胶质瘤细胞血小板源生长因子B链的纯合二聚体与其受体基因表达和受体活化水平的研究

目的探讨胶质瘤细胞血小板源生长因子Ｂ链的纯合二聚体（ＰＤＧＦＢＢ）及其受体（ＰＤＧＦＲ）基因表达和ＰＤＧＦＲ活化水平在胶质瘤发生、发展中的作用。方法用原位杂交和免疫组化染色观察了７３例不同级别的人胶质瘤组织标本。结果６２例（８４９％）的肿瘤细胞表达ＰＤＧＦＢｍＲＮＡ，其阳性率和阳性肿瘤细胞含量均随肿瘤恶性程度升高而递增。ＰＤＧＦＲα、ＰＤＧＦＲβ和这两种受体及其信号传递通路活化标记物酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白（ＰＴｙｒ）的阳性率均为１００％。这３种阳性肿瘤细胞密度（个／００５ｍｍ２）彼此间均呈正相关（ｒ＝０８３８～０８９７，Ｐ＜００１），并均随肿瘤恶性程度及肿瘤细胞ＰＤＧＦＢｍＲＮＡ表达水平升高而同步增加，差异均有显著性（Ｐ＜００５～００１）。但各肿瘤组内两种受体阳性肿瘤细胞密度间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞００５）。结论胶质瘤细胞普遍存在ＰＤＧＦＢＢ自分泌环，ＰＤＧＦＲα和ＰＤＧＦＲβ在该自分泌环中均起重要作用，该自分泌环活性异常增加可能对ＰＤＧＦＢＢ及其受体表达有正反馈诱导作用，并可能在胶质瘤发生及恶性进展过程中发挥重要作用。     

胶质瘤细胞血小板源生长因子B链的纯合二聚体与其受体基因？…

目的 探讨胶质瘤细胞血小板源生长因子Ｂ链的纯合二聚合（ＰＤＧＦＢＢ）及其受体（ＤＧＦＲ）基因表达和ＰＤＧＦＲ活化汪洋在胶质瘤发生、发展听作用。方法 用原位杂交和免疫组化染色观察了７３例不同级别的人胶质瘤组织标本。结果 ６２例（８４．９％）的肿瘤细胞表达ＰＤＧＦＢｍＲＮＡ,基阳性率和阳性肿瘤细胞含量均随肿瘤恶性程度升高而递增。ＰＤＧＦＲα、ＰＤＧＦＲβ和这两种受体及其信号传递通路活化标记物酪氨酸磷酸     

胶质瘤细胞增殖与凋亡的研究

对未经其他治疗的手术摘除的胶质瘤标本,采用免疫组化和原位标记方法研究了胶质瘤及其瘤旁组织中细胞增殖以及凋亡的状况。结果表明,增殖细胞核抗原在世界卫生组织（ＷＨＯ）制定的不同级别的胶质瘤中其阳性率具有显著性差异（Ｐ＝ ０．０００５）,而在胶质瘤与其瘤旁组织之间则无显著性差异。恶性程度不同的胶质瘤中细胞发生凋亡的比率具有显著性的差异（Ｐ＝ ０．０１７０）,而在胶质瘤与其瘤旁组织间无显著性差异。增殖细胞核抗原是划分胶质瘤恶性程度的一个较好的指标,与Ｗ ＨＯ 胶质瘤恶性程度分级具有较好的相关性（ｒ＝ ０．４０８９）。Ｗ ＨＯ Ⅱ级星形胶质瘤细胞凋亡明显增多,可能是保留了恶性程度较高的胶质瘤细胞而清除了恶性程度相对较低的胶质瘤细胞,从而可能促进了胶质瘤的恶性进展。胶质瘤邻近的瘤旁组织可能已具有了胶质瘤的某些特性,胶质瘤呈浸润性生长可能与此有密切的关系。     

星形胶质细胞瘤恶性程度与细胞凋亡、细胞增殖的相关性研究

目的：探讨星形胶质细胞瘤的恶性程度与细胞凋亡、细胞增殖的相关性。方法：利用 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 凝胶电泳确定３４ 例肿瘤细胞群体中细胞凋亡的存在,使用体视学方法计数凋亡指数（ Ａ Ｉ） 、增殖指数（ Ｍ Ｉ） 、 Ａ Ｉ／ Ｍ Ｉ比率。结果： Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 凝胶电泳２６ 例显示特征性的 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 梯带, Ａ Ｉ、 Ｍ Ｉ分别随肿瘤恶性程度增加而递增,且 Ａ Ｉ与 Ｍ Ｉ呈正相关,但 Ａ Ｉ／ Ｍ Ｉ随恶性度增高而降低。结论：肿瘤细胞群体中存在细胞凋亡,恶性肿瘤中细胞的增殖远活跃于细胞凋亡。 Ａ Ｉ／ Ｍ Ｉ比率提示了细胞凋亡与增殖的关系。     

脑膜瘤周围脑水肿的影响因素

本文对国外有关脑膜瘤周围脑水肿的文献进行了综述。脑水肿除了与肿瘤部位、大小等有关外，主要取决于肿瘤恶性程度。恶性脑膜瘤组织学主要表现为细胞成分增多、结构丧失、有丝分裂增多、核呈多形性、局灶性坏死和脑浸润。水肿严重者，ＦＣＭ分析的ＤＮＡ倍性和增殖指数明显增高ＶＥＧＰＦ活性也显著升高。     

良恶性脑肿瘤p53蛋白表达与细胞增殖和凋亡的研究

目的探讨脑肿瘤ｐ５３蛋白表达状况对其细胞增殖和凋亡的影响，及这些指标与脑肿瘤组织学类型和恶性程度的关系。方法对１０例对照脑组织和８０例脑肿瘤标本进行原位细胞凋亡及免疫组化标记。结果６９例脑肿瘤（８６．３％）表达ｐ５３蛋白，阳性细胞含量随肿瘤恶性程度升高而增加，对照组全部阴性。各肿瘤组增殖细胞核抗原和Ｋｉ－６７抗原阳性细胞密度均高于对照组，并随肿瘤恶性程度及ｐ５３蛋白表达升高而增加，凋亡细胞密度均低于对照组，并随肿瘤恶性程度及ｐ５３蛋白表达升高而降低。结论提示以上４种指标对评价脑肿瘤生物学行为有参考价值，脑肿瘤ｐ５３蛋白表达和功能异常与其细胞增殖及凋亡失衡有关，可能是原发性和转移性脑肿瘤发生发展的重要因素。     

去甲二氢愈创木酸对人恶性胶质瘤细胞系SHG-44生长和分化的影响

目的探讨去甲二氢愈创木酸（ＮＤＧＡ）对胶质瘤生长和分化的作用及可能机理。方法分别将ＮＤＧＡ加入培养基中和进行单细胞胞浆内显微注射ＮＤＧＡ，观察它对人恶性胶质瘤细胞系ＳＨＧ－４４细胞生长、形态、细胞周期和免疫组化特性的影响。结果经ＮＤＧＡ处理的瘤细胞贴壁率和生长速率受抑制，增殖活性降低，细胞周期也有明显改变；细胞异型性变小，胞浆中胶质细丝增多，且其中ＧＦＡＰ标记增加而ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ标记减少；ｐ５３蛋白和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）表达也降低。单细胞胞浆内注射ＮＤＧＡ（约１．５×１０－１１ｇ／细胞）后上述作用更显著，且作用迅速而持久。结论ＮＤＧＡ对恶性胶质瘤细胞具有抑制生长和诱导分化作用；对血管生成因子表达亦有抑制作用。     

脑肿瘤细胞Ki－67抗原表达及单个核细胞浸润的免疫组织化学研究

５１例脑肿瘤的免疫组化研究发现：肿瘤中浸润的ＣＤ４５ＲＯ阳性、ＣＤ４（ＯＰＤ４＋）和ＣＤ８Ｔ细胞密度与肿瘤体积呈负相关，与单核巨噬细胞密度呈正相关。Ｋｉ－６７阳性肿瘤细胞密度随肿瘤恶性程度增加而升高，并与肿瘤体积呈正相关，与ＣＤ４Ｔ细胞密度呈负相关。ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８＝０．８５３，明显低于正常比例，两者密度呈正相关。提示Ｋｉ－６７表达水平能较客观的反应肿瘤增殖速度和恶性程度，脑肿瘤与宿主的细胞免疫系统之间有一个相互抑制消长的过程。     

血小板源生长因子对大鼠肝层星状细胞增殖和胶原及血小板源 …

目的 证实血小板源生长因子（ＰＤＧＦ）对体外培养大鼠肝星状细胞增殖和胶原基因表达及ＰＤＧＦ自分泌的作用。方法 ⑴采用完全无血清培养,用＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入检测了ＰＤＧＦ、转化生长因子β１（ＴＧＦ－β１）和表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）对肝星状细胞的ＤＮＡ合成作用;⑵应用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ分子杂交检测了ＰＤＧＦ对肝星状细胞的Ⅰ、Ⅲ型前胶原及ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ等ｍＲＮＡ表达水平的影响。结果 ＰＤＧＦ、ＥＧＦ均可剂量依赖     

血小板衍生生长因子及其受体与病毒性肝炎肝纤维化的关系

目的研究血小板衍生生长因子在病毒性肝炎肝纤维化中的作用。方法以免疫组化技术检测血小板衍生生长因子（ＰＤＧＦ）－ＢＢ以及ＰＤＧＦ的β受体（ＰＤＧＦＲ－β）在病毒性肝炎肝组织中的表达。结果ＰＤＧＦ－ＢＢ及ＰＤＧＦＲ－β在肝组织中的表达与肝纤维化程度明显相关，肝硬变及慢性肝炎Ｓ３～４期患者肝组织ＰＤＧＦ－ＢＢ及ＰＤＧＦＲ－β表达强度明显高于急性肝炎及慢性肝炎Ｓ０～２期患者，同时与结蛋白、Ⅲ型前胶原肽在肝组织中的表达以及血清金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子－１（ＴＩＭＰ－１）呈明显正相关。结论ＰＤＧＦ－ＢＢ及ＰＤＧＦＲ－β不仅对星状细胞的活化、分裂、增殖及其合成胶原等细胞外基质（ＥＣＭ）均有明显的促进作用，而且可能通过上调ＴＩＭＰ－１减少ＥＣＭ的降解，促进肝纤维化的发生和进展过程。     

胶质瘤细胞血小板源生长因子B链的纯合二聚体自分泌环活性？…

探讨胶质瘤细胞血小板源生长因子Ｂ链的纯合二聚体自体沁 活性与其细胞增殖和凋亡的关系。方法用原位杂交,原位细胞凋亡检测和免疫组化ＡＢＣ法染色观察了７３例不同级别的胶质瘤组织。     

胶质瘤细胞c—fos和c—myc基因表达与血小板源生长因子B链的？…

目的 探讨胶质瘤细胞ｃ－ｆｏｓ和ｃ－ｍｙｃ基因表达和血小板源生长因子Ｂ链的纯合二聚体自分泌环活性的改变及其相互关系。方法 用原位杂交和免疫组化方法观察了６７例人胶质瘤组织。结果 ６７例中,ｃ－ｆｏｓ ｍＲＮＡ,ｃ－ｆｏｓ蛋白,ｃ－ｍｙｃ ｍＲＮＡ及ｃ－ｍｙｃ蛋白阳性率分别为;１００％,１００％,８５．１％,８３．６％。     

胶质瘤bcd—2基因表达水平与其细胞增殖和凋亡关系的研究

目的 探讨胶质瘤细胞ｂｃｌ－２基因表达水平与肿瘤恶性程度、细胞增殖活性及凋亡程度的关系。方法 以６９例不同级别的人胶质瘤组织为研究对象,用原位杂交及免疫组化染色ＡＢＣ法分别检测ｂｃｌ－２ｍＲＮＡ、ｂｃｌ－２蛋白和增殖细胞核抗原（细胞增殖活性标记物）的表达,并用３’末标记法做原位细胞凋亡检测。结果 ６４例（９２．８％）表达ｂｃｌ－２ｍＲＮＡ,６０例（８７．０％）表达ｂｃｌ－２蛋白,两者的表达水平呈正     

IGF—IR反义硫代磷酸型寡核苷酸诱导胶质瘤细胞凋亡的病理学研究

目的：探讨IGF-IR基因的反义硫代磷酸型寡核苷酸对胶质瘤细胞的形态学影响。方法：根据IGF-IRcDNA序列设计正义,反义寡核苷酸片段,并对其部分碱基进行硫代磷酸修饰。体外培养的胶质瘤细胞分别经正义寡核苷酸和反义寡核苷酸处理,应用倒置显微镜活细胞观察,HE染色光镜观察,透射电镜及DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳等方法研究IGF-IR反义硫代磷酸型寡核苷酸诱导胶质瘤细胞凋亡作用。结果：经反义寡核苷酸转染的胶质瘤细胞中,呈现典型的凋亡形态学改变,凋亡细胞最早期表现为细胞体积,容量减少,染色质凝聚,继之染色质集聚于核膜下成7新月状或块状;细胞核内染色质可完全固缩成团呈“黑洞”样或萎缩的核破裂形成一些较小的膜包绕的球体位于胞质内,最后出泡形成凋亡小体,DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析经反义寡核苷酸处理的胶质瘤细胞DNA降解片段,可见有明显的小分子量DNA梯状条带,而野生型和正义寡核苷酸处理的胶质瘤细胞未见DNA梯状条带。结论：IGF-IR所介导失发泌环路IGF-I/IGF-IR。在胶质瘤细胞增殖和维持恶性表型中起重要作用。IGF-IR反义硫代磷酸型寡核苷酸能诱导胶质瘤细胞凋亡。     

PDGF autocrine stimulation dedifferentiates cultured astrocytes and induces oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas from neural progenitors and astrocytes in vivo

We present evidence that some low-grade oligodendrogliomas may be comprised of proliferating glial progenitor cells that are blocked in their ability to differentiate, whereas malignant gliomas have additionally acquired other mutations such as disruption of cell cycle arrest pathways by loss of Ink4a-Arf. We have modeled these effects in cell culture and in mice by generating autocrine stimulation of glia through the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). In cell culture, PDGF signaling induces proliferation of glial precursors and blocks their differentiation into oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. In addition, coexpression of PDGF and PDGF receptors has been demonstrated in human gliomas, implying that autocrine stimulation may be involved in glioma formation. In this study, using somatic cell type-specific gene transfer we investigated the functions of PDGF autocrine signaling in gliomagenesis by transferring the overexpression of PDGF-B into either nestin-expressing neural progenitors or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing astrocytes both in cell culture and in vivo. In cultured astrocytes, overexpression of PDGF-B caused significant increase in proliferation rate of both astrocytes and neural progenitors. Furthermore, PDGF gene transfer converted cultured astrocytes into cells with morphologic and gene expression characteristics of glial precursors. In vivo, gene transfer of PDGF to neural progenitors induced the formation of oligodendrogliomas in about 60% of mice by 12 wk of age; PDGF transfer to astrocytes induced the formation of either oligodendrogliomas or mixed oligoastrocytomas in about 40% of mice in the same time period. Loss of Ink4a-Arf, a mutation frequently found in high-grade human gliomas, resulted in shortened latency and enhanced malignancy of gliomas. The highest percentage of PDGF-induced malignant gliomas arose from of Ink4a-Arf null progenitor cells. These data suggest that chronic autocrine PDGF signaling can promote a proliferating population of glial precursors and is potentially sufficient to induce gliomagenesis. Loss of Ink4a-Arf is not required for PDGF-induced glioma formation but promotes tumor progression toward a more malignant phenotype.     

Caveolin-1 promotes tumor cell proliferation and vasculogenic mimicry formation in human glioma

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) plays an important role in human glioma progression and resistance to antiangiogenic therapy as a compensatory neovascularization mechanism in malignant tumors. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) has been found to contribute to VM formation. However, it remains largely unknown whether Cav-1 expression correlates with VM in glioma. In this study, we examined CAV-1 expression levels and VM in human glioma cell lines and in 94 human gliomas with different grades of malignancy, and present Cox proportional hazards regression. The molecular role of Cav-1 in glioma cells was investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays, western blotting, CCK-8 assays, and tubule formation assays. Cav-1 expression and VM formation were positively correlated with each other and both were closely associated with glioma development and progression as evidenced by the presence of cystic tumor, shortened survival time, and advanced-stage glioma in glioma patients with Cav-1 overexpression/increased VM formation. Cav-1 promoted U251 glioma cell proliferation and VM formation in a Matrigel-based 3D culture model. VM-associated factors including hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and p-Akt was significantly elevated by Cav-1 overexpression but suppressed by siCav-1 in U251 cells. Collectively, our study identified Cav-1 as an important regulator of glioma cell proliferation and VM formation, contributing to glioma development and progression.     

Autocrine Growth Regulation by Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Human Gliomas with Tumor Progression

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and/or their receptors are increasingly detected in solid human tumors, although little is known about their function in tumor growth and invasion. We analyzed RNA and protein expression of both factors and their receptors in 22 human gliomas (WHO grade II, III, and IV) and derived cell cultures. G-CSF, GM-CSF, and/or their receptors were expressed in all tumors and derived cell cultures, but coexpression of both factors and receptors was almost exclusively found in grade IV glioblastomas and thus correlated with advanced tumor stage. The functional significance of G-CSF and GM-CSF as regulators for glioma cells was demonstrated by 1) stimulation of proliferation and migration in tumor cells expressing one or both receptors by the corresponding factor; 2) inhibition of growth and migration of glioma cells expressing G-CSF, GM-CSF, and their receptors by neutralizing antibodies to both factors. These results indicate a significant role for both factors in the autocrine regulation of growth and migration in late-stage malignant gliomas and suggest a shift from paracrine to autocrine regulation with tumor progression. The implication of G-CSF and GM-CSF in glioblastoma growth regulation could make these factors further prognostic indicators and raises questions concerning their use in cancer therapy.