预防癫痫猝死的护理体会

癫痫是由多种病因引起的慢性脑部疾病,以脑部神经元异常过度放电所致的突然反复和短暂的中枢神经系统功能失常为特征[1]。而癫痫患者的死亡率是健康人群的2~5倍。癫痫     

癫痫猝死危险因素及预防研究

<正>癫痫猝死是癫痫患者突然发生的意外死亡,通过尸检排除中毒及结构性异常的死因,死亡前可有癫痫发作但要排除癫痫发作相关的其他死亡原因(溺水、摔死、意外事故、癫痫持续状态等)~[1]。癫痫患者死亡率约为普通人群2~4倍~[2]。癫痫猝死占癫痫死亡原因2%~18%~[3-4]。癫痫猝死每年发生率为0.1%,虽然发病率低于神经系统其他疾病,但它是继脑卒中之后造成潜在寿命损失的第2大原因~[5]。     

脑卒中与癫痫

脑卒中是癫痫最为常见的病因之一,尤其是65岁以上的老年患者,同时癫痫发作也可诱发脑卒中。本文重点介绍脑卒中后癫痫发病机制、脑卒中后癫痫的定义与分类及脑卒中后癫痫与卒中类型、病灶部位、大小的关系,对脑血管疾病积极的一级、二级预防以降低脑卒中的发病率,降低脑卒中后癫痫的患病率。     

儿童癫痫认知障碍研究进展

癫痫是儿童时期的常见病,多发病,约30%的癫痫患儿同时伴有认知功能障碍,主要表现为注意力、记忆力、推理判断及学习能力的下降。其原因是多方面的,包括致痫灶部位、不同发作类型、发病年龄、病程、发作频率、抗癫痫药物及家庭社会因素均影响患儿认知。应用神经心理学评定量表、事件相关电位及功能影像学检查可以测量认知功能损伤程度。通过综合治疗可提高癫痫患儿的认知功能。     

癫痫与妊娠的相关问题研究进展

女性癫痫患者妊娠期间,因服用抗癫痫药物及癫痫发作等,会对孕妇及胎儿产生不良影响,本文就癫痫与妊娠的关系、抗癫痫药物对母婴的影响、女性癫痫患者妊娠前后及妊娠期间注意事项等几方面进行综述。     

癫痫的药物治疗

癫痫包括一组疾病和综合征,虽病因不同,均以在病程中有反复发生的大脑神经元过度放电所致的暂时性中枢神经系统功能失常为特征。按照有关神经元的部位和放电扩散范围,功能失常可能表现为运动、感觉、意识行为、自主神经等不同障碍或兼有之,每次发作或每种发作称为痛性发作,患者可有一种或数种痛性发作,作为其临床症状。 据流行病学调查,我国癫痫患病率在3.50‰～4.8‰,目前治疗以药物控制发作为主,如果坚持正规治疗,70％～80％患者可以完全控制发作,改善其生活质量。     

慢性癫痫模型与癫痫耐药

在过去的十年里，抗癫痫药物虽有所发展，但还有三分之一的癫痫患者对药物治疗发生耐药。而对于那些药物治疗有效的患者，现有的AEDs似乎不能影响癫痫的自然病程。目前没有药物可以阻碍癫痫的发展。因此，以后的研究必须更深入地了解癫痫产生的基本机制和癫痫耐药的生物学机制，发展新的药物来逆转或预防耐药。为达到这些目标，研究癫痫的动物模型就成为最重要的前提。以下对几种常用的模型在耐药方面的研究作一简要综述。     

癫痫患者的生活质量

目前我国约有600万癫痫患，虽然大多数患可通过药物治疗使发作得到控制或减少，但仍有20％左右的患不能很好控制，且长期应用抗癫痫药物，药物本身对患的身心健康会造成一定程度的损害，因此癫痫患药物控制好的也同样存在生活质量的问题。以往对癫痫患多注重药物治疗控制发作，而忽略患的自身感受，有的患服用多种抗癫痫药物治疗，或一种抗癫痫药用量过大，虽然能控制发作，但由于副作用大以致患不能上学，不能工作，同时，社会上对此病的某些偏见导致患存在明显心理降碍。这些对息造成的癫痫有时比发作本身造成的损害还严重及持久。     

抗癫痫药对癫痫患者骨代谢影响及骨骼健康作用机制的研究进展

癫痫是神经系统常见的疾病,目前癫痫治疗仍以药物为主,但是抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对骨代谢的影响却很少受到关注,早期监测骨代谢指标对癫痫患者预防骨质疏松及骨折具有重要的临床意义。本文主要从抗癫痫药物（AEDs）对骨代谢指标的影响和对骨骼健康的作用机制两方面阐述其对骨代谢的影响,为口服抗癫痫药物患者预防骨质疏松及骨折提供理论依据。     

癫痫和妊娠

癫痫严重影响患者的生活质量,特别是对孕妇这一特殊群体。女性癫痫患者（WWE）妊娠后体内环境发生变化,常常导致癫痫恶化。痫性发作本身和抗癫痫药物不仅可以对孕妇造成严重影响,而且可以引起胎儿发育异常。目前,关于育龄期和围生期WWE患者避孕、抗癫痫药物应用、叶酸补充、哺乳等方面的文献比较分散。现对相关资料作一综述,以提高临床工作者对这一特殊领域的关注,并为临床实践提供参考。     

Cardiac arrhythmias and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a major clinical problem in epilepsy patients in the United States, especially those with chronic, uncontrolled epilepsy. Several pathophysiological events contributing to SUDEP include cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory dysfunction, and dysregulation of systemic or cerebral circulation. There is a significant body of literature suggesting the prominent role of cardiac arrhythmias in the pathogenesis of SUDEP. There is evidence to say that long-standing epilepsy can cause physiological and anatomical autonomic instability resulting in life-threatening arrhythmias. Tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias, and asystole are commonly seen during ictal, interictal, and postictal phase in epilepsy patients. It is unclear if these rhythm disturbances need attention as some of them may be just benign findings. Evidence regarding prolonged cardiovascular monitoring or the benefit of pacemaker/defibrillator implantation for primary or secondary prevention in epilepsy patients is limited. Awareness regarding pathophysiology, cardiac effects, and management options of SUDEP will become useful in guiding more individualized treatment in the near future. (PACE 2011; 1-8).     

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: impact, mechanisms, and prevention

Patients with refractory epilepsy face an elevated risk of sudden death, with rates as high as 1% per year. This phenomenon, known as sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), is believed to be a seizure-related occurrence, but the exact underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Both pulmonary and cardiac pathophysiologies have been proposed. The cardiac mechanism of greatest interest is the precipitation of arrhythmias by seizure discharges via the autonomic nervous system. SUDEP prevention has centered on effective seizure control, and epilepsy surgery has reduced SUDEP incidence in a number of studies. Additional prophylaxis methods are needed, however, for the large number of patients with treatment-refractory epilepsy. Future research should aim to clarify whether the association between seizures and autonomic dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias extends to a demonstrable cardiac mechanism for SUDEP.     

Risk stratification and primary prevention of sudden cardiac death: sudden death prevention

The initial challenge in primary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) lies in identifying those at greatest risk, before the index event. Ventricular fibrillation is the leading cause of SCD; however, many clinical conditions predispose fatal ventricular dysrhythmias. In patients with structural heart disease, left ventricular dysfunction is the strongest predictor of SCD. Noninvasive markers such as nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, delayed potentials, decreased heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity, and repolarization alternans are further observed to assess risk in ischemic cardiomyopathy; however, most of these markers have poor positive predictive value and lack specificity. The electrophysiologic study has strong positive predictive value, but remains a costly and invasive method for risk stratification. In patients with normal hearts, genetic predisposition may identify patients at risk but clinical markers are not readily recognized. The implantable loop recorder is a useful tool in detecting dysrhythmic causes of syncope and identifying patients at risk for SCD.     

Ethical problems: In the face of sudden and unexpected death

When people die suddenly and unexpectedly ethical issues often come to the fore. The aim of the study was to describe experiences of members of stroke teams in stroke units of ethical problems and how the teams manage the situation when caring for patients faced with sudden and unexpected death from stroke. Data were collected through four focus group interviews with 19 team members in stroke-unit teams, and analysed using interpretive content analysis. Three themes emerged from the analysis characterized by information, decisions about care and support for the next-of-kin in the changing and uncertain situation, with mutual trust as the core. Mutual trust, both within the stroke team and with next-of-kin was seen by the stroke-team members as a way of handling ethical problems by administering care with the patient's best interest at heart.