率和患病风险。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病患病情况及影响因素分析

目的了解非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的发病现状,探讨其影响因素,为NAFLD的防治提供依据。方法以接受健康体检的1108例某地区煤矿职工为研究对象,收集相关体检资料,应用单因素和多因素非条件Logistic回归分析法筛选NAFLD发生的影响因素。结果 NAFLD发生率为32.94%(95%CI:30.17%～35.71%)。单因素分析显示,性别、年龄、吸烟、血压(BP)、空腹血糖(FPG)、血清总胆固醇(TC)、血清甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、体质指数(BMI)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、血尿酸(UA)和血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、血肌酐(SCr)与NAFLD的发生有显著关系,P<0.05或P<0.001。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,男性、年龄、BMI、TG、UA、ALT和HDL-C进入以NAFLD为应变量的回归方程。结论该地区煤矿职工NAFLD的患病率处于中高水平。男性、年龄、BMI、TG、UA和ALT是NAFLD发病的危险因素,HDL-C是保护因素,需加强NAFLD高危群体的宣教防治工作,指导其养成良好的生活饮食习惯,预防和减少NAFLD的发生发展。     

2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者血浆miR-577水平与脂代谢及胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)患者血浆miR-577水平与脂代谢及胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法选取T2DM患者200例,其中合并NAFLD者104例,未合并NAFLD者96例,分别作为合并组(T2DM/NAFLD)和对照组(T2DM)。检测各组身高、体重、腰围、臀围、血脂指标、血糖指标,计算体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比以及HOMA-IR指数;实时荧光定量PCR检测血浆miR-577水平;组间比较根据数据资料的特征应用单因素方差分析、卡方检验或秩和检验,T2DM/NAFLD危险因素分析采用多因素Logistic回归分析,血浆miR-577水平与临床指标的相关性分析采用person法。结果与T2DM组相比较,T2DM/NAFLD组BMI、AST、ALT、TG、GGT、LDL-C、2hPBG、Fins、2hIns、HbAIc(%)及HomA-IR均明显升高(P0.05或P0.01),血浆miR-577水平明显降低(P0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示BMI、ALT、LDL-C、2hIns、HomA-IR及miR-577是影响T2DM/NAFLD发生的独立危险因素(P0.05或P0.01)。Pearson相关性分析显示miR-577与ALT、LDL-C、2hIns、HomA-IR呈负相关。结论血浆miR-577水平降低是T2DM发生NAFLD的独立危险因素,miR-577可能通过影响脂代谢和胰岛素抵抗发挥作用。     

2型糖尿病合并不同程度非酒精性脂肪性肝病的危险因素分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并不同程度非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)与血脂异常、肥胖和胰岛素抵抗的关系及其发病的危险因素.方法 对268例2型糖尿病患者,根据肝脏B超结果分为无脂肪肝组、轻度脂肪肝组、中重度脂肪肝组.记录患者身高、体重、腰围、臀围,进行空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(GHbA_1c)、血总胆醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)测定,计算体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).通过非条件Logistic回归进行NAFLD的危险因素分析.结果 无脂肪肝组、轻度脂肪肝组、中重度脂肪肝组BMl分别为(24.25±5.37)、(25.98±4.63)、(27.69±4.35)kg/m~2,WC分别为(83.36 ±8.27)、(88.36±7.96)、(92.36 ±9.35)cm,WHR分另为1.01±0.32、1.12 ±0.27、1.19±0.34,FINS分别为(18.47 ±7.13)、(23.01±9.89)、(29.26±11.94)μU/L,HOMA-IR分别为4.25±2.37、7.37±3.20、9.48±4.13.TC分别为(4.92±1.25)、(5.43±1.30)、(5.60±1.04)mmol/L;LDL-C分别为(2.91 ±0.90)、(3.32±0.83)、(3.57±0.73)mmol/L,TG分别为(2.02±1.03)、(2.68±1.47)、(3.49±1.86)mmol/L,ALT分别为(26.35±14.48)、(30.68±13.54)、(37.58±16.79)U/L.与无脂肪肝组相比,轻度脂肪肝组及中重度脂肪肝组BMI、WC、WHR、HNS、HOMA-IR、TC、LDL-C、TG、ALT均较高(P均<0.05).中重度脂肪肝与轻度脂肪肝组相比,BMI、WC、WHR、HNS、HOMA-IR、TG、ALT明显升高(P均<0.05).TG、WHR、HOMA.IR是NAFLD的危险因素(彻值分别为2.394、3.273、5.256,P均<0.05).结论 T2DM合并NAFLD患者存在明显的血脂紊乱、超重、中心性肥胖及胰岛素抵抗,TG、WHR、HOMA-IR是NAFLD发病的危险因素.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.