某炼油企业职业有害物监测评价与分析

[目的]了解某中型炼油公司职业性有害因素的变化现状,为预防和消除职业性有害因素提供科学依据。[方法]对某炼油厂企业的职业性有害因素二氧化硫(SO2)、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、硫化氢(H2S)、二氧化氮(NO2)、氨气(NH3)、非甲烷总烃(NMTH)6项指标进行监测,所用的检测方法一致、选择的地点相同,按国家标准对监测结果进行评价分析。其中对SO2、NO2和TSP浓度变化进行了17年纵向分析。[结果]H2S、TSP、NMTH超标,大气污染指数最大值分别为7.12、1.39和3.33;厂区H2S污染最严重,最大超标6.12倍,SO2、NO2和NH3符合国家标准。17年来的监测结果显示SO2、NO2的浓度在缓慢上升。[结论]评价区环境空气受到H2S、TSP、NMTH污染。17年来SO2、NO2的浓度符合国家标准,但在缓慢上升。该公司应继续不断改进技术设备,降低有害物质的浓度,保证职工和周围居民的身心健康。     

大气污染与儿科门急诊呼吸系统疾病相关性研究

目的探讨庆阳市大气污染浓度水平与儿科门急诊呼吸系统疾病日就诊人次的相关性。方法收集2016年11月1日—2017年10月30日庆阳市空气质量监测数据及同期庆阳市人民医院儿科门急诊呼吸系统疾病就诊病例,比较采暖期(2016年11月—2017年3月)和非采暖期(2017年4月—2017年10月)儿科门急诊呼吸系统疾病日就诊人次数和大气污染浓度水平,采用Spearman秩相关和逐步多元线性回归法分析采暖期和非采暖期大气污染物对儿童呼吸系统疾病日就诊人次的影响。结果采暖期儿科呼吸系统疾病日就诊人次数及大气污染各项指标均高于非采暖期(P0. 05)。全年PM2. 5、PM10日均浓度低于《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)二级标准限值,SO2、NO2日均浓度低于《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)一级标准限值,统计学分析显示儿童呼吸系统疾病与PM2. 5、PM10、SO2、NO2和O3日均浓度具有相关性(P0. 05),但其相关性水平在采暖期与非采暖期分布不同。结论庆阳市大气污染物各指标浓度低于《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)二级标准限值,采暖期大气污染物浓度高于非采暖期,且采暖期儿科呼吸系统疾病与大气污染物浓度水平相关系数高于非采暖期,提示大气污染物浓度升高会增加儿童罹患呼吸系统疾病的危险性。     

北京市朝阳区局部地区环境空气质量调查

目的通过对北京市朝阳区局部地区的环境空气质量状况调查,为有关部门对北京市类似区域的环境空气质量的监督、评价和治理提供可靠的科学数据。方法选择北京市朝阳区的朝阳公园、大北窑、东直门3个地区,每日监测4个时段(8：00,12：00,16：00,20：00),连续5d,测定该区域的环境空气中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、CO、NO2、SO2、负离子浓度等5项环境指标的日均值。结果3个地区空气中的CO和SO2的日平均浓度均低于GB／T3095—1996((环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值。东直门地区空气中NO2日平均浓度有2d偏高,超过二级标准限值0．01mg／m^3。3个地区空气中PM10的日平均浓度都分别各有2d偏高,分别超过二级标准限值0．01-0．04mg／m^3。结论通过对北京市朝阳区3个地区的环境空气质量状况监测,并对污染来源进行了初步分析,有关部门可根据上述地区的空气质量数据结合气象因素进行有针对性的监督和治理．     

深圳5种类型垃圾转运站的大气质量模糊评价

对深圳市5种类型的垃圾转运站大气现状进行了监测,并对其大气质量进行了模糊综合评价。结果表明:深圳垃圾转运站均为小型垃圾转运站,分布密集;各垃圾转运站的H2S、NH3、SO2、NO2、TSP及CO浓度较低,均未超过GB3095—1996环境空气质量标准的二级标准及GB14554—1993恶臭污染物排放标准,但臭气浓度较高。5种垃圾转运站的大气质量都是III级,即大气质量为差,主要的污染物均为臭气。指出今后各城市的垃圾转运站大气治理应着重于臭气方面。     

华北某坑道进驻人员前后空气质量调查与评价

目的了解华北某坑道内进驻人员前后的空气质量变化情况。方法选择坑道内1个房间,观察6名人员进驻后微小气候(温度、相对湿度、气压、风速)、常见无机有害气体(CO、CO2、O3、H2S、SO2、NO2、NH3)、氧气、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)浓度和细菌总数,并与进驻前及坑道外检测结果比较。结果气温、相对湿度、气压、风速的测定值和CO、CO2、O3、H2S、SO2、NO2、NH3浓度及细菌总数,人员进驻前坑道内和坑道口外比较无明显差异,符合《屯兵坑道环境卫生学要求》和《人防工程平时使用环境卫生标准》要求;人员进驻后,坑道内TSP浓度为0.55 mg.m-3,明显高于进驻前的0.11 mg.m-3,超过标准要求;其他各项指标检测结果与进驻前比较变化不明显,均符合标准要求。人员进驻后,7:00、14:00、19:00坑道内的气温、相对湿度、气压、O2浓度、细菌总数、TSP浓度变化不显著(P>0.05),H2S、SO2、NO2、NH3浓度未检出或接近0。结论人员在坑道内工作、学习和生活时,影响坑道空气质量的主要因素是TSP。     

2001—2014年苏州市空气质量变化趋势分析

为了解苏州市近年来环境空气质量的状况及变化趋势,依据该市2001—2014年3项主要环境空气污染物(SO2、NO2、PM10)的年均浓度监测数据,分析其年度变化特征及趋势。结果显示,2001—2014年大气SO2和PM10浓度总体呈下降趋势,NO2浓度总体呈上升趋势,SO2和PM10的污染负荷系数呈下降趋势(分别为rs=-0.596,P0.05;rs=-0.678,P0.01),NO2污染负荷系数呈上升趋势(rs=0.864,P0.01)。提示近14年来该市主要环境空气污染物浓度有所下降,但污染形势依然严峻。     

吉林市大气污染物浓度分布规律

目的了解吉林市大气污染状况和大气污染物浓度分布规律。方法以吉林市环境保护监测站2001—2005年空气质量自动监测数据为基础,分析吉林市大气中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、SO2、NO2浓度、降尘(DF)、硫酸盐化速率随每日各时刻、季节、年际,在不同功能区的变化规律。结果冬季和夏季吉林市大气SO2和NO2日浓度变化呈双峰曲线,在7:00—8:00和19:00—21:00出现高值区。大气SO2、NO2、PM10、硫酸盐化速率等冬季污染比较严重,春、秋次之,夏季相对较轻。2001—2005年,SO2、NO2、TSP等浓度的日均值范围分别为0.021～0.045、0.027～0.046、0.300～0.470mg/m3,基本呈逐年下降趋势。空气污染物的浓度依功能区不同而异,工业区的污染状况最严重。结论吉林市大气污染仍属于煤烟型污染,大气污染物的浓度具有明显的时空分布规律。     

职业接触定量化定义探讨

目的比较化学物职业接触限值(OEL)与环境空气污染物浓度限值,探讨职业接触定量化的界定。方法搜集中国、美国、欧洲化学物OEL与环境空气污染物浓度限值,并进行统计分析。结果共收集到30种化学物的45对OEL和环境浓度限值。OEL和环境空气污染物浓度限值几何均数分别为2.09 mg/m3和0.01 mg/m3,OEL是环境空气污染物浓度限值的200.17倍。2限值回归方程为lgy=1.182 lgx-2.36[决定系数(R2)=0.567]。2限值概率密度函数曲线交点浓度值为0.092 9 mg/m3,是OEL的1/22.45,环境空气污染物浓度限值8.93倍。当浓度取1/20 OEL时,该浓度低于对应的环境空气污染物浓度限值比例为20%。结论当工作场所化学物浓度高于OEL 1/10时,可定义为职业接触。     

2003—2014年贵阳市环境空气质量变化趋势分析

目的 分析贵阳市2003-2014年环境空气质量的状况及变化趋势.方法 收集贵阳市2003-2014年主要环境空气污染物(PM10、SO2和NO2)的年均浓度监测数据,分析其变化特征.结果 2003-2014年大气PM 10每年年均浓度均超标,SO2部分年份超标,NO2均达标.大气PM10和SO2年均浓度呈下降趋势,NO2呈上升趋势;空气污染物的12年平均污染负荷系数依次为PM10＞SO2＞NO2,其中PM10污染负荷系数呈上升趋势(rs=0.526,P＜0.05),SO2污染负荷系数呈下降趋势(rs=-0.958,P＜0.01),NO2污染负荷系数呈上升趋势(rs=0.965,P＜0.01).2013-2014年冬季大气PM10浓度高于夏季(P＜0.05),冬季大气SO2浓度高于春、夏、秋季(P＜0.01).结论 近12年来贵阳市空气质量有明显改善,但污染情况仍需重视,尤其是冬季.     

2002-2005年深圳市空气污染物浓度的动态分析

目的 分析深圳市2002-2005年空气污染物浓度的动态变化,为进一步研究疾病谱的改变与环境因素变化的相关关系打下基础.方法 收集2002-2005年深圳市8个国控环境监测点空气中SO2、NO2和PM10的日平均浓度,其检测方法依据GB 3095-1996<环境空气质量标准>进行.结果 2002-2004年,空气中SO2、NO2和PM10浓度呈上升趋势(SO2从0.018 3 mg/m3增加到0.023 4 mg/m3,NO2从0.050 1 mg/m3上升至0.072 5 mg/m3,PM10从0.061 0 mg/m3增加到0.075 7 mg/m3),但2005年与2004年比较,均有所下降.SO2年均值达到二级标准,接近一级标准;PM10浓度符合二级标准限值;NO2年均值基本符合三级标准,有2个监测点2004年NO2年平均值超出了三级标准,分别为(0.083 6±0.031 5)和(0.099 6:±0.0444)mg/m3.关外地区空气中SO2、NO2和PM10浓度连续4 a均高于关内(除外2002年NO2浓度,关内为0.052 3 mg/m3,关外为0.0464 mg/m3).空气中SO2、NO2和PM10浓度第一、四季度均值均高于第二、三季度均值.结论 深圳市目前总环境质量尚可,但氮氧化物和可吸入颗粒物污染上升速度快,应引起高度重视,谨防光化学烟雾的发生.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.