微透析技术在肿瘤药物研究中的应用进展

微透析技术具有连续动态微创取样优势,能实时在线研究正常生理和肿瘤病理情况下肿瘤药物在体内,尤其是肿瘤组织局部的分布、代谢和消除,利用PK/PD参数模型设计个体化给药方案,预防和减少肿瘤药物的毒性反应。同时,微透析技术还可以应用于肿瘤细胞外间质微环境中生化物质的监测以及肿瘤药物局部给药治疗,是肿瘤药物研究的重要技术手段。本文对近年来微透析在肿瘤药物研究中的应用进展进行检索和归纳,为微透析技术在取样、监测以及治疗领域的进一步研究应用提供参考。     

微透析技术在靶组织局部药物浓度检测中的应用

微透析技术是一项越来越被广泛使用的在体研究技术,其遵循透析原理,以探针为基础取样,可连续检测局部组织细胞外液的药物浓度,能满足常规的药代动力学/药效学(PK-PD)研究。本文就其在靶组织局部药物浓度检测中的应用作一简要介绍。     

微透析取样技术及其在体内药物分析中的应用

通过查阅近几年的相关文献，并结合本实验室的相关研究，概述了微透析取样技术的原理和优势，重点介绍了其在体内药物分析中的应用。微透析取样技术能直接对作用部位细胞外液中的药物及其代谢产物进行取样，是体内药物分析的重要工具。此技术在体内药物分析领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

微透析技术在药物代谢和药代动力学研究中的应用

本文介绍了近年来有关微透析技术在药物代谢和药动学研究领域中应用的现状入已取得重大进展。微透析技术除应用于动物模型中的研究外,在人体中的研究特别是临床应用方面亦在发展中,该项技术在药物代谢和药代动力学研究领域中有广阔应用前景,但微透析探针校正和对微透析取样获得的少量样品的分析方法是仍需要深入研究的问题。     

微透析技术在皮肤药理学中的应用进展

微透析是一种活体的取样技术,在皮肤药理学的研究中应用广泛。微透析被用于外用制剂的生物等效性、制剂的透皮吸收、监测皮肤炎症介质、皮肤组织的内分泌、中药经皮代谢等相关研究。近年来,微透析向联用各种分析检测技术的方向发展,如联用超高效液相色谱、液质联用、酶标记免疫吸附测定等。然而,该技术本身也存在一些缺点,如油水分配系数较大药物的测定、低含量药物的测定、探针植入重现性等问题。文中综述了该技术的原理、优点、缺点及在皮肤药理学研究中的应用进展。     

微透析技术结合HPLC法比较研究5-氟尿嘧啶在大鼠血液和肿瘤组织中的药动学

目的比较5-氟尿嘧啶在正常大鼠和荷瘤大鼠血液和肿瘤中的药动学差异。方法采用微透析技术结合高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UV),分析静脉注射5-氟尿嘧啶(30 mg·kg-1)后药物在大鼠血液和肿瘤内的药物浓度,经体内回收率校正后,用DAS2.1.1软件拟合药动学参数并加以比较。结果 5-氟尿嘧啶在大鼠血液和肿瘤组织的药-时曲线符合二室模型(W=1/C/C),其消除和分布为一级动力学过程。在正常大鼠和荷瘤大鼠血液中,5-氟尿嘧啶分布无显著性差异。在荷瘤大鼠肿瘤内,药物半衰期为(2.15±0.96)h,消除显著慢于血液(0.51±0.16)h。结论双位点微透析技术可用于活体动物体内同时采集血液和靶组织中5-氟尿嘧啶样品,分析抗肿瘤药物的靶向性,更加客观表现肿瘤内部药物的分布情况,可用于抗肿瘤药物的局部药动学研究。     

微透析技术在抗菌药物药动学和药效学中的应用

微透析技术是一项新兴的体内药物分析技术。通过微透析技术与药动学和药效学模型结合,实现对组织或细胞外游离态药物浓度及其相应药理效应的同时研究,不仅有利于进一步明确药物的剂量-效应关系,制定临床最佳给药方案,而且也为个体化给药提供了科学依据。本文综合近年文献,对微透析技术的基本原理以及在抗菌药物药动学和药效学研究中的应用作一综述。     

微透析技术在体内药物分析中的应用

论述微透析技术在体内药物分析中的应用研究，着重介绍微透析系统的基本结构与操作步骤、微透析技术用于定量分析及影响回收率的因素以及微透析技术与其他技术的联用。     

微透析技术在神经重症监护中的研究进展

微透析技术（microdialysis，MD）是1种活体细胞外液生化物质采样分析技术。因其独有的微创性和取样的连续性，现已被广泛应用于脑组织各种病理生理现象的探索性实验、神经生物化学的监测和药物代谢研究。近来，甚至被用于局部的治疗性给药。1966年，Bito等闭首次使用MD将1张灌有液体的半透膜置入犬体内进行实验。自1972年美国耶鲁大学首次报道了猴脑的微透析研究，微透析技术用于脑部研究已有30多年。     

微透析技术在重型颅脑创伤患者中的应用

<正>微透析技术是一种活体细胞外液生化物质采样分析技术因其独有的微创伤性和取样的连续性,现已被广泛应用于脑组织各种生物代谢方面的探索性实验、神经生物化学的监测和药物代谢研究。脑内微透析技术最早是由Bito等[1]于1966年首次提出,近年来已应用于颅脑创伤及神经外科手术过程的监测,它能对局部脑组织细胞间液的生化代谢进行直接、动态地监测,并及时提供病情变化的信息。为临床医师提供了一种全新的研究思路[2]。     

Application of microdialysis in clinical pharmacology

Microdialysis has been developed during the last 25 years by several authors primarily to study brain function and changes in levels of endogenous compounds such as neurotransmitters or metabolites in different laboratory animals. However, in the last ten years microdialysis sampling has been introduced as a versatile technique in the clinical setting. Although, microdialysis sampling has been extensively used for metabolic monitoring in patients, it was also employed for the study of distribution of different therapeutic agents especially anti-infective and antineoplasic drugs. In addition, clinical effect of drugs in patients could be also determined by means of microdialysis. So, this article reviewed the vast applications of the microdialysis technique for the study of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs in the clinical setting.     

Microdialysis in drug discovery

Microdialysis has been developed during the last 25 years by several authors primarily to study brain function and changes in levels of endogenous compounds such as neurotransmitters or metabolites. The development of microdialysis for the purpose of measuring drugs was initiated during the late eighties. This technique provides a means of continuous plasma sampling without repeated blood sampling and the applicability to the study of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics in experimental animals and human. Also, the microdialysis technique allows the study of plasma protein binding and the saturation of protein binding. The implantation of the microdialysis probe in other tissues and organs, like central nervous system, adipose tissue and heart, allows the study of drug distribution. On the other hand, the measurement of endogenous substances using the microdialysis technique permits the study of the effect of drugs on neurotransmission and metabolism. Moreover, as this technique allows the simultaneous determination of different physiological parameters such as blood pressure, locomotor and convulsive activity, it is a suitable tool for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies of drugs and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling. Lastly, the reverse microdialysis is a powerful technique for the study of local actions of drugs in different tissues such as specific brain nuclei, myocardium, liver or skeletal muscle. So, this article reviewed the vast applications of the microdialysis technique for the study of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs.     

Applicability of reverse microdialysis in pharmacological and toxicological studies

A recent application of microdialysis is the introduction of a substance into the extracellular space via the microdialysis probe. The inclusion of a higher amount of a drug in the perfusate allows the drug to diffuse through the microdialysis membrane to the tissue. This technique, actually called as reverse microdialysis, not only allows the local administration of a substance but also permits the simultaneous sampling of the extracellular levels of endogenous compounds. Local effects of exogenous compounds have been studied in the central nervous system, hepatic tissue, dermis, heart and corpora luteae of experimental animals by means of reverse microdialysis. In central nervous studies, reverse microdialysis has been extensively used for the study of the effects on neurotransmission at different central nuclei of diverse pharmacological and toxicological agents, such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, antiparkinsonians, hallucinogens, drugs of abuse and experimental drugs. In the clinical setting, reverse microdialysis has been used for the study of local effects of drugs in the adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and dermis. The aim of this review is to describe the principles of the reverse microdialysis, to compare the technique with other available methods and finally to describe the applicability of reverse microdialysis in the study of drugs properties both in basic and clinical research.     

Microdialysis for in vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characterization of anti-infective drugs

Inadequate tissue penetration of antibiotics can lead to therapeutic failure and bacterial resistance. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of antibiotics should therefore be based on tissue rather than serum concentrations. Over several years, tissue concentration data obtained by methods such as tissue biopsies have flawed the correct interpretation of antibiotic tissue distribution. Microdialysis--a semi-invasive catheter-based sampling technique--has been employed for the in vivo measurement of antibiotic tissue pharmacokinetics. Owing to selective access to the target site for most anti-infective drugs, microdialysis satisfies regulatory requirements for pharmacokinetic distribution studies and might become a reference technique for tissue distribution studies in the near future. Furthermore, microdialysis might contribute to the definition of meaningful surrogate markers for antibiotic efficiency during drug development.     

An application of the microdialysis system to the pharmacokinetic study on striatal distribution of L-DOPA with or without carbidopa in rats

The effect of coadministration of carbidopa on the contents of L-DOPA and its active metabolite, dopamine, in the rat striatum after the intraperitoneal administration of L-DOPA was investigated by the use of the microdialysis system, employing a statistical moment analysis. It was demonstrated that the contents of L-DOPA and dopamine in the striatum were significantly increased by 7.8 and 3.3 times when carbidopa was coadministered, respectively. From the present study, the microdialysis system is found to be a suitable technique to assess the distribution of drugs in the specific brain region in in vivo state.     

脑微透析技术在脑内研究中的应用

脑微透析技术可用于采样脑内神经递质、神经蛋白和激素,并结合高灵敏度的微量化学分析技术对其进行定量分析,从而研究与中枢神经递质相关的疾病、病理及治疗方法等。本文介绍了脑微透析技术的基本原理和过程,并对其在中枢神经递质如兴奋性氨基酸、乙酰胆碱、多巴胺、五羟色胺等及相关药物如选择性五羟色胺再摄取抑制剂、自由基清除剂研究中的应用进行综述。     

Blood microdialysis in pharmacokinetic and drug metabolism studies

Microdialysis is a sampling technique allowing measurement of endogenous and exogenous substances in the extracellular fluid surrounding the probe. In vivo microdialysis sampling offers several advantages over conventional methods of studying the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of xenobiotics, both in experimental animals and humans. In the first part of this review article various practical aspects related to blood microdialysis will be discussed, such as: probe design, surgical implantation techniques, methods to determine the in vivo relative recovery of the analyte of interest by the probe, special analytical considerations related to small volume microdialysate samples, and pharmacokinetic calculations based on microdialysis data. In the second part of this review a few selected applications of in vivo microdialysis sampling to investigate pharmacokinetic processes are briefly discussed: determination of in vivo plasma protein binding in small laboratory animals, distribution of drugs across the blood-brain barrier, the use of microdialysis sampling to study biliary excretion and enterohepatic cycling, blood microdialysis sampling in man and in the mouse, and in vivo drug metabolism studies.