Bonghan Circulatory System as an Extension of Acupuncture Meridians

The Bonghan system is a newly-discovered circulatory system, which corresponds to classical acupuncture meridians and was discovered in the early 1960s by Bonghan Kim. Despite its potential importance in biology and medicine, it has been ignored or forgotten for a long time. Only recently have most of its significant parts, such as the Bonghan system (BHS) inside blood or lymph vessels, on the surfaces of internal organs, and in brain ventricles, been confirmed. For this, novel methods using modern technology were necessary because Bonghan Kim did not describe his methods. For example, Among other methods, the discovery of a BHS-specific dye, trypan blue, was one of the most important original contributions that made BHS observation possible. With this technique, the BHS in adipose tissue became traceable, and the BHS was discovered on the fascia surrounding tumor tissues, a finding which may have great significance in relation to serious health problems in modern society, namely, obesity and cancer.     

作为经络延伸的"Bonghan"循环系统(一)

BonIghan系统(BHS)是一个新发现的循环系统,与传统经络相吻合.BH系统在血管、淋巴管、器官表而与内部、脑室中的存在得到证实.为进一步证实该理论,本文融入现代技术的新方法,发现BH系统特异性染料锥虫蓝,可清楚观察到BH系统.采用此技术,可追踪脂肪组织中的BH系统,发现肿瘤筋膜上的BH系统,这对肥胖、癌症等问题的解决密切相关.     

Visualizing the Network of Bonghan Ducts in the Omentum and Peritoneum by Using Trypan Blue

A visualizing agent, Trypan blue, was found to be preferentially effective for Bonghan ducts (BHDs) and corpuscles compared to blood vessels or adipose tissues. By using it, we observed a weblike network of BHDs which was in various membrane structures, such as the peritoneum, and omenta. This network of BHDs in the membrane structures was connected to the freely movable BHDs which did not adhere to the surfaces or wrapping membranes of internal organs. In addition, tracing BHDs in adipose tissues became possible because Trypan blue does not stain adipose tissue.     

西黄丸调控MDSCs改善乳腺癌肺转移的作用及机制研究

[目的]探讨西黄丸对三阴性乳腺癌肺转移的机制。[方法]构建三阴性乳腺癌4T1-BALB/c原位荷瘤小鼠,流式细胞术检测荷瘤小鼠血液、骨髓、肺组织内骨髓源性抑制细胞（MDSCs）;通过苏木精-伊红（HE）染色确定小鼠肺转移微环境形成时间;利用蛋白质印迹（Western blotting）检测肺组织相关蛋白水平;通过对比各组小鼠肺转移微环境形成时间、肺组织骨髓及外周血中MDSCs数量、肺转移结节、肺转移组织相关蛋白探究西黄丸对乳腺癌肺转移的作用及机制。[结果]西黄丸及乳香、没药药对均在第14天对移植瘤有显著抑制作用;西黄丸能够延长乳腺癌肺转移出现时间（17 d vs. 14 d）,且可以显著减少乳腺癌肺转移结节灶的数量;西黄丸能够抑制4T1-BALB/c荷瘤小鼠外周血及肺组织中MDSCs数量,且显著降低肺组织中基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9)、S100A8/A9表达量。[结论]西黄丸可通过调控外周血及肺组织中MDSCs数量,抑制MMP9、S100A8/A9表达重塑乳腺癌肺转移微环境形成,达到抑制乳腺癌肺转移目的。研究为西黄丸临床抗肿瘤转移应用奠定基础。     

过山蕨总黄酮抗肺癌作用及其对赖氨酰氧化酶抑制活性

目的 观察过山蕨总黄酮对小鼠肺癌的干预作用,研究其可能的抗肿瘤机制.方法 乌拉坦致小鼠肺癌模型观察过山蕨总黄酮(30、100 mg/kg)对小鼠Lewis肺癌的预防作用,小鼠Lewis肺癌被动转移模型考察过山蕨总黄酮(30、100 mg/kg)对小鼠肺癌转移的影响,小鼠Lewis肺癌复发模型验证过山蕨总黄酮(30、100 mg/kg)对小鼠肺癌的机体微环境清道夫作用,Western blotting和免疫组化染色法考察过山蕨总黄酮(30、100 mg/kg)对肺癌组织赖氨酰氧化酶(LOX)的影响,通过检测毛细血管通透性考察过山蕨总黄酮对肺癌组织的血管正常化作用.结果 过山蕨总黄酮高、低剂量(100、30 mg/kg)均能显著降低乌拉坦诱导的小鼠肺癌发生率,明显减少小鼠Lewis肺癌被动转移率和小鼠Lewis肺癌皮下肿瘤切除后复发率.过山蕨总黄酮高、低剂量均能显著下调小鼠肺癌组织LOX表达,阻止肿瘤切除小鼠血清脂质过氧化物形成,促进肺癌组织血管正常化.结论 过山蕨总黄酮可能通过抑制LOX表达实现对肺癌的干预作用.     

Primo Vessel Inside a Lymph Vessel Emerging From a Cancer Tissue

Primo vessels were observed inside the lymph vessels near the caudal vena cava of a rabbit and a rat and in the thoracic lymph duct of a mouse. In the current work we found a primo vessel inside the lymph vessel that came out from the tumor tissue of a mouse. A cancer model of a nude mouse was made with human lung cancer cell line NCI-H460. We injected fluorescent nanoparticles into the xenografted tumor tissue and studied their flow in blood, lymph, and primo vessels. Fluorescent nanoparticles flowed through the blood vessels quickly in few minutes, and but slowly in the lymph vessels. The bright fluorescent signals of nanoparticles disappeared within one hour in the blood vessels but remained much longer up to several hours in the case of lymph vessels. We found an exceptional case of lymph vessels that remained bright with fluorescence up to 24 hours. After detailed examination we found that the bright fluorescence was due to a putative primo vessel inside the lymph vessel. This rare observation is consistent with Bong-Han Kim’s claim on the presence of a primo vascular system in lymph vessels. It provides a significant suggestion on the cancer metastasis through primo vessels and lymph vessels.     

结直肠癌转移模型裸鼠血管因子变化及健脾消癌方干预作用

目的:探讨结直肠癌裸鼠转移模型组织中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF),内皮抑素(ES),血管生成素(ANG),血管抑素(AS),基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9),组织金属蛋白酶抑制物(TIMP)变化及健脾消癌方干预的机制。方法:在BALB/C-nu裸鼠盲肠内注射HCT116细胞50μL,造裸鼠结直肠癌转移模型。将模型裸鼠分为模型组、健脾消癌方组(40 g·kg-1),另设空白组。所有动物灌胃给予相应药物4周后,蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)测定裸鼠结肠、肝、肺及盲肠肿瘤组织中相关血管因子蛋白表达。结果:HCT116结直肠癌模型裸鼠的结肠、肝、肺与肿瘤组织的VEGF,MMP-9,TIMP明显升高(P0.05,P0.01);ANG在结肠、肝与肿瘤组织也明显升高(P0.05,P0.01);ES在结肠、肺与肿瘤组织显著降低,AS在肝、肺及肿瘤组织显著降低(P0.05)。健脾消癌方组的结肠MMP-9,肿瘤TIMP,肝组织ANG,MMP-9及肺组织VEGF明显降低,肺组织AS明显升高(P0.05)。结论:HCT116结直肠癌模型裸鼠VEGF,ANG,MMP-9在结肠、肝、肺及肿瘤组织中蛋白表达升高,ES,AS降低,TIMP升高;健脾消癌方能比较全面地改善机体抗肿瘤血管生成的能力。     

肠胃清抑制化疗诱导的小鼠结肠癌肺转移的实验研究

目的研究肠胃清对化疗诱导的小鼠结肠癌肺转移的抑制作用并探讨其机制。方法通过一次性腹腔注射最大耐受剂量(MTD)奥沙利铂,3天后尾静脉注射结肠癌细胞CT26,建立化疗诱导的小鼠结肠癌肺转移模型,24只BALB/c小鼠随机分为模型组、化疗诱导肺转移组(L-OHP)、肠胃清加化疗诱导肺转移组(CWQ+L-OHP)。统计肺结节数目,苏木素-伊红染色(HE)检测肺组织内瘤灶,免疫组化检测肺转移瘤组织微血管密度(MVD);蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)、实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测肺转移灶血管内皮生长因子(VEGF-A)、基质金属蛋白酶2/9(MMP2/9)蛋白和mRNA的表达。结果与L-OHP组比较,CWQ+L-OHP组肺转移结节数目减少(P0.05)、肿瘤组织MVD值下降(P0.01),肺组织VEGF-A、MMP2、MMP9蛋白和mRNA的表达均下调(P0.01)。结论肠胃清能抑制化疗诱导的小鼠结肠癌肺转移,与其下调肿瘤组织VEGF-A、MMP2、MMP9的表达,降低肿瘤组织MVD,减少肿瘤血管生成有关。     

DiI Staining of Fine Branches of Bonghan Ducts on Surface of Rat Abdominal Organs

Novel thread-like structures and corpuscles, designated Bonghan ducts (BHDs) and corpuscles (BHCs), are known to form a system of networked channels. Here, we tested the effectiveness of a fluorescent carbocyanine dye, DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), in staining BHDs and BHCs. DiI solution was infused into a BHC on the surface of a rat abdominal organ at a steady rate and the resulting labeling of neighboring BHCs connected via BHDs was examined, as identified by the red fluorescence of DiI. BHDs diameters tapered away from BHCs and formed tree-like branches with fine arborizations embedded in the membranous tissues at their terminal parts. In the proximal parts, DiI fluorescence appeared as continuous lines within BHDs, but a large portion of BHDs remained unstained. In the distal parts of BHDs, discontinuous elongated DiI microparticles were identified along the sinuses within BHDs. The results showed that inner spaces within the BHDs allowed DiI to flow and that BHDs have tree-like branches and terminal arborizations. In conclusion, DiI can be used in visualizing BHDs fine structures.     

苦参碱对人卵巢癌细胞株HO-8910PM增殖及侵袭运动能力的影响

目的 研究苦参碱对人高转移卵巢癌细胞系HO-8910PM增殖及转移相关能力的影响及其作用机制.方法 以MTT法和台盼蓝拒染法检测苦参碱对人高转移卵巢癌HO-8910PM细胞增殖的影响;Transwell小室法检测其对HO-8910PM细胞侵袭运动能力的影响;考马斯亮蓝染色法检测不同质量浓度苦参碱对H0-8910PM细胞细胞骨架的改变及免疫细胞化学方法检测药物作用前后HO-8910PM细胞Ezrin蛋白的表达.结果 苦参碱对HO-8910PM细胞增殖抑制呈明显剂量和时间效应;1.5 g/L苦参碱能明显抑制细胞的增殖,作用6 h后能抑制HO-8910PM细胞体外侵袭人工基底膜和运动能力,抑制率分别为(41.52±10.76)%和(39.73±10.67)%;1.0、1.5g/L苦参碱作用HO-8910PM细胞24 h后使细胞骨架明显改变,并上调Ezrin蛋白的表达.结论 苦参碱能抑制高转移性人卵巢癌细胞HO-8910PM的增殖能力和侵袭运动能力,其抗肿瘤侵袭运动的机制与细胞骨架和Ezrin蛋白表达的改变有关.     

Bonghan System as Mesenchymal Stem Cell Niches and Pathways of Macrophages in Adipose Tissues

A new technique for visualizing Bonghan ducts (BHDs) and Bonghan corpuscles (BHCs) was developed by using a vivi-staining dye, Trypan blue. The dye stains BHDs and BHCs preferentially to adipocytes so that tracking a BHD and a BHC, even inside adipose tissues, is possible. Concerning the functions of the BHD and the BHC in adipose tissues, we propose conjectures: the Bonghan system may be niches for mesenchymal stem cells, which can differentiate into adipocytes, and pathways for macrophages involved in adipogenesis.     

右旋柠烯对裸鼠人乳腺癌模型淋巴转移的抑制作用

目的:观察右旋柠烯对人乳腺癌淋巴管生成和淋巴结转移的影响,探讨其抗肿瘤转移机制。方法:人乳癌细胞株MDA-MB-435裸鼠乳腺原位种植建立乳癌模型,免疫组化法检测右旋柠烯对乳癌组织微淋巴管密度(LMVD)和VEGF-C的影响。结果:右旋柠烯组乳癌生长和淋巴结转移受到抑制,LMVD降低,VEGF-C表达下调。结论:右旋柠烯通过影响VEGF-C诱导的淋巴管生成抑制乳癌淋巴结转移。     

Isolation and Morphological Features of Primo Vessels in Rabbit Lymph Vessels

Until now, even though intensive research has been dedicated to the primo vascular system (PVS) during these years, no statistical data on primo vessels and primo vessels in lymph flow have been available. Recently, the general morphological features of primo vessels in lymph vessels around the abdominal aorta were identified from microdissections of tissues from New Zealand White rabbits, and with Alcian blue staining, primo vessels in lymphatic vessels could be definitely identified under a digital microscope. The micro-dissected specimens in situ reveal rod-shaped nuclei stained by Acridine orange. The blue-stained nuclei, which were distributed in a broken-lined stripe, formed a tube structure of about 20 μm in diameter. The distance between the nuclei of two cells on neighboring aligned stripes, which is also the diameter of the micro tube, was measured to be about 5～10μm. The average length of the primo vessels was 2.4 mm, with the longest being 5.6 mm. The average size of the primo vessel was 50 μm, and the average diameters of the primo and the lymph vessels were 26.0 μm and 258.5 μm, respectively. Occasionally, without the use of Alcian blue staining, milk-white transparent primo vessels were observed floating in lymph vessels. Thus, we suggest that the PVS might also have an important function connected with the lymph system. We also expect the traditional Korean meridian system to leave its invisible world during the last thousands of years and soon enter the visible scientific world.     

熊胆粉联合环磷酰胺用药通过调控肿瘤微环境抑制结直肠癌肝转移作用的研究

目的:探讨熊胆粉联合环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,cytoxan,CTX)用药通过调节肿瘤炎症微环境对小鼠结直肠癌(colorectal carcinoma,CRC)肝转移模型的增免抑瘤抗转移作用.方法:脾脏原位注射SL4细胞制作小鼠CRC肝转移模型.随机分5组:模型组、CTX组(80 mg· kg-1)和CTX联合熊胆粉高、中、低剂量组(300,150,75 mg·kg-1).术后口服灌胃给药12d,于第13天取材,解剖肝脾称重,HE染色,免疫荧光分析;外周血、脾和肝转移瘤进行流式细胞免疫表型分析.结果:CTX组及CTX联合熊胆粉各组肝脾质量明显低于模型组(P＜0.05);HE染色和免疫荧光分析表明,正常组织中淋巴细胞浸润较多,肿瘤组织周围有以巨噬细胞为主的大量炎细胞浸润;流式细胞检测结果表明:外周血中,联合治疗组与CTX组相比,T淋巴细胞显著升高(P＜0.05),CD4/CD8增加;脾细胞悬液中,联合治疗组与CTX组比较,淋巴细胞总数增加,以B细胞增加较为显著(P＜0.05),CD11b,F4/80细胞明显降低(P＜0.05);肝转移瘤中,联合治疗后比单独CTX治疗单核巨噬细胞下降(P＜0.05).结论:熊胆粉联合CTX治疗不仅能保肝增免,还可通过调节肿瘤微环境,减少对单核巨噬细胞等的募集起到抗炎进而抗肿瘤转移作用,其中熊胆粉低剂量与CTX联合用药组降低炎症细胞浸润的作用最为显著.     

胃肠安颗粒剂与汤剂抑制人胃癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长、淋巴结转移作用比较及对RUFY3,SNAI1,VEGF和EMT蛋白的影响

目的:观察胃肠安颗粒与汤剂对MKN45人胃癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤皮下移植瘤生长、淋巴结转移作用及对RUN和FYVE结构域蛋白3(RUFY3),锌指转录因子1(SNAI1),血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和上皮细胞间质转化(EMT)蛋白的影响。方法:建立人胃癌MKN45细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,随机分为空白(生理盐水0. 5 m L/只)组,胃肠安颗粒(胃肠安颗粒3. 54 g·kg-1)组,胃肠安煎剂(生药35. 49 g·kg-1)组。观察各组裸鼠皮下移植瘤瘤重、腋窝淋巴结的体积,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色检测各组淋巴结的形态,免疫组化检测包括RUFY3,SNAI1,VEGF,E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin),N-钙黏蛋白(N-cadherin),波形蛋白(Vimentin)相关蛋白表达。结果:与空白组比较,胃肠安颗粒组和胃肠安煎剂组皮下移植瘤瘤重显著降低(P 0. 01),腋窝淋巴结体积显著减小(P 0. 01); HE染色显示淋巴结中均可见转移的肿瘤细胞;裸鼠胃癌组织RUFY3,SNAI1,VEGF,N-cadherin,Vimentin蛋白表达显著降低(P 0. 01),E-cadherin蛋白表达显著增加(P 0. 01)。结论:胃肠安颗粒与胃肠安煎剂在抑制人胃癌皮下移植瘤生长和淋巴结转移方面具有相同疗效,可在一定程度上代替汤剂使用;胃肠安颗粒和胃肠安煎剂均能降低裸鼠皮下移植瘤中RUFY3,SNAI1,VEGF,N-cadherin,Vimentin蛋白表达,增加E-cadherin蛋白表达,提示胃肠安可能通过调节RUFY3,SNAI1,VEGF,EMT相关蛋白的表达而起到抑制肿瘤转移的作用。     

染色法前哨淋巴结活检与淋巴结状况的对照研究

目的：探讨淋巴染色对于癌前哨淋巴结活检的影响。方法：采用亚甲蓝染色法对45例术前乳腺癌患者行腋窝蓝染淋巴结活检,后行常规腋窝淋巴结清扫,两标本均送病理检查。结果：检出率为88．9％,SLN检查结果准确率为97．5％（39／40）;灵敏度为87．5％（7／8）。结论：SLN转移情况基本可以反映乳癌腋窝淋巴结转移情况。     

人参皂苷Rh2对小鼠移植瘤生长及对细胞间连接黏附分子表达的影响

目的：观察人参皂苷Rh₂对小鼠移植瘤生长及其对细胞间连接黏附分子(JAM)在癌组织表达的影响，探讨其抗肿瘤作用。方法：昆明种小鼠40只，前肢皮下接种S180小鼠癌性腹水0.2 mL，成瘤后随机分为2组，实验组给予人参皂苷Rh₂(20 mg·kg^-1)灌服，2 mL/只；对照组给予等量生理盐水，6周后取材。用免疫组化法观察JAM-1，JAM-2在癌细胞、淋巴管及血管的表达。结果：对照组JAM-1阳性表达的肿瘤细胞吸光度(A)549.90，实验组340.55，P<0.05；JAM-2阳性表达弱。对照组JAM-1和JAM-2阳性表达的血管数密度分别为2.33和1.34，实验组分别为1.09和0.9。对照组JAM-1和JAM-2阳性表达的淋巴管数密度分别为2.23和1.88，实验组分别为0.99和0.79；两组间的差异均为P<0.05。结论：人参皂苷Rh₂通过下调JAM在肿瘤细胞的表达，抑制肿瘤组织血管及淋巴管的生成，进而抑制肿瘤生长。     

试论经络实质

中医的人体经络,是在皮肤与肌肉和骨骼等器官之间的筋膜间隙中,其中有疏松结缔组织、组织液气、能量物质、神经、血管和淋巴等现代医学已知的几种组织结构共同参与未知的综合功能的调控系统。用这种经络气道筋膜间隙的多种物质,能统一对经络实质认为是神经、体液、能量等一种物质的不同认识。     

丹栀逍遥散对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞株裸鼠移植瘤的影响

目的:研究丹栀逍遥散对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞株裸鼠移植瘤的抑制作用及其机制。方法:体外培养MCF-7人乳腺癌细胞,将MCF-7细胞悬液接种于裸鼠腋下,建立裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型。雌性裸鼠分为4组,即模型组,丹栀逍遥散高、中、低剂量(17.98,8.99,4.50 g·kg~(-1))组,每组8只,每日ig给予丹栀逍遥散连续15 d,模型组ig等容积的生理盐水。比较给药各组肿瘤质量抑制率,采用苏木素和伊红(HE)染色法观察给药各组对肿瘤组织形态学影响,采用Tunel染色法观察给药各组对肿瘤细胞凋亡的影响。结果:与模型组比较,丹栀逍遥散高、中剂量组对肿瘤组织质量有显著抑制作用(P0.05,P0.01),可改善肿瘤组织形态学,增加肿瘤组织被Tunel染色的细胞数目,增加肿瘤细胞凋亡率(P0.01)。结论:丹栀逍遥散能够抑制MCF-7荷瘤裸鼠肿瘤组织生长,其作用机制可能与其促进肿瘤细胞凋亡有关。     

Study of the primo vascular system utilizing a melanoma tumor model in a green fluorescence protein expressing mouse

A melanoma tumor is a representative malignant tumor. Melanoma tumor growth involves vigorous angiogenesis around the tumor and a vasculogenic-like network inside an aggressive tumor. Primo vessels (PVs) are also found on the surface of the tumor and coexist alongside blood vessels (BVs), and sometimes within the BVs. We hypothesized that the primo vessels system plays a significant role in regulating the development of a melanoma tumor, and therefore has a tight coupling with BVs and angiogenesis. To prove this hypothesis, we developed a murine melanoma model by inoculating melanoma cell lines into the abdominal region. We used a green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing mouse as a host to distinguish the endogenous source of the tumor PVs. We found strong formation of PVs on the tumor that coexisted with BVs and expression of GFP. PVs also had a tight coupling with adipose tissues, especially with white adipose tissue. These data suggest that the PVs of an induced melanoma tumor evolve endogenously from the host body and may be highly related to BVs and adipose tissue. This model of PVs in an overexpressing GFP mouse is a useful system for observing PVs, primo nodes, and primo vessel networks, and has potential to be developed as a model for examining novel treatments for cancer metastasis.