8-羟基脱氧鸟苷检测方法研究进展

8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguan ine,8-OHdG)是活性氧自由基(ROS)引起DNA氧化损伤修饰产物之一,其生成原因很多,主要是电离辐射、化学致癌物代谢活化及细胞正常新陈代谢过程产生大量ROS直接攻击DNA中的鸟嘌呤(dG),使脱氧鸟苷氧化为8-OHdG。8-OHdG可被机体特异性DNA修复酶剪切清除并经肾脏随尿排泄,其含量反映机体氧化损伤程度,既是个体接触标志物,又是效应标志物[1]。它一旦逃避了机体自身修复,就可能成为致突变、致畸、致癌的启动因子[2]。8-OHdG在体内稳定存在,为代谢终产物,且只能通过DNA氧化损伤途径形成,并可通…     

苯并[a]芘对小鼠肝脏的氧化损伤作用研究

[目的]探讨不同剂量苯并[a]芘对小鼠肝脏的氧化损伤作用. [方法]用不同剂量(1 mg/kg,2.5mg/kg,6.25 mg/kg体重)苯并[a]芘对小鼠急性染毒,植物油为对照,2周后测定肝脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性、丙二醛(MDA)的含量,用单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测小鼠肝脏细胞DNA损伤情况. [结果]与对照组比较,各染毒组SOD活性均显著性下降(P＜0.05),MDA含量显著升高(P＜0.05),肝脏细胞彗星率随苯并[a]芘剂量增加而增加.彗星尾长随剂量增加而延长(P＜0.01). [结论]苯并[a]芘对小鼠肝脏有明显的氧化损伤作用.     

大气细颗粒物对人支气管上皮细胞氧化损伤作用的研究

目的 研究大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)对人支气管上皮细胞(16-HBE)氧化损伤的作用.方法 将16-HBE分别暴露于8、16、32、64、128 μg/ml的于广州灰霾天气采集的大气PM2.5中24、48、72 h,采用ELISA法检测细胞8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)含量,并与本课题组前期检测的细胞凋亡和DNA损伤数据进行相关性分析.结果 染毒24、48、72 h后,与对照组相比,64、128 μg/ml染毒组8-OHdG含量均明显增加(P＜0.05)；与染毒24 h相比,128 μg/ml染毒72 h组8-OHdG含量明显增加(P＜0.05).氧化损伤与细胞DNA损伤和凋亡之间存在正相关(P＜0.05),细胞DNA损伤与凋亡之间存在正相关(P＜0.05).结论 大气PM2.5可导致16-HBE氧化损伤,氧化损伤可能是PM2.5引起呼吸道损伤的重要作用机制之一.     

一种南药组合物的抗DNA氧化损伤防护作用研究

目的 观察南药山稔子、银杏、灵芝及火麻仁组合物对体外和体内DNA氧化损伤的保护作用.方法 原代培养脾淋巴细胞,以H2O2为氧化受试物,比较空白对照组、阳性对照组和不同浓度南药组合物保护组彗星细胞率和DNA迁移长度.建立小鼠氧化应激组和南药保护组,分别测定血清总抗氧化能力(TAP)等指标以及血清中8-OHdG的浓度.结果 南药组合物能不同程度地降低H2O2诱导产生的DNA损伤,以稀释20倍保护效果最好.用药后模型小鼠血清TAP[(19.63±1.59)U/ml]、肝脏组织丙二醛[MDA,(3.62±0.28)nmol/10mg protein]和血清8-OHdG[(31.45±2.31)ngna]水平高于模型组;南药保护组TAP、MDA以及血清8-OHdG的浓度与氧化应激组比较,差别有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 该南药组合物具有抗氧化作用,能在一定浓度范围内显著减少氧自由基对体内、体外DNA的氧化损伤.     

低剂量纳米二氧化钛和乙酸铅联合诱导人胚肝细胞DNA损伤与修复作用

目的研究纳米二氧化钛（titanium dioxide nanoparticles,nano-TiO₂）与乙酸铅（PbAc）联合染毒对人胚肝细胞（L-02）的DNA损伤及修复作用。方法将L-02细胞分别以1μg/ml乙酸铅溶液和10、1、0.1、0.01、0.001μg/ml纳米二氧化钛溶液以及1μg/ml乙酸铅+0.001、0.01、0.1、1、10μg/ml纳米二氧化钛溶液处理24 h,同时,以1‰二甲基亚砜（dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO）为阴性对照,30μmol/L H₂O₂为阳性对照。测定L-02细胞DNA的Olive尾矩、DNA加合物8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）和DNA损伤修复酶8-羟基鸟苷DNA糖苷酶同源物1（OGG1）的水平。结果与阴性对照组比较,1μg/ml乙酸铅+1、10μg/ml纳米二氧化钛组L02细胞DNA的Olive尾矩和8-OHdG生成量明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与1μg/ml乙酸铅单独染毒组比较,1μg/ml乙酸铅+10μg/ml纳米二氧化钛联合染毒组L02细胞DNA的Olive尾矩和8-OHdG生成量明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与阴性对照组和1μg/ml乙酸铅单独染毒组比较,1μg/ml乙酸铅+0.001～1μg/ml纳米二氧化钛组L02细胞OGG1的表达水平均明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。随着乙酸铅的添加以及纳米二氧化钛染毒浓度的升高,L02细胞DNA的Olive尾矩和8-OhdG生成量均呈上升趋势,OGG1的表达水平呈下降趋势。乙酸铅和纳米二氧化钛对DNA损伤修复蛋白OGG1的表达存在协同作用,但对Olive尾矩水平和8-OHdG生成量不存在交互作用。结论低浓度乙酸铅和纳米二氧化钛联合暴露可使L02细胞DNA损伤增加,OGG1应激性增高以修复DNA损伤,但持续增加的DNA损伤会使OGG1水平下降。     

PCB153对PBDE-47致SH-SY5Y细胞氧化应激和8-羟基脱氧鸟苷含量的影响

目的探讨PCB153和PBDE-47单独及联合染毒对SH-SY5Y细胞氧化应激及8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)含量的影响。方法设DMSO溶剂对照组,1、5、10μmol/LPBDE-47(低、中、高)单独染毒组和与5μmol/LPCB153联合染毒组及相应的抗氧化剂组(N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸NAC100μmol/L),分别对SH-SY5Y细胞染毒24h。用荧光染料DCFH-DA标记法和高效液相色谱-电化学技术(HPLC-ECD)分别检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平和8-OHdG的含量。结果随着染毒剂量的增加,PBDE-47单独染毒组ROS水平有逐渐增高的趋势,但与对照组及其相应的PCB153联合组相比,ROS水平无明显差异(P>0.05)。中、高联合染毒组ROS水平与对照组相比显著增加(P<0.05),并显著高于相应的单独剂量染毒组(P<0.05),加入抗氧化剂后细胞内ROS水平明显下降(P<0.05),细胞内ROS水平与PBDE-47染毒剂量呈现剂量-效应关系;高剂量PBDE-47单独染毒组和中、高剂量联合染毒组8-OHdG的含量与对照组相比均有明显的增加(P<0.05),高剂量联合染毒组8-OHdG含量明显高于相应的单独染毒组(P<0.05),加入抗氧化剂后其细胞内8-OHdG含量明显下降(P<0.05)。细胞内ROS水平与8-OHdG含量呈正相关关系(r=0.895)。结论一定剂量的PBDE-47可致DNA氧化损伤,PCB153可增加PBDE-47对SH-SY5Y细胞DNA的氧化损伤作用,提示活性氧在PBDE-47致DNA损伤方面发挥了重要作用。     

国产氧化型染发剂对小鼠皮肤的亚慢性毒作用

[目的 ]研究氧化型染发剂经皮染毒对小鼠的亚慢性毒作用。 [方法 ]以市售氧化型染发剂对小鼠背部皮肤染毒 ,每天一次 ,持续 3 0d。观察小鼠的一般生长情况、血液生化指标及肝、肾、肺、脾和皮肤组织病理学改变及遗传毒性。 [结果 ]随着氧化型染发剂染毒剂量的增加 ,与对照组相比 ,高剂量组的体重增长显著减缓 ;高剂量组小鼠的血清谷丙转氨酶 (ALT)、碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)、血清尿素氮 (BUN)和肌酐 (CR)值显著增高 ,肝、肺重量显著降低 ,肾重量显著增高 (P<0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1)。病理组织学检查显示 ,高剂量组生发上皮细胞和皮脂腺细胞大量细胞核固缩 ,毛囊四周生发细胞数量减少 ,真皮组织炎性细胞浸润明显 ,与对照组和低剂量组相比 ,毛囊数量显著减少。同时骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率增高 ,并观察到表皮细胞的DNA损伤。 [结论 ]在亚慢性染毒条件下 ,氧化型染发剂可影响小鼠肝、肾功能 ,并具有潜在的遗传毒性     

锰染毒12周大鼠体内锰分布及纹状体的病理损伤

[目的]研究锰染毒12周大鼠体内锰的组织分布特点,以及高锰蓄积对纹状体的病理损伤。[方法]SD雄性大鼠(n=10)腹腔注射Mn Cl·4H2 2O,15 mg/kg体重,1次/d,5 d/周,持续染毒12周,同时设置对照组(n=10),腹腔内注射与染毒组等体积的生理盐水,周期相同。染毒结束,采用透射电镜观察两组大鼠(n=2)大脑纹状体病理改变;采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱检测两组大鼠(n=8)各组织内锰含量。[结果]与对照组相比,染毒组大鼠体重增长缓慢。染毒12周后,除肺、小脑外,肝、胃、小肠、结肠、直肠、脾、肾、大脑、睾丸、心脏、毛发均有锰含量增高(P<0.05)。染毒组大鼠大脑组织锰含量[(1.29±0.05)μg/g组织]高于对照组[(0.65±0.13)μg/g组织](P=0.001)。透射电镜观察可见纹状体神经元内大量脂褐素沉积。[结论]锰在慢性锰中毒大鼠多组织贮留,主要影响消化系统、肾脏、睾丸以及大脑。锰的神经毒性可能与氧化损伤有关。     

碲化镉量子点对小鼠肝脏的氧化损伤作用研究

目的探讨碲化镉量子点(CdTe QDs)对小鼠肝脏的氧化损伤作用。方法将40只雄性ICR小鼠随机分为5组,每组8只,尾静脉注射染毒。染毒浓度分别为0(对照)、0.5、5、50和500nmol/ml CdTe QDs溶液,每只动物注射0.2ml,对照组注射等体积的生理盐水,染毒24h后小鼠脱臼处死。采用生化方法检测肝脏组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,免疫组化法观察肝脏细胞8-羟基脱氧鸟嘌呤(8-OHdG)表达水平、TUNEL法检测肝细胞凋亡。结果 500nmol/ml CdTe QDs染毒组MDA含量与对照组比较显著增加(P<0.05);50和500nmol/ml CdTe QDs染毒组SOD活性与对照组比较显著降低(P<0.01);5、50和500nmol/ml CdTe QDs染毒组的CAT活性与对照组比较显著降低(P<0.01);免疫组化观察50、500nmol/ml CdTe QDs组肝细胞核内可见棕褐色的8-OHdG阳性颗粒表达,TUNEL法检测可见500nmol/ml CdTe QDs染毒组有少量凋亡细胞阳性颗粒表达出现。结论该实验条件下CdTe QDs可对小鼠肝脏组织产生氧化损伤作用,并有一定的剂量-效应关系。     

不同粒径纳米二氧化钛对大鼠氧化应激的影响

目的探讨不同粒径的纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)对大鼠氧化应激的影响。方法将50只SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、溶剂对照组以及200、25和15 nm 3种粒径的TiO2染毒组。每天以40 mg TiO2进行皮肤染毒,连续染毒7 d,股动脉取血,检测血清中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)等指标。结果200、25和15 nm TiO2染毒组雌性大鼠血清SOD活性分别为(22.73±5.10)、(18.13±6.02)和(12.87±4.23)U/ml,空白对照和溶剂对照组分别为(28.77±3.05)和(24.43±5.92)U/ml,25 nm TiO2染毒组SOD活性较空白对照组下降(P0.05),15 nm TiO2染毒组较空白对照、溶剂对照和200 nm TiO2染毒组均下降(P0.05),而雄性大鼠各组间SOD活性无明显变化(P0.05);200、25和15 nm TiO2染毒组雌性大鼠血清8-OHdG分别为(7.91±0.66)、(8.02±0.93)和(8.93±0.56)ng/ml,空白对照和溶剂对照组分别为(7.24±0.69)和(7.66±0.69)ng/ml,15 nm TiO2染毒组8-OHdG含量较空白对照、溶剂对照组均升高(P0.05),而雄性大鼠各组间8-OHdG无明显变化(P0.05);CAT活性、MDA含量各组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 25 nm和15 nm级TiO2皮肤染毒可引起大鼠氧化应激反应,该反应与TiO2的粒径大小有关,并具有性别差异。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.