胃癌肝转移患者的手术治疗及预后分析

目的探讨胃癌肝转移患者手术治疗的指征和效果。方法回顾性分析我院1995年9月至2002年5月间经手术治疗的43例胃癌肝转移患者的临床资料。结果全组肝转移程度与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤侵犯深度、分化程度及有无淋巴结转移无相关关系(P>0.05)。异时性肝转移行肝切除4例,中位生存时间为35.0个月,预后明显优于同时性肝转移肝切除患者(中位生存时间10.0个月)(P=0.0233)。同时性肝转移组中,单纯胃切除32例,中位生存时间6.0个月;胃加肝切除7例,中位生存时间10.0个月,两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.2799)。不同肝转移程度姑息性胃切除术后生存时间比较,H1、H2和H33组分别为7.5、6.0和4.0个月,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.0007)。结论异时性胃癌肝转移患者肝切除术后预后良好,应争取积极手术切除;胃癌肝转移患者同期行胃加肝切除生存率未见明显改善;H3肝转移患者姑息性胃切除预后不佳。     

Hepatic resections for bilobar liver metastases from colorectal cancer

The present study was performed to assess survival benefits in patients who underwent a hepatic resection for isolated bilobar liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Thirty-eight patients underwent a curative hepatic resection for isolated colorectal liver metastasis. Among them, 11 patients had bilobar liver metastases and 19 had a solitary metastasis. The remaining 8 patients had unilobar multiple lesions. We investigated survival in two groups those with bilobar and those with solitary metastatic tumors. Survival and disease-free survival were 36% and 18% at 5 years, respectively, in the patients with bilobar liver metastases, while these survivals were 43% and 34% in the patients with solitary liver metastasis. In the 38 patients, repeated hepatic resections were performed in 15 patients with recurrent liver disease. The 5-year survival and disease-free survival rates for these patients were 38% and 27%, respectively, after the second hepatic resections. Of the 11 patients with bilobar liver metastases, 5 underwent a repeated hepatic resection, and they all survived for over 42 months. Based on our observations, a hepatic resection was thus found to be effective even in selected patients with either bilobar nodules or recurrence in the remnant liver. Received: February 7, 2000 / Accepted: April 26, 2000     

胃癌并局限型肝转移同步切除九例报告

目的探讨同步切除治疗胃癌并局限型肝转移的临床效果。方法回顾性分析胃癌并局限型肝转移行同步切除的9例患者的临床资料。结果行根治性远端胃大部分切除术7例,根治性近端胃大部分切除术1例,根治性全胃切除1例;局部肝切除8例,左半肝切除1例。无手术死亡病例。术后生存期分别为9、12、12、13、21、24、30、37和62个月,平均生存24.3个月。术后6例再发残肝转移。死亡原因中,3例死于残肝转移,3例死于腹膜转移。结论对胃癌并局限型肝转移患者施行原发灶根治性切除和肝转移灶同步切除可有效地延长生命。     

胃癌肝转移的手术治疗

目的 探讨胃癌肝转移行肝切除术的适应证及疗效。方法 对1990年1月至1999年11月间施行肝切除的24例胃癌肝转移患的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 本组同时性肝转移19例，异时性转移5例。共施行肝段叶切除8例，肝部分切除16例；19例同时性肝转移患均在肝切除的同时加行根治性胃切除术。术后并发肝昏迷死亡l例。手术死亡率为4．2％。全组22例获得随访。术后1年、3年和5年生存率分别为45．5％、18．2％和9．1％。生存分析显示，肝切除术后的生存率不仅与胃癌原发灶的分化程度、有无浆膜面浸润和淋巴结转移有关，而且与肝转移灶的数目及其在肝脏内的分布范围有关。结论对于胃癌孤立性肝转移患，其原发病灶可根治切除的应积极采用手术治疗，部分患可获长期生存。     

胃癌肝转移的外科治疗

目的探讨胃癌肝转移外科治疗的远期疗效。方法回顾性分析1993年1月至2001年10月间938例原发性胃癌患者中32例行胃癌肝转移灶切除者的临床资料。结果938例原发性胃癌患者中,异时性肝转移24例(2.6%),行肝转移灶切除14例(58.3%);同时性肝转移90例(9.6%),行肝转移灶切除18例(20.0%)。32例患者病理检查均证实为肝转移腺癌。术后1、3、5年生存率,异时性肝转移患者为73%、37%、25%;同时性肝转移患者为68%、24%、17%;两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论孤立的同时及异时性肝转移患者经外科手术切除肝转移灶预后较好。     

Liver Resection for Noncolorectal,Nonneuroendocrine Metastases

In noncolorectal, nonendocrine liver metastases, the role of surgery is less define than in colorectal or neuroendocrine cancer. This role is marginal as liver is not the primary site of metastases of these cancers. Less than 2 to 5% of the patients with these malignancies might be one day considered as potential candidates for liver resection, as most patients suffer from extra hepatic tumour spread at the time they develop liver involvement. However, in these few cases with liver metastases only, as no other therapeutic option may provide mid-or long-term tumour-free survival, liver resection is indicated in resectable liver metastases. Some prognostic factors have been established in the literature from the few published series: unique versus multiple hepatic metastases, unilobar vs bilobar, metachronous vs synchronous, R0 vs R1 or R2 liver resections. The type of primary tumour is also of great importance, as cutaneous melanoma, pancreatic and gastric adenocarcinoma have a very bad prognosis for liver resection of metastases, even after R0 resection. In these cases, percutaneous or laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation may find its place. In sarcoma, breast carcinoma, uveal melanoma, and genitourinary cancers, liver resection may provide satisfactory long-term results in selected cases, and is the standard of care for isolated, resectable metastasis. However, due to the scarcity of indication of liver resection for noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine metastases, the decision should be multidisciplinary, and the patients should be informed of the advantages and pitfalls of the surgical procedure.     

Hepatic Resection for Metastatic Tumors From Gastric Cancer

OBJECTIVE: To assess the surgical results and clinicopathologic features of hepatic metastases from gastric adenocarcinoma to identify patients with a better probability of survival. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Many studies have reported the benefit of hepatic resection for metastatic tumors from colorectal cancer. However, indications for a surgical approach for gastric adenocarcinoma involving the liver have not been clearly defined. METHODS: Ninety (11%) of 807 patients with primary gastric cancer were diagnosed with synchronous (n = 78) or metachronous (n = 12) hepatic metastases. Of these, 19 underwent 20 resections intended to cure the metastatic lesion in the liver. The clinicopathologic features of the hepatic metastases in, and the surgical results for, the 19 patients were analyzed. RESULTS: The actuarial 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates after hepatic resection were, respectively, 77%, 34%, and 34%, and three patients survived for more than 5 years after surgery. Solitary and metachronous metastases were significant determinants for a favorable prognosis after hepatic resection. Pathologically, a fibrous pseudocapsule between the tumor and surrounding hepatic parenchyma was found in 13 of the 19 patients (68%). The presence of a peritumoral fibrous pseudocapsule and a well-differentiated histologic type of metastatic nodule were significant prognostic factors. Factors associated with the primary lesion were not significant prognostic determinants in patients who underwent curative resection of the primary cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Solitary and metachronous metastases from gastric cancer should be treated by a surgical approach and confer a better prognosis. A new prognostic factor, the presence of a pseudocapsule, may be helpful in defining indications for postoperative adjuvant treatment.     

Liver resection for noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine metastases

In noncolorectal, nonendocrine liver metastases, the role of surgery is less define than in colorectal or neuroendocrine cancer. This role is marginal as liver is not the primary site of metastases of these cancers. Less than 2 to 5% of the patients with these malignancies might be one day considered as potential candidates for liver resection, as most patients suffer from extra hepatic tumour spread at the time they develop liver involvement. However, in these few cases with liver metastases only, as no other therapeutic option may provide mid- or long-term tumour-free survival, liver resection is indicated in resectable liver metastases. Some prognostic factors have been established in the literature from the few published series: unique versus multiple hepatic metastases, unilobar vs bilobar, metachronous vs synchronous, R0 vs R1 or R2 liver resections. The type of primary tumour is also of great importance, as cutaneous melanoma, pancreatic and gastric adenocarcinoma have a very bad prognosis for liver resection of metastases, even after R0 resection. In these cases, percutaneous or laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation may find its place. In sarcoma, breast carcinoma, uveal melanoma, and genitourinary cancers, liver resection may provide satisfactory long-term results in selected cases, and is the standard of care for isolated, resectable metastasis. However, due to the scarcity of indication of liver resection for noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine metastases, the decision should be multidisciplinary, and the patients should be informed of the advantages and pitfalls of the surgical procedure.     

Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis in Resectable Synchronous and Metachronous Colorectal Liver Metastasis

Introduction Hepatic resection may offer long-term survival for patients with colorectal metastases. However, controversies exist regarding the prognostic factors. Herein, the impact of synchronicity of liver metastasis on patient clinicopathological features and prognosis was evaluated. Methods One hundred and fifty-five patients who underwent hepatectomy for colon cancer metastasis, from 1995 to 2004, were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two groups: synchronous and metachronous colorectal liver metastasis. Patient demographics, the nature of the primary and metastatic tumors, surgery-related complications, and long-term outcome were analyzed. Results Patients included in the synchronous group tended to be younger than those in the metachronous group. Compared to the metachronous group, patients in the synchronous group showed more metastases (P = 0.008) and bilobarly distributed metastases (P = 0.016). Bile leakage was the most common surgical complication. The estimated 5-year disease-free and overall survival rates were 16.8 and 41.1%, respectively. Univariate analysis indicated that synchronous metastases, advanced stage of the primary tumor, bilobar distribution of the metastases, more than three metastases, and colonic versus rectal location of the primary tumor were prognostic factors of shorter disease-free survival, but not overall survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that synchronous metastases and the advanced stage of the primary tumor were indicators for a worse disease-free survival. Conclusion The synchronous presence of primary colon cancer and liver metastasis may indicate a more disseminated disease status and is associated with a shorter disease-free survival than metachronous metastasis. These patients may need more careful monitoring and aggressive chemotherapy following curative resection.     

Treatment strategy for synchronous metastases of colorectal cancer: is hepatic resection after an observation interval appropriate?

Background In cases of synchronous colorectal hepatic metastases, the primary colorectal cancer strongly influences on the metastases. Our treatment policy has been to conduct hepatic resection for the metastases at an interval of 3 months after colorectal resection. We examined the appropriateness of interval hepatic resection for synchronous hepatic metastasis. Materials and methods The subjects were 164 patients who underwent resection of hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer (synchronous, 70 patients; metachronous, 94 patients). Background factors for hepatic metastasis and postoperative results were compared for synchronous and metachronous cases. Results The cumulative survival rate for 164 patients at 3, 5, and 10 years postoperatively was 71.9%, 51.8%, and 36.6%, and the post-resection recurrence rate in remnant livers was 26.8%. Interval resection for synchronous hepatic metastases was conducted in 49 cases after a mean interval of 131 days. No difference was seen in postoperative outcome between synchronous and metachronous cases. Conclusion The outcome was similarly favorable in cases of synchronous hepatic metastasis and in cases of metachronous metastasis. Delaying resection allows accurate understanding of the number and location of hepatic metastases, and is beneficial in determining candidates for surgery and in selecting surgical procedure.     

胃癌肝转移外科治疗的临床分析

目的 评价胃癌肝转移的外科治疗效果及病理因素对其预后的影响。方法 本组834例胃癌患者中共有91例诊断为肝转移，其中79例为同时性肝转移，12例术后发现异时转移，共21例行胃癌肝转移灶切除术。结果 胃癌肝转移灶切除后1年、3年生存率分别为69％、30％。单转移灶及异时性转移是其有利的预后因素。13例肝转移灶有假包膜形成。结论 单转移灶及异时转移、肿瘤假包膜形成预示胃癌肝转移切除患者有较好的预后。     

Radiofrequency Ablation for Metachronous Liver Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer after Curative Surgery

Background We compared outcomes of surgery and radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) in patients with metachronous liver metastases. Methods Between October 1995 and December 2005, 59 patients underwent hepatic resection and 30 underwent RFA for metachronous liver metastases. Patients with extra-hepatic metastases, those who underwent both types of treatment, and those with synchronous hepatic metastasis were excluded. Results The two groups had similar mean age, sex ratio, comorbid medical conditions, primary disease stage, and frequency of solitary metastases. Preoperative mean serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level was significantly higher in the RFA group (13.4 ng/mL vs. 7.7 ng/mL; p = 0.02). Mean diameter of hepatic metastases was significantly greater in the resection than in the RFA group (3.1 cm vs. 2.0 cm; p = 0.001). Recurrence after treatment of metastasis was observed in 18 of 30 (60.0%) RFA and 33 of 59 (56%) resection patients. Local recurrence at the RFA site was observed in 7 of 30 (23%) patients. Time to recurrence (15 vs. 8 months, p = 0.02) and overall survival (56 vs. 36 months, p = 0.005) were significantly longer in the resection than in the RFA group. In the 69 patients with solitary metastases of diameter ≤3 cm, time to recurrence (p = 0.004) and overall survival were significantly greater in the resection group. Conclusions Compared with hepatic resection, RFA for metachronous hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer was associated with higher local recurrence and shorter recurrence-free and overall survival rates, even in patients with solitary, small (≤3 cm) lesions.     

Surgical treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer

We analyze our experience over a 10-year period in the surgical treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Between 01.01.1995 and 08.31.2005 189 liver resections were performed in 171 patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer (16 re-resections - 2 in the same patient and a "two-stage" liver resection in 2 patients). In our series there were 83 patients with synchronous liver metastases (69 simultaneous resections, 12 delayed resections and 2 "two-stage" liver resection were performed) and 88 metachronous liver metastases. Almost all types of liver resections have been performed. The morbidity and mortality rates were 17.4% and 4.7%, respectively. Median survival was 28.5 months and actuarial survival at 1-, 3- and 5-year was 78.7%, 40.4% and 32.7%, respectively. Between January 2002 and August 2005 hyperthermic ablation of colorectal cancer liver metastases has been performed in 6 patients; in other 5 patients with multiple bilobar liver metastases liver resection was associated with radiofrequency ablation and one patient underwent only radiofrequency ablation for recurrent liver metastasis. In conclusion, although the treatment of colorectal cancer liver metastases is multimodal (resection, ablation, chemotherapy and radiation therapy), liver resection is the only potential curative treatment. The quality and volume of remnant liver parenchyma is the only limitation of liver resection. The morbidity, mortality and survival rates after simultaneous liver and colorectal resection are similar with those achieved by delayed resection. Postoperative outcome of patients with major hepatic resection is correlated with the surgical team experience. The long-term survival was increased using the new multimodal treatment schemes.     

6669例结直肠癌同时陛和异时性肝转移患者不同治疗策略的预后分析

目的 评价结直肠癌肝转移不同类型及治疗策略对肝转移患者生存的影响.方法 回顾分析复旦大学附属中山医院2000年1月1日至2008年6月31日收治的669例结直肠癌肝转移患者的病例资料.结果 本组患者同时性肝转移379例,异时性[发生肝转移中位时间(21.0±19.6)个月]肝转移290例.患者性别、年龄和肠道原发病灶的部位两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而肝转移灶特征(累及肝叶类型、病灶个数和病灶直径)和术前CEA、CA19-9水平两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).手术切除肝转移灶253例,其中同时性肝转移123例,异时性肝转移130例.以2008年10月31日为随访终点,随访率100%.同时性肝转移和异时性肝转移的中位生存时间分别为11和23个月(P<0.01).5年生存率分别为6.4%和11.4%(P<0.01):手术病例与各种非手术治疗(介入、化疗、射频、无水酒精注射和中医中药)病例的中位生存期分别为37个月和5～26个月(P<0.01);5年生存率分别为35.6%和0～3.6%(P<0.05).结论 手术治疗目前仍是结直肠癌肝转移的首选治疗措施;异时性肝转移患者生存率好于同时性肝转移.     

A prospective evaluation of hepatic resection for colorectal carcinoma metastases to the liver: Follow-up report

Single institution studies of hepatic resection have implied that some subsets of patients with metastases from colon and rectum adenocarcinoma can be cured by surgery. However, it is unknown how such patients can be selected and what, in fact, the ultimate cure rate is. The objective of this multi-institutional study was to define in a prospective manner how many patients predicted to have resectable liver metastases actually could undergo curative resection and what the disease-free and overall survival were. A prospective 15-institution treatment plan included all patients who were predicted to have resectable metastases from colon and rectum cancer primaries. Results were compared among patients who underwent successful resection, patients who underwent resection with pathologically defined inadequate margins, and patients who underwent exploration but were found at surgery not to have resectable liver metastases. Fourteen institutions throughout North America and one in Milan who were members of the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group at the inception of this protocol in July of 1984 participated in the study. The patient population consisted of all those with metachronous or synchronous metastases from colon or rectum adenocarcinoma seen during a consecutive 3 1/2 year period with protocol registry at the time liver metastases were predicted to be isolated and resectable. Intervention consisted of the application of standard preoperative screening tests, abdominal exploration, and resection of all patients who had liver-only surgically resectable disease. The main outcome measures were: Accuracy of preoperative staging, acute and chronic operative morbidity, and disease-free, as well as overall, survival among the three treatment groups. The minimum follow up on all surviving patiens after curative resection was 2.2 years, with a median follow up of 3.2 years. Median survival times for patients receiving curative and noncurative resections and for those receiving no resection were estimated to be 35.7, 21.2, and 16.5 months, respectively. No statistically significant difference in the survival distribution of the noncuratively resected or the non-resected patients was observed. The survival distribution of curatively resected patients remains statistically superior to the distribution of noncuratively resected patients and those receiving no resection (P=0.01). These results confirmed that, although liver resection for hepatic metastases from colorectal car cinoma is safe to do and presently constitutes the only standard curative treatment for potentially resectable disease, it ultimately cures few patients.     

Prognostic factors and survival after pulmonary resection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary metastasectomy as well as immunotherapy have reproducible, albeit limited efficacy in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We examined whether metastasectomy improved overall survival compared with results of immunotherapy. METHODS: Between 1975 and 2003, 64 patients (41 men, 23 women) underwent pulmonary resection of metastatic RCC. Only patients who met the criteria for potentially curative operation, that means, control of primary tumor, ability to resect metastatic disease and no other extrapulmonary metastases, were included. RESULTS: The overall 5-year survival was 33.4% (median survival: 39.2 months). A significant longer survival was observed using multivariate analysis in patients with complete pulmonary resection (R0), with a 5-year survival of 39.9% and a median survival of 46.6 months in correlation to patients with incomplete resection (5-year survival 0%, median survival 13.3 months). In multivariate analysis patients with synchronous metastases had a significant worse prognosis in correlation to patients with metachronous metastases. The 5-year survival of curative resected patients with metachronous metastases was 43.7% versus 0% for synchronous metastases, respectively. In patients with solitary metastasis and R0 resection, we observed a 5-year survival of 49%, whereas the rate was 23% in patients with more than a single metastasis. When establishing prognostic groups as suggested by the International Registry based on the risk factors disease-free interval, number of metastasis and complete resection the group with the best prognosis showed a 5-year survival of 52% (median survival 75.2 months). CONCLUSION: Metastasectomy nowadays is the best treatment option in cases with technical resectable metastases with as much as possible good prognostic factors (metachronous metastases with long DFI, number up to 6 metastases).     

Surgical resection of liver metastases of gastric cancer: an analysis of a 17-year experience with 22 patients

BACKGROUND: The justification for surgical resection of liver metastases from gastric cancer remains controversial. METHODS: Twenty-two patients who underwent 26 hepatectomies for liver metastases of gastric cancer between 1985 and 2001 were analyzed. Fifteen clinicopathologic factors were evaluated with univariate and multivariate analyses for survival after hepatic resection. RESULTS: The overall 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates after hepatectomy for gastric metastases were 73%, 38%, and 38%, respectively. Five patients survived for more than 3 years without recurrence, 3 of whom had synchronous metastases resected at the time of gastrectomy. The best results after surgical resection for liver metastases of gastric cancer were obtained with solitary metastases less than 5 cm in size. The number of liver metastases (solitary or multiple) was the only significant prognostic factor according to both univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION: Surgical resection for liver metastases of gastric cancer may be beneficial for patients with a solitary metastasis, whether it is synchronous or metachronous.     

胃癌肝转移的高危因素和预后

胃癌肝转移是胃癌死亡的主要原因之一。胃癌肝转移多因合并其他非治愈性因素包括腹膜转移、淋巴结转移和肝内广泛转移等而致肝切除率低,患者预后不佳。胃癌肝转移的高危因素主要有原发灶的浆膜浸润、淋巴结转移（N3～N4）、分化型癌、髓样型的低分化腺癌和脉管侵袭以及VEGF、P53、c-erbB-2等的过表达等。无论同时性或异时性的胃癌肝转移．肝切除患者的5年生存率为11％-42％。如能选择合适的肝切除适应证,或会改善胃癌肝转移的预后。     

Outcome of hepatic resection for metastatic gastric cancer

The role of hepatic resection for metastatic gastric cancer is less well defined due to the tendency of gastric cancer to widely metastasize. The purpose of this study is to examine the beneficial effect of hepatic resection in patients with metastatic gastric cancer. The clinicopathologic features and long-term results of 11 patients who underwent hepatic resection for metastatic gastric cancer from January 1988 to December 1996 at Seoul National University Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. All resected hepatic metastases were solitary lesions. Among eight patients with synchronous hepatic metastases, one patient with early gastric cancer and lymph node metastases (T1N2M1) remained alive for 8 years 6 months after hepatic resection without recurrence. Among three patients with metachronous hepatic metastases, two patients with advanced gastric cancer and lymph node metastases (T3N2MO, T2N1MO at the initial operation, respectively) survived 8 years 6 months and 3 years after hepatic resection, respectively. Median survival times of synchronous and metachronous hepatic metastases were 13.0 and 74.3 months, respectively. In solitary hepatic metastatic lesions from gastric cancer, surgical resection should be considered as one of the treatment options.     

669例结直肠癌同时陛和异时性肝转移患者不同治疗策略的预后分析

目的评价结直肠癌肝转移不同类型及治疗策略对肝转移患者生存的影响。方法回顾分析复旦大学附属中山医院2000年1月1日至2008年6月31日收治的669例结直肠癌肝转移患者的病例资料。结果本组患者同时性肝转移379例,异时性[发生肝转移中位时间（21．0±19．6）个月]肝转移290例。患者性别、年龄和肠道原发病灶的部位两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）：而肝转移灶特征（累及肝叶类型、病灶个数和病灶直径）和术前CEA、CA19—9水平两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。手术切除肝转移灶253例．其中同时性肝转移123例,异时性肝转移130例。以2008年10月31日为随访终点,随访率100％。同时性肝转移和异时性肝转移的中位生存时间分别为11和23个月（P〈0．01）。5年生存率分别为6．4％和11．4％（P〈0．01）;手术病例与各种非手术治疗（介入、化疗、射频、无水酒精注射和中医中药）病例的中位生存期分别为37个月和5～26个月（P〈0．01）;5年生存率分别为35．6％和0～3．6％（P〈0．05）。结论手术治疗目前仍是结直肠癌肝转移的首选治疗措施：异时性肝转移患者生存率好于同时性肝转移。