上海市2004-2009年突发公共卫生事件流行特征分析

目的分析上海市突发公共卫生事件的流行病学特点,为有效应对各类突发公共卫生事件提供科学依据。方法收集上海市2004-2009年突发公共卫生事件网络直报数据资料,应用描述性流行病学方法对资料进行统计分析。结果 2004-2009年共累计报告突发公共卫生事件448起,其中39.51%为传染病事件,主要为水痘、流行性腮腺炎等呼吸道传染病;食物中毒发病人数逐年下降;职业中毒事件主要由硫化氢、一氧化碳等有毒化学气体造成。突发公共卫生事件从发现至网络直报平均时间间隔为21 h,疾控机构接报到网络直报事件间隔平均为6 h。结论上海传染病突发公共卫生事件应重点关注小学,加强监测和免疫接种管理。虽然食物中毒逐年下降,但是仍然应重点防范食物中毒的发生。应进一步加强一线医务人员培训,以提高突发公共卫生事件网络直报的及时性。     

上海市浦东新区2006-2010年突发公共卫生事件流行特征分析

目的分析上海市浦东新区2006-2010年突发公共卫生事件流行病学特征,为有效应对各类突发公共卫生事件提供科学依据。方法收集浦东新区2006-2010年突发公共卫生事件网络直报数据资料,应用描述性流行病学方法对资料进行统计分析。结果浦东新区2006-2010年共报告突发公共卫生事件67起,发病1 481人,死亡16人,以一般事件为主,报告数除2008年较多外,呈逐年递减。其中47.7%为传染病事件,主要为水痘、流行性腮腺炎等呼吸道传染病,高峰在4～6月与11～12月。30起发生在学校,占44.8%。职业中毒与高温中暑致死15人,占总死亡人数93.8%。结论浦东新区突发公共卫生事件防控应以传染病事件为主,学校为重点场所,职业中毒与高温中暑是主要致死因素。     

2014—2018年上海市突发公共卫生事件流行病学特征分析

目的 分析2014—2018年上海市突发公共卫生事件的流行病学特征,为该市应对突发公共卫生事件的防治工作提供参考。 方法 从“突发公共卫生事件管理信息系统”中下载2014—2018年上海市所有突发公共卫生事件数据资料,采用描述性流行病学方法分析流行特征。 结果 2014—2018年上海市共报告突发公共卫生事件165起,无重大及特别重大突发公共卫生事件报告。事件类型和发病人数均以传染病事件为主,共99起传染病事件,发病1 596人;手足口病和水痘是引起突发公共卫生事件最多的病种;每年7月、9月和11月是突发公共卫生事件报告高峰;浦东新区、金山区和青浦区是报告突发公共卫生事件最多的区;传染病类事件主要发生在学校,占全部传染病事件的73.74%。 结论 上海市传染病类突发公共卫生事件的防控应重点关注托幼机构和小学, 加强监测和免疫接种管理。要进一步做好高温中暑和急性职业中毒防控健康教育工作,降低突发公共卫生事件死亡数。     

2006～2012年济南市突发公共卫生事件流行病学分析

[目的]分析2006～2012年济南市突发公共卫生事件的流行病学特征,为制定预防控制措施提供科学依据。[方法]应用描述流行病学方法对2006～2012年济南市网报突发公共卫生事件数据资料进行统计分析。[结果]2006～2012年共报告突发公共卫生事件158起,发病2847例,死亡82例。158起事件中,重大突发公共卫生事件（Ⅱ级）1起,较大突发公共卫生事件（UI级）23起;传染病事件126起,高温中暑事件19起,126起传染病事件中,甲型H1N1流感、水痘、手足口病分别占12．03％、11．39％、11．39％和10．76％。82例死亡病例中,高温中暑事件导致的死亡人数居首位,占46．34％。[结论]应进一步加强急体系与工作机制建设,加强突发公共卫生事件的监测和预警,加强乙、丙类传染病、高温中暑等预防控制。     

上海市2005—2013年学校突发公共卫生事件流行病学分析

[目的]分析上海市2005—2013年学校突发公共卫生事件的流行病学特征和变化趋势,为学校公共卫生事件防控工作提供参考。[方法]对上海市2005—2013年突发公共卫生事件监测系统报告的学校突发公共卫生事件,进行描述性流行病学分析。[结果]2005—2013年上海市共报告学校突发公共卫生事件215起,其中传染病事件182起（84.7%）,群体性预防接种反应事件18起（9.1%）,食物中毒事件15起（7.0%）。学校传染病突发公共卫生事件高峰在5月份、11和12月份,群体性预防接种反应事件只发生在9—10月份。不同事件在月份分布上的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。小学的突发公共卫生事件发生最多,水痘、流行性腮腺炎等呼吸道疾病是学校突发事件的主要疾病。[结论]2005—2013年上海市学校突发公共卫生事件的数量呈现先升后降的趋势,学校突发公共卫生事件以呼吸道疾病为主,主要发生在小学。     

平顶山市2008-2010年学校突发公共卫生事件分析

目的 了解学校突发公共卫生事件的流行病学特点,为制定有效的预防控制措施提供科学依据.方法 应用描述流行病学方法,对平顶山市2008-2010年网络直报的学校突发公共卫生事件及相关信息进行分析.结果 2008-2010年平顶山市共报告学校突发公共卫生事件及相关信息34起,其中传染病类33起,占97.06％.传染病类事件以甲型HINI流感、流行性腮腺炎和水痘为主.各类学校均有报告,其中小学和中学共报告26起,占总报告起数的76.47％.3-6月和9-12月为高发月份,共报告33起,占总报告起数的97.06％.报告及时性与事件控制效果呈正相关(r=0.451,P=0.007).结论 学校是突发公共卫生事件的高发场所,及早报告有利于突发公共卫生事件的及时控制.     

2009-2015年昆明市学校突发公共卫生事件流行特征分析

目的 了解昆明市2009-2015年学校突发公共卫生事件的流行病学特征,为制定防控措施提供科学依据.方法 应用描述流行病学方法,对昆明市2009-2015年报告的学校突发公共卫生事件进行分析.结果 2009-2015年昆明市共报告学校突发公共卫生事件171起,波及187 016人,发病4 973例,死亡1人,平均罹患率为2.66％,以手足口病、水痘、流行性腮腺炎等传染病事件为主,农村幼儿园和农村小学为是高发场所.每年的3-6月和9-12月是学校突发公共卫生事件的高峰期.结论 学校是突发公共卫生事件的高发场所,尤其是农村幼儿园和农村小学.应进一步加强学校卫生工作和重点传染病的防控.     

2004-2009年绵阳市学校突发公共卫生事件监测

目的 分析绵阳市2004-2009年学校突发公共卫生事件流行病学特征,为政府制定防控策略提供科学依据.方法 收集2004-2009年间绵阳市学校突发公共卫生事件数据与资料,应用描述性流行病学方法进行统计分析.结果 6年间绵阳市共报告学校突发公共卫生事件34起,发病1 242例,罹患率4.1％,以呼吸道传染病为主;高发时间为4～6月和9月,共报告25起,占报告事件总数的73.53％;事件主要发生于乡小学(15起)、乡中学(5起)和幼托机构(4起).结论 绵阳市学校报告突发公共卫生事件主要在农村中小学和幼托机构,重点是呼吸道传染病暴发疫情.     

2017—2020年上海市传染病类公共卫生苗子事件监测分析

[目的]了解上海市传染病类公共卫生苗子事件的流行病学特征,探讨传染病类公共卫生苗子事件监测的效果,为完善苗子事件监测系统提出建议,为传染病综合监测防控策略提供依据.[方法]统计2017—2020年上海市16个区的传染病类公共卫生苗子事件相关数据,与同期上海市报告的传染病突发公共卫生事件数据进行比较分析.[结果]2017...     

合肥市2005-2010年学校突发公共卫生事件分析

目的 了解合肥市学校突发公共卫生事件的流行病学特点及其影响因素,为有效处置学校突发公共卫生事件提供参考.方法 利用网络直报系统中的突发公共卫生事件案例库,描述并分析合肥市2005 - 2010年学校突发公共卫生事件的流行特征.结果 2005-2010年共报告学校突发公共卫生事件73起,一般事件21起,未分级事件52起,分别为传染病和食物中毒类事件;传染病类事件为主,占86.30％.4-5月为发生高峰,占50％;小学和中学占80.82％;各地区事件分布不平衡,农村报告事件起数占43.83％,城市占56.17％.结论 以传染病为主的突发公共卫生事件是学校卫生工作的突出问题.疫情报告是否及时、病例隔离措施是否落实及强化免疫措施的采取是影响疫情处理效果的关键.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.