Radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with symptomatic atrial flutter/tachycardia after orthotopic heart transplantation

Atrial arrhythmias are common phenomena after orthotopic heart transplantation.1,2 Atrial tachycardia or flutter originating from the donor heart is well recognized.3,4 Although it has been assumed that the recipient atrial myocardium is electrically isolated from that of the donor atrium by the atrioatrial anastomosis, some reports have demonstrated that clinical arrhythmias can arise from the recipient atrium due to the recipient-donor electrical conduction.5-15 Radiofrequency catheter ablat…     

Radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with symptomatic atrial flutter/tachycardia after

Background  Atrial tachycardia or flutter is common in patients after orthotopic heart transplantation. Radiofrequency catheter ablation to treat this arrhythmia has not been well defined in this setting. This study was conducted to assess the incidence of various symptomatic atrial arrhythmias and the efficacy and safety of radiofrequency catheter ablation in these patients.
Methods  Electrophysiological study and catheter ablation were performed in patients with symptomatic tachyarrhythmia. One Halo catheter with 20 poles was positioned around the tricuspid annulus of the donor right atrium, or positioned around the surgical anastomosis when it is necessary. Three quadripolar electrode catheters were inserted via the right or left femoral vein and positioned in the recipient atrium, the bundle of His position, the coronary sinus. Programmed atrial stimulation and burst pacing were performed to prove electrical conduction between the recipient and the donor atria and to induce atrial arrhythmias.
Results  Out of 55 consecutive heart transplantation patients, 6 males [(58±12) years] developed symptomatic tachycardias at a mean of (5±4) years after heart transplantation. Electrical propagation through the suture line between the recipient and the donor atrium was demonstrated during atrial flutter or during recipient atrium and donor atrium pacing in 2 patients. By mapping around the suture line, the earliest fragmented electrogram of donor atrium was assessed. This electrical connection was successfully ablated in the anterior lateral atrium in both patients.  There was no electrical propagation through the suture line in the other 4 patients. Two had typical atrial flutter in the donor atrium which was successfully ablated by completing a linear ablation between the tricuspid annulus and the inferior vena cava. Two patients had atrial tachycardia which was ablated in the anterior septal and lateral donor atrium. There were no procedure-related complications. Patients were free of recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias after a follow-up of (8±7) months.
Conclusions  Four electrophysiological mechanisms have been found to contribute to the occurrence of symptomatic supraventricular arrhythmias following heart transplantation. Radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with atrial flutter/tachycardia is feasible and safe after heart transplantation.

     

三维电磁标测系统在局灶性房性心动过速导管消融中的临床应用

目的:探讨三维电磁标测系统(CARTO)在局灶性房性心动过速射频消融治疗中的有效性和安全性。方法:共对42例症状明显、发作频繁、抗心律失常药物治疗无效的局灶性房性心动过速患者,进行了CARTO激动标测下导管射频消融术,消融终点为房性心动过速终止并且药物加程序电生理刺激均不再诱发。结果:42例患者中41例手术即刻成功(97.6%),消融成功靶点分布:肺静脉来源21例(50%),二尖瓣环周围5例(11.9%),左心耳2例(4.8%)、右心耳1例(2.4%),左心房顶部1例(2.4%)、左心房后侧壁2例(4.8%),希氏旁3例(7.1%)、高右房前壁2例(4.8%)、低右房侧壁1例(2.4%)、冠状窦口2例(4.8%)、右房后壁偏间隔2例(4.8%)。除了2例股静脉血肿外无其他手术并发症发生。随访(9.95±3.9)个月,累计无房性快速心律失常率为95.2%。结论:CARTO系统激动标测指导下的局灶性房速的标测和消融安全有效,成功率高。     

Unipolar electrogram in identification of successful targets for radiofrequency catheter ablation of focal atrial tachycardia

Objective To analyze the unipolar electrogram from successful and unsuccessful ablation sites of focal atrial tachycardia (AT), and to evaluate its value in the identification of successful targets.Methods Fifteen consecutive patients with focal AT were referred for radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). Both unipolar (from the tip electrode of ablating catheter) and bipolar (from the distal pair of electrode of ablating catheter) electrograms were used to identify the ablation targets of focal AT.Results Successful ablation was echieved in 14 patients. Radiofrequency energy was delivered at a total of 27 sites. The bipolar electrograms associated with successful ablation sites showed earlier atrial deflection relative to P wave onset (36 ms±15 ms vs 30 ms±11 ms, P<0.05) than the electrograms associated with failed ablation sites. At the 14 successful ablation sites, the unipolar electrograms displayed a completely negative atrial wave (“QS” morphology ) beginning with intrinsic deflection. However, at the 13 unsuccessful ablation sites,a “rS” morphology of atrial wave was shown on the unipolar electrogram.Conclusion The “QS” morphology of the atrial wave on unipolar electrograms appears to represent a reliable marker for identifying the successful ablation targets of focal AT, with a high sensitivity and specificity .     

非接触心内膜激动标测系统指导疑难心律失常消融的临床研究

目的 研究非接触心内膜激动标测系统指导疑难心律失常的标测与消融的有效性与优越性。方法 12例患者，男性9例，女性3例，年龄28-76岁，电生理检查为右室特发性室性早搏1例，左室特发性室性心动过速2例，左房房性心动过速1例，右房房性心动过速2例，左房心房颤动6例．其中4例常规电生理标测消融末成功，1例成功后复发．经股静脉置入64极球囊电极和射频消融导管至同一心腔．计算机标测系统首先构建心腔几何构型，然后建立心动过速的腔内等电势图，分析心动过速的起源点及关键峡部，利用计算机导航系统指导消融导管至拟定靶点处进行消融，结果 1例起源于右室流出道偏间隔的室性早搏患者行片状消融获得成功；2例左室特发性室性心动过速标测其心动过速起源于左后中间隔及左后间隔区域行片状消融成功；1例左房房性心动过速标测其心动过速起源于右肺下静脉间隔部并指引消融导管行右肺下静脉至二尖瓣之间线性消融获得成功；2例右房房性心动过速巾1例标测其最早激动点位于下腔静脉口，此处行环状消融获得成功，另1例位于上腔静脉后方穿过界嵴中部线性消融获得成功；6例左房房颤患者1例在窦性心律卜标测其敛房颤房早起源于左右上肺静脉之间，行线性消融成功，另5例在房颤发作下标测其房颤起源折返部位，分别行右上下肺静脉、左上下肺静脉、左右上肺静脉之间、左下肺静脉与二尖瓣峡部之间线件消融成功，12例患者术中、术后均无并发症，随访2—26个月，无1例复发．结论 非接触心内膜激动标测系统指导心律失常的心内膜标测与消融是安全有效的，对复杂、难治性心律失常的电生理机制的阐明和指导消融具有较好的临床应用价值，     

瓣膜病术后房性心动过速的射频消融治疗

目的应用电解剖标测系统分析瓣膜病换瓣术后房性心动过速的电生理机制及射频消融治疗的疗效。方法瓣膜病换瓣术后房速患者共11例，其中男4例，女7例，年龄25～65岁，房速历史4月～6．5年。电解剖标测系统完成心房电压和激动标测，分析心动过速的机制并确定消融靶点，使用冷生理盐水灌注导管消融。结果11例患者中10例患者消融成功，1例患者为左房起源房速，放弃消融。10例消融患者中，共诱发出13种房性心动过速，其中局灶性房速3种，微小折返性房速2种，大折返性房速8种。消融后，房速均不能诱发。术后1例复发，经再次消融成功后无复发。结论瓣膜病换瓣术后房速运用电解剖标测导航下的射频消融有良好效果。     

穿间隔法射频消融左前间隔旁道

目的探讨穿间隔法射频消融左侧前间隔旁道的有效性及安全性。方法选择9例左侧前间隔旁道患者,使用穿间隔法在主动脉瓣无冠瓣下与二尖瓣前叶间的纤维连接处标测到靶点进行射频消融。结果9例患者均消融成功。结论穿间隔法射频消融左侧前间隔旁道安全、有效。     

慢性心房颤动射频消融术后应用氯沙坦联合胺碘酮治疗对心房颤动复发及心房结构的影响

目的观察慢性心房颤动射频消融术后口服氯沙坦联合胺碘酮治疗对心房颤动复发及心房结构的影响。方法拟行射频消融治疗的慢性心房颤动患者100例,随机分为射频消融组50例和射频消融+药物组(氯沙坦联合胺碘酮)50例。术后行动态心电图检查确定心律失常发作情况,超声心动图复查心脏结构和功能。结果电学隔离后15例患者转为窦性心律(射频消融组8例,射频消融+药物组7例),每组各有4例患者转为三尖瓣峡部相关心房扑动,消融三尖瓣峡部后转为窦性心律。其他患者通过进一步消融及电复律转为窦性心律。与射频消融组比较,射频消融加药物组术后1 a左心房前后径减小,而心功能无明显变化。随访过程中射频消融组心房颤动复发率为60.0%,射频消融加药物组心房颤动复发率为32.0%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论慢性心房颤动射频消融术后口服氯沙坦联合胺碘酮可有效维持窦性心律,使左心房前后径减小。     

Mechanisms of organized atrial tachycardia during catheter ablation of chronic atrial fibrillation by stepwise approach

Background Extensive atrial fibrillation （AF） ablation is associated with an increased success rate of catheter ablation in chronic AF patients and an increased rate of atrial tachycardia （AT） during the procedure. The mechanism of these Ats varies in previous studies. Our study aimed to report the mechanism of organized AT occurring during the stepwise ablation procedure of chronic AF.Methods A prospective cohort of 86 consecutive patients who underwent an ablation procedure for chronic atrial fibrillation （CAF） was investigated. The stepwise procedure was performed in the following order： circumferential pulmonary vein ablation, complex fractionated atrial electrograms ablation, mapping and ablation of AT. The endpoint was noninducibility of AF/AT after sinus rhythm （SR） was restored or the procedure time was beyond 6 hours.Results Sixty-nine （80%） of patients converted to SR via AT. A total of 179 sustained ATs were observed in 69 patients during the procedure. There were 81% （n=145） macroreentrant ATs which included 65 perimitral circuits, 48 peritricuspid tachycardia and 32 roof dependent circuits, 12% （n=21） localized reentrant and 7% （n=13） focal ATs. Thirty （15%） patients experienced significant left atrium （LA） and LA appendage （LAA） conduction delay or dissociation in the procedure or during the follow-up period.Conclusions Most CAF patients converted to SR via ablation of organized AT occurring during the stepwise procedure. The mechanism of most of these ATs was macro-reentry.     

经食管与心内电生理检查对诊断室上性心动过速的比较分析

目的：比较阵发性室上性心动过速（PSVT）患者经食管和心内电生理检查的差异，以确定经食管电生理的定位诊断价值。方法：将142例经导管射频消融（RFCA）患者的术前食管电生理与术中心内电生理检查结果进行比较。结果：体表心电图V1导联P波-经食管心电图P波（PVI-PE）〉25ms、心电图R波（R）-PE〉70ms为正向型房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）；PVI-PE≈0、R-PE〉70ms为右间隔旁路；PVI-PE〉25ms、R-PE〉150ms，且R-PE〉PE-R为房内折返性心动过速（ART）；PVI-PE〈25ms、R-PE〈70ms为慢-快型房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）。结论：经食管电生理的PVI-PE和R-PE对PSVT的类型及旁路定位有诊断价值。     

房间隔缺损并发的心房颤动的治疗探讨

目的:探讨房间隔缺损(atrial septal defect,ASD)并发的心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)的临床特点和治疗AF的不同方法的效果?方法:分析641例行ASD封堵术患者的AF发生率和危险因素,比较药物或者导管消融治疗AF的疗效?结果:641例ASD患者的AF发生率为4.8%,其中年龄≥40岁的AF发生率为8.4%,年龄≥60岁的患者的AF发生率高达25%?与无AF的患者相比,AF者中男性多见?年龄大?右心房平均压力高?肺动脉平均压力高?左心房内径大?左室舒张末内径大以及左室射血分数低,进一步分析发现,男性?年龄≥40岁和左房内径增大是ASD并发AF的高危因素?AF转复及维持窦性心律治疗,导管射频消融优于药物治疗?结论:ASD患者中AF的发生率高于正常人群,男性?年龄≥40岁和左房内径增大是ASD并发AF的高危因素,导管射频消融在AF转复及维持窦性心律治疗上优于药物?     

局灶性心房颤动的射频导管消融治疗

目的 报道2侧局灶性房颤的射频消融结果。方法 常规穿刺置入冠状窦电极、希氏束电极，右室心尖电极和／或右房Halo电板，确定诱发房颤的房早起源的大致部位，对起源于左房者，穿刺房间隔，置入标测电板至左、右上肺静脉和左下肺静脉，确定起源后进行电隔离消融。结果 例1为阵发性房颤．起源于左上肺静脉，例2为“无休止性”房颤，起源于右房后侧游离壁。例1采用8mm大头消融电板，对左上肺静脉主干进行片状消融，功率20W，放电7次，消融成功。例2先采用最早激动部位消融未成，后改为“井”形线性消融，获得即刻成功。随访16和15个月，例1房颤未发作，例2术后15d房颤复发。术中、术后无并发症。结论 射频消融局灶性房颤是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

射频消融术治疗快速心律失常449例临床分析

目的探讨射频消融术(RFCA)治疗快速心律失常的疗效和方法。方法回顾性分析本院449例行RF-CA患者资料,其中包括房室折返性心动过速、房室结折返性心动过速、左室特发性室速、房速患者。结果房室折返性心动过速248例,成功率为98.8%;房室结折返性心动过速187例,成功率为97.8%;左室特发性室速患者共11例,全部成功;房速3例,2例成功,1例行房室结改良术。结论RFCA治疗快速心律失常成功率高,并发症少,是安全有效的方法。     

Single dose of ibutilide for conversion of persistent atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation

Background  Patients with persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) often need direct current cardioversion after radiofrequency ablation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and safety of ibutilide for cardioversion of persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation and the factors related to conversion.

Methods  Patients with persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation were treated with combined ablation strategy including circumferential pulmonary vein isolation, linear ablation and CAFÉ potential ablation. If AF was not terminated after ablation, ibutilide was used for cardioversion (1 mg, intravenous injection in 10 minutes). These patients were divided into a conversion group and a non-conversion group according to whether AF was converted to sinus rhythm within 30 minutes after administration. ECG monitoring was performed during the injection of ibutilide. Atrial waves recorded by coronary sinus electrodes were measured for calculating average wavelength of AF waves in six seconds. The QT interval was measured immediately after conversion and 2 hours after injection of ibutilide.

Results  Forty patients whose AF was not converted to sinus rhythm after radiofrequency ablation were given an intravenous injection of ibutilide. Of the 40 patients, 29 cases were converted to sinus rhythm, with a conversion rate of 72.5%. The average conversion time was (13.2±5.5) minutes. Compared with the conversion group, patients in the non-conversion group had a longer history of AF (9.4±5.3) years vs. (4.3±2.8) years, P <0.05), and a markedly enlarged left atrium (47.3±2.9) mm vs. (42.1±4.5) mm, P <0.05). There were no significant differences in gender, age, body mass index and left ventricular function between the two groups. Ibutilide significantly prolonged the average wavelength of the AF wave (171.8±29.5) ms vs. (242.0±40.0) ms, P <0.001). Two hours after ibutilide treatment, the QT interval was significantly shortened (421.0±24.7) ms vs. (441.0±37.4) ms, P <0.05). No cases of serious arrhythmias or other adverse reactions were found.

Conclusions  A single dose of ibutilide for conversion of persistent or permanent AF after radiofrequency ablation is safe and effective.

     

CARTO标测指导大折返性房性心动过速导管消融的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨三维标测系统指导下大折返性房性心动过速(macroreentry atrial tachycardia,MAT)电生理特征和消融效果.方法 2009年8月至2011年9月本科电生理检查确诊的MAT共计38例,年龄(48.4±10.8)岁,男性17例,女性21例,38例中15例为持续性或无休止性心动过速.合并右房明显扩大12例.常规电生理检查初步确定房速的起源心腔,在CARTO三维标测系统指导下行三维电激动和／或电压标测,确定MAT关键峡部及其基质,用冷盐水灌注导管行相应的线性消融或局灶性消融.结果 ①右房MAT共31例,27例无外科手术及消融术病史,54.8％( 17/31)为单个折返环MAT,45.2％( 14/31)合并其他类型心动过速.31例MAT均行三尖瓣峡部消融,30例消融峡部房扑终止.16例单纯消融峡部达到消融终点,另14例则同时行其他部位消融.②7例左房MAT均为导管消融术后患者,其中4例在原有的消融线上存在传导裂隙(GAP),3例为二尖瓣峡部依赖性房扑.6例消融成功.③本组消融成功率为94.7％ (36/38).随访时间2～36(18.6±4.5)个月,7例复发[复发率19.4％ (7/36)],5例再次消融成功,随访期间89.5％ (34/38)的患者无房速发作.结论 右房MAT常与三尖瓣峡部和自发性瘢痕有关,而左房MAT多与手术损伤有关,三维标测有助于提高复杂心律失常的消融成功率.     

食管心房调搏在快速型心律失常诊断中的临床意义

目的探究食管心房调搏在快速型心律失常诊断中的临床意义。方法选择85例快速型心律失常病人作为研究对象,实行食管心房调搏检查,测定食管导联的R-P'E、P'E-R时限,比较V1导联的R-P'时限与食管导联的R-P'E时限,并与心脏电生理检查的结果作比较。结果经心脏电生理确诊后的分型:顺向型房室折返型心动过速（O-AVRT）57例,慢-快型房室结内折返性心动过速[AVNRT（S-F）]19例,房性心动过速1例,心房扑动1例,心房颤动2例,左心室特发性室速3例,冠状动脉窦无冠窦底起源的AT合并右房间隔部起源的心房扑动1例,左心房AT合并慢-快型房室结内折返性心动过速1例。经食管心房调搏检查发现AVNRT（S-F）型病人食管导联中R-P'E < P'E-R,且R-P'E < 70 ms;O-AVRT型病人大多R-P'E < P'E-R,且R-P'E>70 ms;右侧旁道型病人V1导联的R-P' < 食管导联R-P'E;左侧旁道型病人V1导联的R-P'>食管导联的R-P'E。经食管心房调搏终止,85例病人的快速型心律失常有效终止率为88%。结论食管心房调搏可以鉴别快速型心律失常的类型,尤其是其中阵发性室上性心动过速的分型,对后续治疗方案的合理制定、心脏电生理检查以及射频消融术均提供了帮助,且对快速型心律失常有较高的终止率。     

房性心动过速的射频消融治疗及非接触球囊标测的作用

目的探讨房性心动过速临床和电生理特点及常规标测和非接触球囊标测射频消融治疗。方法对37例经电生理检查证实为房性心动过速的患者进行常规标测和非接触球囊标测下射频消融治疗，观察消融的成功率并进行随访观察其复发情况。结果37例房性心动过速35例经常规标测行射频消融成功30例，4例（其中2例经常规标测消融失败）经非接触球囊标测射频消融均成功，总的手术成功率为91．89％。随访（30．65±22．21）个月，2例复发，无严重并发症出现。结论射频消融治疗房性心动过速成功率高、并发症低，可作为房性心动过速的一线治疗，而非接触球囊标测则在一些特殊病例的消融中更具优势。     

RFCA治疗快速性心律失常的临床分析

目的分析总结经导管射频消融（RFCA）治疗快速性心律失常的疗效,以进一步指导临床工作.方法对我科开展射频消融治疗快速性心律失常15a的工作进行总结,对1847例患者的治疗结果进行回顾性分析.结果房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）患者810例,计有旁道869条,其中左侧旁道532例,右侧旁道278例,其中双旁道15例,房室结双径路合并房室旁道21例.房室结内折返性心动过速（AVNRT）753例.室性心动过速VT和室性早搏（PVT）139例,房性心动过速（AT）29例,心房扑动（AF）32例,心房颤动（A）f84例.射频消融总成功率为97.67%,其中房室结双径路和左侧房室旁道所致的阵发性室上速射频消融成功率高达99%.射频消融术后复发率为2.22%.并发症发生率为3.14%,其中1例患者并发永久性Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞而安置永久性心脏起搏器,无死亡病例.结论射频消融治疗快速性心律失常安全、有效、成功率高、并发症发生率及复发率低.适合于各类人群,以AVRT和AVNRT的疗效最佳.并且能够成为快速性心律失常的治疗首选。     

局灶性房性心动过速导致心肌病的风险因素研究

目的 分析局灶性房性心动过速（ATs）导致心动过速性心肌病（TCM）的发病率、危险因 素及结局。方法 回顾性分析2007 年3 月-2015 年3 月在该院行心内电生理学检查并确诊为局灶性ATs 的196 例患者资料,其中17 例患者确诊为TCM。结果 ①在196 例局灶性ATs 中,TCM 患者多见于年轻 男性（P <0.05）;且心动过速性质多为持续性（P <0.05）;② TCM 患者与局灶性ATs 患者的心动过速周 期、心率比较,差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）;③在多变量分析中,年龄、持续性是TCM 患者的独立危险 因素,且年轻是TCM 患者的显著特征;④（51±19）个月的随访中,16 例TCM 患者经射频消融术或严 格的胺碘酮控制后,左心室射血分数均提高（P <0.05）;1 例TCM 患者因擅自停用胺碘酮死于心力衰竭。 结论 局灶性ATs 导致TCM 的发病率为8.67% ;年轻和持久性是TCM 患者的独立危险因素;大部分 TCM 患者的预后良好。     

射频消融治疗快速型心律失常临床分析

目的 分析总结经导管射频消融（RFCA）治疗快速型心律失常特别是阵发性房室结内折返性心动过速（AVNRT）和房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）的疗效,以指导临床工作。方法 回顾性分析418例经导管射频消融治疗快速型心律失常患者的治疗效果,包括房室结内折反性心动过速（AVNRT）130例,左侧旁道230,右侧旁道45例,室性心动过速（IVT）10例,房性心动过速3例,采用常规方法进行电生理检查和射频消融。结果 总成功率97．9％,其中房室结双径路和左侧房室旁道介导的阵发性室上速射频消融成功率高达98％以上。射频消融术后复发率2．9％,其中AVNRT复发3例,AVRT复发8例。IVT复发1例,12例再次RFEA均获成功。3例发生完全性房室传导阻滞,2例植入心脏起搏器,1例损伤主动脉瓣,引起反流。2例出现深静脉血栓及肺栓塞,无死亡病例。结论 经导管射频消融是治疗快速型心律失常安全有效的方法,适合于各类人群,以AVNRT和AVRT效果最好。