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1.
Magda Campins David Moreno-Pérez Angel Gil-de Miguel Fernando González-Romo Fernando A. Moraga-Llop Javier Arístegui-Fernández Anna Goncé-Mellgren José M. Bayas Lluís Salleras-Sanmartí 《Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiología clínica》2013
A large increase of pertussis incidence has been observed in recent years in countries with high vaccination coverage. Outbreaks of pertussis are increasingly being reported. The age presentation has a bipolar distribution: infants younger 6 months that have not initiated or completed a vaccination schedule, and adolescents and adults, due to the lost of natural or vaccine immunity over time. These epidemiological changes justify the need to adopt new vaccination strategies in order to protect young infants and to reduce pertussis incidence in all age groups. 相似文献
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3.
Francisco Giménez-Sánchez Elena Cobos-Carrascosa Miguel Sánchez-Forte María Ángeles López-Sánchez Yolanda González-Jiménez Ernestina Azor-Martínez 《Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiología clínica》2014
Introduction
An increase in cases of pertussis, mainly in young infants, has been reported in the last few years. The clinical presentation of this disease is very similar to that produced by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which makes the diagnosis difficult.Objective
To compare the clinical and epidemiological characteristics between Bordetella pertussis and RSV infections in infants admitted to hospital.Material and methods
An analytical matched case-control study was conducted during the period 2008-2011. Cases were defined as infants admitted with pertussis confirmed by PCR in nasopharyngeal aspirate. Each case was matched by age, sex and date of admission to two controls defined as patients with RSV infection detected by immunochromatography in nasal aspirate. Demographic, clinical, laboratory data were compared.Results
Seventy eight patients (26 cases of pertussis and 52 controls RSV+) were included. Sociodemographic characteristics were similar in both groups. Cases had more days of symptoms prior to admission, longer hospital stays, and increased frequency of epidemic family environment. Apnoea and cyanosis were more frequent. Cases of pertussis were more likely to have apnoea, cyanosis, and lymphocytosis while RSV infections had more frequent fever, vomiting and respiratory distress.Conclusions
The clinical presentations of pertussis and RSV infection are similar, but there are some characteristics that can help to distinguish between them. 相似文献4.
Antonio Rodríguez-D́Jesús Jordi Gordillo Hugo Uchima Isis Araujo Esteban Saperas Ignasi Elizalde Gloria Fernández-Esparrach 《Gastroenterologia y hepatologia》2014
Introduction
The prevalence of Barrett's esophagus (BE) varies from 0.45% to 2.2% in patients who undergo upper endoscopy and is > 12% when the indication is for reflux symptoms. The prevalence has progressively increased in recent years but is unknown in the population of the province of Barcelona.Objectives
To determine the prevalence of BE and its epidemiological characteristics in our population.Patients and methods
We prospectively evaluated patients referred to the Endoscopy Unit of Hospital Clinic and Hospital General de Catalunya for an upper endoscopy. We excluded patients with known BE, prior upper endoscopy, esophagogastric surgery or refusal to participate in the study. Demographic data, alcohol intake, Helicobacter pylori infection and consumption of antisecretory agents were recorded, among other information. Participants completed a standardized questionnaire to assess the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms and their severity.Results
Between July 2010 and July 2012, we included 200 patients (100 in each center). The mean age was 48.9 ± 15.6 years and the majority were women (n = 120, 60%). Symptoms of GERD were present in 46 patients (23%) and some degree of esophagitis was present in 31 (15.5%). Infection by H. pylori was present in 29.7%. BE was found endoscopically in 14 (7%) patients, but was histologically confirmed in only 8 (4%). The only variable that correlated with the finding of BE was male sex.Conclusion
The prevalence of BE in our environment is similar to that reported in Western countries. The absence of reflux symptoms does not rule out the possibility of BE. 相似文献5.
Isaura Parente Lamelas José Abal Arca Nagore Blanco Cid María Teresa Alves Pérez Raquel Dacal Quintas Hugo Gómez Márquez Rogelio Alejandro García Montenegro Pedro Marcos Velázquez 《Archivos de bronconeumología》2014
Introduction and objective
To analyze the frequency, clinical characteristics and survival of patients with lung cancer (LC) who have never smoked in comparison to patients who smoke.Patients and methods
A retrospective study in patients diagnosed with LC by cytohistology between 1999 and 2011. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The χ2 test was used to estimate the relationship between the variables.Results
A total of 2161 patients were diagnosed with LC, 396 (18.3%) of whom had never smoked. The mean age (± standard deviation) in this group was 72.85 ± 10.52; 64.6% were women and 35.4% men. According to the cytohistology, 55.6% were adenocarcinoma, 20.5% squamous cell, 15% small cell, 2.7% large cell and 6.2% other subtypes. The diagnosis was made in advanced stage (iv) in 61.4%, and 14.4% of the patients received surgical treatment. Survival was 12.4%, with no differences between the two groups. In the group of never smokers, women had better survival than men.Conclusions
Of the patients diagnosed with LC, 18.3% had never smoked. It was diagnosed mainly in women, at advanced stages and the most common histological type was adenocarcinoma. There were no survival differences compared to the group of smokers. 相似文献6.
Jara Llenas-García Rafael Rubio Asunción Hernando Silvana Fiorante Diego Maseda Mariano Matarranz José Ramón Costa Beatriz Alonso Federico Pulido 《Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiología clínica》2012
Introduction
The number of HIV-positive immigrants have increased in Spain in the last few years, and now represent a significant proportion of the epidemic. Our objective is to describe the clinico-epidemiological characteristics of HIV-positive immigrants seen in a specialist unit in Madrid.Material and methods
Retrospective study. Every patient born in a country other than Spain and attended an HIV Unit in Madrid between 1992 and 2009 was included.Results
Of the 371 patients included, 53.1% were Latin Americans, 24.5% Sub-Saharan Africans, and 22.4% others), and 60% were males. Immigrants represented 0.3% of new patients in 1992 and rose to 49.2% in 2009. The principal reason for HIV testing had been pregnancy/delivery among women (32.7%) and having a category-B disease among men (17.4%). Sexual transmission accounted for 92% of patients. Tuberculosis was the principal AIDS-diagnosing illness. Respectively 90%, 7.7%, 60%, 26.7%, 96% and 95% of patients had an IgG for HAV, HCV, Toxoplasma, Treponema, CMV and VZV. VHB-Ags+: 5.4%; PPD+: 17%. At least one syphilis episode was recorded in 62% of the men who have sex with men (MSM). Prevalence of HLA-B5701 was 6%, 0.9% and 3.8% in Caucasians, Amerindians and Afro-Americans, respectively.Conclusions
Immigrants represent a significant proportion of new HIV-positive patients. It is a very heterogeneous group according to their clinical and epidemiological characteristics. 相似文献7.
Francisco Campos-Rodríguez Ana Fernández-Palacín Nuria Reyes-Núñez Ángela Reina-González 《Archivos de bronconeumología》2009
Objective
The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical and polysomnographic features of rapid eye movement (REM)–specific sleep disordered-breathing (SDB).Patients and methods
All cases of sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]?>10/h) diagnosed using overnight polysomnography during the period 2004 to 2006 were analyzed retrospectively. Those cases in which the ratio of AHI during REM sleep to AHI during non-REM sleep was more than 2 were classified as REM-specific SDB. We recorded the following data: clinical signs and symptoms related to SAHS, PSG results, cardiovascular risk factors, and previous cardiovascular events. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of REM-specific SDB and to analyze the possible interactions between variables.Results
A total of 419 patients were analyzed, of whom 138 (32.9%) presented REM-specific SDB. This condition was more common in patients with mild to moderate SAHS than in those with more severe cases (odds ratio, 8.21; 95% confidence interval, 4.83–14.03). The variables independently associated with REM-specific SDB in the logistic regression analysis were female sex, lower AHI, and higher body mass index. No interactions between the main variables studied were found. There were no differences between patients with REM-specific SDB and those with non-REM-specific SDB with regard to signs and symptoms related to SAHS, excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep architecture, cardiovascular risk factors, or history of cardiovascular episodes.Conclusions
REM-specific SDB could be considered an initial stage of SAHS that mainly affects obese women with mild to moderate sleep disorders, and that does not differ from non-REM-specific SDB in terms of clinical presentation, sleep architecture, or cardiovascular comorbidity. 相似文献8.
Mora Obed Carolina García-Vidal Pedro Pessacq Analia Mykietiuk Diego Viasus Laura Cazzola M. Angeles Domínguez Anibal Calmaggi Jordi Carratalà 《Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiología clínica》2014
Introduction
The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological and clinical features, treatment and prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in two different geographic regions where community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections have different frequencies.Methods
Observational study of patients admitted to two hospitals (one in Argentina, the other in Spain) between March 2008 and June 2012.Results
We documented 16 cases of CAP caused by MRSA. MRSA accounted for 15 of 547 (2.7%) cases of CAP in Hospital Rodolfo Rossi and 1 of 1258 (0,08%) cases at the Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (P ≤ .001). Most patients were young and previously healthy. Multilobar infiltrates, cavitation and skin and soft tissue involvement were frequent. All patients had positive blood cultures. Five patients required admission to the intensive care unit. Early mortality (≤ 48 hours) was 19%, and overall mortality (≤ 30 days) was 25%.Conclusion
CAP caused by MRSA causes high morbidity and mortality rates. It should be suspected in areas with a high prevalence of CA-MRSA infections, and especially in young and healthy patients who present with multilobar pneumonia with cavitation. Mortality is mainly related to septic shock and respiratory failure and occurs early in most cases. 相似文献9.
Francisco J. Félix-Redondo Daniel Fernández-Bergés María Grau José M. Baena-Diez José M. Mostaza Joan Vila 《Revista espa?ola de cardiología》2012
Introduction and objectives
To estimate the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease as measured on ankle-brachial index and evaluate the associated risk, clinical, and diagnostic factors.Methods
Cross-sectional study conducted in a random population-based sample of 2833 individuals aged 25 to 79 years from Don Benito health area (Badajoz). Peripheral arterial disease was considered for ankle-brachial index<0.90. To identify symptomatic disease we used the Edinburgh questionnaire. The current screening recommendations, changes to other categories of estimated coronary risk associated with index measurements, and the association with risk factors were assessed.Results
The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease was 3.7% (95% confidence interval, 3.0%-4.5%), 5.0% (3.9%-6.3%) in men and 2.6% (1.8%-3.5%) in women (P = .001). The cumulative prevalence in those aged 50, 60 and 70 years were 6.2%, 9.1%, and 13.1% respectively. The disease was symptomatic in 13.3% (6.8%-19.8%) of cases and 29.6% of asymptomatic patients were not detected as recommended for high-risk groups. The use of ankle-brachial index increased the number of individuals with high coronary risk by 32.7%. Peripheral arterial disease was positively associated with age, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, sedentary lifestyle, microalbuminuria and history of cardiovascular disease, and negatively with alcohol consumption.Conclusions
The use of ankle-brachial index for peripheral arterial disease diagnosis is advisable because of the low prevalence of symptomatic cases and the associated change in estimated coronary risk. Screening groups should be adapted to the Spanish population. Smoking and hypercholesterolemia are major associated risk factors. 相似文献10.
Anna Turon-Viñas Ana Riverola-de Veciana Julio Moreno-Hernando Joaquim Bartrons-Casas Fredy H. Prada-Martínez Javier Mayol-Gómez José M. Caffarena-Calvar 《Revista espa?ola de cardiología》2014
Introduction and objectives
Transposition of the great arteries is a prevalent congenital heart defect with a high survival rate and a good long-term outcome, especially if managed with early surgical intervention during the neonatal period. In this study, our main objective was to describe patient characteristics and outcomes and to identify possible predictors of early and long-term morbidity and mortality.Methods
Retrospective analysis through review of clinical and surgical charts of patients with transposition of the great arteries admitted to the service of neonatology during 2000-2011.Results
The study included 136 patients; 119 of them had undergone corrective surgery during the neonatal period. Patients were divided into 3 groups: group I, 81 cases of isolated transposition; group II, 24 cases with ventricular septal defect, and group III, 31 with “complex” transposition of the great arteries. The overall postoperative survival was 96.7% (115 of 119 patients); no patients from group I died after surgery. Duration of surgery, intubation, inotropic treatment, and length of stay were higher in patients in groups II and III. The overall survival rate after an average of 6 years of follow-up was 90.4% (123 of 136 patients), with no deaths after discharge in group I. The most frequent residual defect during cardiac follow-up was supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, in 33 of 113 patients that had follow-up data.Conclusions
In our study, the survival rate was high in patients with transposition of great arteries and especially in those undergoing arterial switch. The number of subsequent residual heart defects was low.Full English text available from:www.revespcardiol.org/en 相似文献11.
Rafael Gómez Rodríguez Antonio Guardiola Arévalo Ana Zaida Gómez Moreno Almudena García Vela César Gómez Hernando Rufo Rodríguez Merlo Juan José Sánchez Ruano Gema de la Cruz Pérez 《Gastroenterologia y hepatologia》2013
Objective
To determine the clinical, laboratory, serological and histologic characteristics of chronic hepatitis B virus carriers in our environment.Material and methods
A retrospective cohort study was performed that included chronic AgHBs carriers aged more than 13 years attending our service since January 2000.Results
A total of 474 patients were included. At diagnosis, 55.49% were men, with a mean age of 41.05±13.93 years. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were within the normal range in 57.17% of the patients, and 87.76% were AgHBe(−). Hepatitis C and D virus coinfection was found in 3.62% and 1.86%, respectively. Liver biopsy was performed in 31.22%; varying grades of inflammation-fibrosis were found in 63.51% and cirrhosis was found in 12.84%. Compared with AgHBe(−) patients, those who were AgHBe(+) were younger and had greater disease activity. This difference was statistically significant. Patients in the immunotolerant phase were the least numerous (5.26%), while AgHBe(−) patients with chronic HBV infection were the most numerous (48.32%). Patients in the immunoreactive phase showed greater histological involvement (16.67% cirrhosis). A familial history of chronic HBV was found in 21.52%. The percentage of non-Spanish patients increased in the last few years and accounted for 18.78%.Conclusion
Chronic HBV infection in our environment occurs mainly in middle-aged persons. GPT values are normal in more than 50%, most are AgHBe(−), and approximately half are inactive carriers. The incidence of chronic infection has increased in the non-Spanish population in recent years. 相似文献12.
Ane Uranga Mónica Sánchez-Ortiz Ferran Morell Maria-Jesus Cruz Xavier Muñoz 《Archivos de bronconeumología》2013
The objective of this present study was to describe the clinical-radiological and lung function characteristics of hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to exposure to isocyanates (HPI). Included for study were all those patients diagnosed with HPI (n = 5) from 1995-2010. In all cases, chest CT and complete lung function studies were done. The diagnosis was made with positive specific bronchial provocation tests (BPT). A predominance of males and pattern variability in the radiological alterations were observed. The BPT was positive due to a decline in FVC or DLCO in all cases except in one patient in whom the diagnosis was established with clinical criteria. Positive IgG to isocyanates was confirmed in only one patient. The radiological presentation of HPI may be different from the more common HP in our setting and run their course with less clinical affectation on the BPT. 相似文献
13.
Background and objective
The mediastinal cysts form a group of heterogeneous and uncommon benign lesions of neoplastic, congenital, or inflammatory conditions. The forgoing controversy is how to manage them; surgical removal or observation. We reviewed our experience including some rare conditions, emphasizing the clinical spectrum and surgical treatment.Patientes and methods
This is a retrospective review between 2000 and 2007 included 34 cases of primary mediastinal cystic lesions. Clinical features, imaging techniques, surgical operation, morbidity, mortality and follow-up were analyzed.Results
There were 18 females (53%) and 16 males (47%), with a mean age±standard deviation of 45.3±14.1 years (range: 22–74). Most of cysts were congenital (94%), except patients with hydatid disease (6%). 24% of cysts (n=8) were detected in anterior mediastinum. Rest of them (n=26) were located in visceral mediastinum. Patients usually were symptomatic (61%). Chest pain and discomfort was most common symptom, others were dyspnea, cough and hemoptysis, respectively. Cysts excision was performed in all cases with an uneventful recovery and with no recurrence in long term follow up.Conclusions
Asymptomatic mediastinal cysts are not rare. Surgery is a reliable method of treatment of mediastinal cysts with acceptable mortality and morbidity. 相似文献14.
《Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiología clínica》2014,32(10):638-642
IntroductionPertussis incidence has increased in recent years in countries with high vaccination coverage. The aim of this study was to determine the health impact of pertussis in Spain in the period 1997-2011 in relation to hospitalizations, mortality, and associated costs.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed hospital discharges included in the Minimum Data Set (MDS) in Spain for the period 1997-2011, with a primary or secondary diagnosis related to pertussis. We calculated incidence rates of hospitalization for pertussis (per 100,000) per year, by age group and by Autonomous Region, along with the mortality and lethality rates.ResultsA total of 8,331 hospital discharges with a diagnosis of pertussis were recorded in Spain between 1997 and 2011. The overall incidence of pertussis hospitalizations was 1.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The large majority (92%) of hospitalizations occurred in children under one year of age, with an incidence of 115.2 hospitalizations per 100,000. There were 47 deaths, 37 (79%) in the group of children under 1 year and 6 (13%) in the group older than 65 years. The estimated cost of hospitalization for pertussis was 1,841 euros.ConclusionThe epidemiology of severe cases of pertussis, and its clinical and economic impact, confirms the need to modify the vaccination strategies for Spain to achieve more effective control in the most vulnerable groups. 相似文献
15.
José L. Zamorano Xavier García-Moll Roberto Ferrari Nicola Greenlaw 《Revista espa?ola de cardiología》2014
Introduction and objectives
Coronary artery disease is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The objective of the CLARIFY registry is to study the treatment of outpatients with coronary artery disease in the setting of daily clinical practice.Methods
The CLARIFY registry is a prospective registry conducted in 41 countries that included outpatients with stable coronary artery disease attending primary care or specialist units between October 2009 and June 2010. The present study describes the baseline characteristics of the Spanish cohort compared with the western European cohorts included in the registry.Results
A total of 33 248 patients were included: 14 726 in western Europe and 2257 in Spain (selected by 192 cardiologists). The majority of the participants in Spain were men (81%) with a mean age of 65 years. There was a higher frequency of diabetes (34% vs 25%; P < .0001), coronary artery disease family history (19% vs 31%; P < .0001), myocardial infarction (64% vs 60%; P < .0001), and stroke (5% vs 3%; P = .0007) in the Spanish cohort than in the western European cohorts. The most common treatments in the Spanish sample were lipid-lowering drugs (96%), acetylsalicylic acid (89%), and beta-blockers (74%).Conclusions
Patients in the Spanish cohort are similar to those in the western European cohorts and seem to be representative of the Spanish population with coronary artery disease. Therefore, they form a suitable basis for the study of prognostic factors at 5-year follow-up.Full English text available from: www.revespcardiol.org/en 相似文献16.
Pablo Loma-Osorio Jaime Aboal Maria Sanz Ángel Caballero Montserrat Vila Victoria Lorente José Carlos Sánchez-Salado Alessandro Sionis Antoni Curós Rosa-Maria Lidón 《Revista espa?ola de cardiología》2013
Introduction and objectives
Survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest constitute an increasing patient population in cardiac intensive care units. Our aim was to characterize these patients and determine their vital and functional prognosis in accordance with the latest evidence.Methods
A multicenter, prospective register was constructed with information from patients admitted to 5 cardiac intensive care units from January 2010 through January 2012 with a diagnosis of resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The information included clinical status, cardiac arrest characteristics, in-hospital course, and vital and neurologic status at discharge and at 6 months.Results
A total of 204 patients were included. In 64% of cases, a first shockable rhythm was identified. The time to return of spontaneous circulation was 29 (18) min. An etiologic diagnosis was made in 86% of patients; 44% were discharged with no neurologic sequelae; 40% died in the hospital. At 6 months, 79% of survivors at discharge were still alive and neurologically intact with minimal sequelae. Short resuscitation time, first recorded rhythm, pH on admission >7.1, absence of shock, and use of hypothermia were the independent variables associated with a good neurologic prognosis.Conclusions
Half the patients who recovered from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest had good neurologic prognosis at discharge, and 79% of survivors were alive and neurologically intact after 6 months of follow-up.Full English text available from:www.revespcardiol.org/en 相似文献17.
Amaya Jimeno-Almazán Montserrat Viqueira -Gonzalez María del Mar Alcalde Begoña Alcaraz-Vidal Francisco Vera-Méndez 《Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiología clínica》2013
Introduction
A gradual increase in severe cases due to Streptococcus pyogenes or Streptococcus beta-hemolytic group A (SGA), has been detected in the last few decades.Methods
Retrospective study of bacteremia due to S. pyogenes detected between January 2009 and January 2013 in Cartagena. The annual incidence for severe bacteremia has been estimated.Results
Thirteen cases of SGA bacteremia were recorded. The incidence increased from 0.37 in 2009 to 2.5 cases/100,000 inhabitants in 2012. The predominant focus was skin and soft tissue infections (53%). Early mortality was 20%.Conclusion
Severe streptococcal disease is rare, but affects individuals with good functional status, and is associated with a high mortality. 相似文献18.
Ferran Morell Teresa Genover Esther Benaque César Picado Xavier Muñoz María Jesús Cruz 《Archivos de bronconeumología》2009
Introduction
A study has been made on the incidence and clinical characteristics of asthma exacerbations (AE) seen in hospital emergency departments (HED) and domiciliary services (DS) in Barcelona.Patients and methods
AEs were identified over a 56 day period during the months of October and November 2003 and the patients seen in university hospitals were interviewed.Results
A total of 262 AE were identified, 188 in hospital emergency departments and 82 in domiciliary, which was a mean of 4.6 AE/day, giving an incidence of 0.37 AA/105 inhabitants. This incidence was no different from that obtained in the same months in 2002 (P>0.05). The mean age (±standard deviation) of the143 cases of AE seen in university hospitals was 41±17 years; 87/143 (60%) were women and 57/138 (41%), smokers. In 36/61 (59%) the AE started in the home; in 88/132 (61%) it began 24 hours before arriving at the hospital centre. In 78/123 cases (63%) slow onset of nasal catarrh was noted before the AE and a viral infection was suspected. Inhaled corticoids were given to 45/112 patients (40%), and only one added oral corticoids 12 hours before admission. The AE were mild in 38/75 cases (51%), moderate in 28/75 (37%), severe in 8/75 (11%) and almost fatal in one patient (1.3%). Around 10% (13/137) of patients (10%) were re-admitted.Conclusions
The daily incidence of AE is 0.37/105 inhabitants. More than half of the exacerbations started after nasal catarrh and 11% of the AE were severe. 相似文献19.
Daniel Navarro-de la Cruz Sonia Pérez-Castro Matilde Trigo-Daporta Antonio Aguilera-Guirao 《Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiología clínica》2019,37(4):256-259
Introduction
We present the largest study conducted in Galicia on the prevalence and distribution of HCV genotypes/subtypes.Methods
Retrospective study collecting the total number of patients chronically infected by HCV between 2000.01.01 to 2015.12.31 in 3 of the main health areas: Santiago, Pontevedra and Vigo.Results
We collected a total of 4469 patients. The median age was 50 years (IQR 57-45), 72,3% were men, 0,4% were coinfected with another genotype, 20,6% were coinfected with HIV and 35.2% with HBV. The main route of transmission was parenteral (83,1%), followed by unknown (15,3%), sexual (1,4%) and vertical (0,2%). The distribution of genotypes was: 62,9% HCV-1 (29,2% HCV-1a and 31,9% HCV-1b), 3,4% HCV-2, 21,0% HCV-3, 12,6% HCV-4 and 0,1% HCV-5.Conclusion
The distribution of genotypes in Galicia shows significant differences with respect to that observed in Spain. This distribution varies with age, gender, coinfection with HIV and/or HBV, and within geographical areas. 相似文献20.
Agustín Julián-Jiménez Jesús Timón Zapata Emilio José Laserna Mendieta Isabel Sicilia-Bravo María José Palomo-de los Reyes Ángeles Cabezas-Martínez Natividad Laín-Terés Josefa Estebaran-Martín Agustín Lozano-Ancín Rafael Cuena-Boy 《Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiología clínica》2014