Estudios normativos españoles en población adulta joven (proyecto NEURONORMA jóvenes): normas para las pruebas Stroop Color-Word Interference Test y Tower of London-Drexel University

Introduction

The Stroop Color-Word Interference Test (Stroop) measures cognitive flexibility, selective attention, cognitive inhibition and information processing speed. The Tower of London-Drexel University version test (TOL^DX) assesses higher-order problem solving and executive planning abilities.

Objective

In this study, as part of the Spanish normative studies project in young adults (NEURONORMA young adults), we present normative data for the Stroop and young adults TOL^DX tests.

Material and methods

The sample consisted of 179 participants who are cognitively normal and range in age from 18 to 49 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to scaled scores. Scores adjusted for sociodemographic factors were obtained by applying linear regression techniques.

Results

No effects were found for age and sex in either test. Educational level impacted most of the Stroop test variables and some of the TOL^DX scores (Total Moves score and Total Initiation Time score).

Conclusions

The norms obtained will be extremely useful in the clinical evaluation of young Spanish adults.     

Estudios normativos españoles en población adulta joven (proyecto NEURONORMA jóvenes): normas para los test de fluencia verbal

Introduction

Lexical fluency tests are frequently used in clinical practice to assess language and executive function.

Objective

As part of the Spanish normative studies project in young adults (NEURONORMA young adults project), we provide age- and education-adjusted normative data for 3 semantic fluency tasks (animals, fruits and vegetables, and kitchen tools), three formal lexical fluency tasks (words beginning with P, M and R), three excluded-letter fluency tasks (words excluding A, E and S) and a verb fluency task.

Material and methods

The sample consisted of 179 participants who are cognitively normal and range in age from 18 to 49 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to scaled scores. Age- and education-adjusted scores are provided by applying linear regression techniques.

Results

The results show that education impacted most of the verbal fluency test scores, with no effects related to age and only minimal effects related to sex.

Conclusions

The norms obtained will be extremely useful in the clinical evaluation of young Spanish adults.     

Estudios normativos españoles en población adulta joven (proyecto NEURONORMA jóvenes): normas para las pruebas Visual Object and Space Perception Battery y Judgment of Line Orientation

Introduction

The Visual Object and Space Perception Battery (VOSP) and Judgment of Line Orientation tests (JLO) are used in clinical practice to assess visuoperceptual and visuospatial abilities.

Objective

In this study, as part of the Spanish normative studies project in young adults (NEURONORMA young adults), we present normative data for a short version of the VOSP test and for the JLO test.

Material and methods

The sample consisted of 179 participants who are cognitively normal and range in age from 18 to 49 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to scaled scores. Education- and sex-adjusted scores were obtained by applying linear regression techniques.

Results

Our results show that education and sex only affect scores on the JLO test, and that age has no effect.

Conclusions

The normative data obtained will be extremely useful in the clinical evaluation of young Spanish adults.     

Estudios normativos españoles en población adulta joven (Proyecto NEURONORMA jóvenes): normas para las pruebas span verbal,span visuoespacial, Letter-Number Sequencing, Trail Making Test y Symbol Digit Modalities Test

Introduction

Verbal and visuospatial span, Letter-Number Sequencing, Trail Making Test, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test are frequently used in clinical practice to assess attention, executive functions and memory.

Objective

In the present study, as part of the Spanish normative studies of NEURONORMA young adults Project, normative data adjusted by age and education are provided for digits, Corsi Block-Tapping Task, Letter-Number Sequencing, Trail Making Test, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test.

Material and methods

The sample consisted of 179 participants from 18 to 49 years old, who were cognitively normal. Tables to convert raw scores to scaled scores are provided. Age and education adjusted scores are provided by applying linear regressions.

Results

Education affected scores in most of the attention tests; age was found to be related to the visuospatial span and to speed of visuomotor tracking, and there was no relationship as regards sex.

Conclusions

The data obtained will be useful in the clinical evaluation of young Spanish adults.     

Estudios normativos españoles en población adulta joven (Proyecto NEURONORMA jóvenes): normas para el Boston Naming Test y el Token Test

Introduction

The Boston Naming Test (BNT) and the Token Test (TT) are frequently used in clinical practice to assess naming and comprehension.

Objective

The aim of this paper is to present normative data for the BNT and for the TT as part of the NEURONORMA young adults Project.

Material and methods

A total of 179 Spanish healthy subjects from 18 to 49 years old were evaluated. Tables to convert raw scores to scaled scores are provided. Age- and education- adjusted scores are obtained by applying linear regressions.

Results

The results show an effect of education in both tests, and a minimal effect of age and sex.

Conclusions

The normative data obtained will be useful in the clinical evaluation of young Spanish adults.     

Estudios normativos españoles en población adulta joven (Proyecto NEURONORMA jóvenes): métodos y características de la muestra

Introduction

In clinical neuropsychology, normative data are necessary to relate the performance of a subject to a reference group. These normative data should be collected from a pertinent population taking into account sociodemographic and cultural factors.

Objective

This paper describes the methods and sample characteristics of a series of Spanish normative studies on young adults (NEURONORMA young adults Project). The normative information was based on a series of selected, commonly used, neuropsychological tests covering attention, language, visual-perceptual abilities, constructional tasks, memory, and executive functions.

Material and methods

A sample of 179 cognitively normal subjects from 18 to 49 years was studied. Demographics, socio-cultural, and medical data were collected. The statistical procedure used in the normative studies is described.

Results

Sociodemographic, family background, health habits, medical history and use of drugs are presented.

Conclusions

The use of these norms should improve neuropsychological diagnostic accuracy in young Spanish subjects. These data may also be of considerable use for comparisons with other normative studies.